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This is ../info/xemacs.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.0 from
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INFO-DIR-SECTION XEmacs Editor
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* XEmacs: (xemacs).             XEmacs Editor.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY

   This file documents the XEmacs editor.

   Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1988 Richard M. Stallman.  Copyright (C)
1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 Lucid, Inc.  Copyright (C) 1993, 1994 Sun
Microsystems, Inc.  Copyright (C) 1995 Amdahl Corporation.

   Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
preserved on all copies.

   Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of
this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also
that the sections entitled "The GNU Manifesto", "Distribution" and "GNU
General Public License" are included exactly as in the original, and
provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the
terms of a permission notice identical to this one.

   Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified
versions, except that the sections entitled "The GNU Manifesto",
"Distribution" and "GNU General Public License" may be included in a
translation approved by the author instead of in the original English.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Minor Modes,  Next: Variables,  Up: Customization

Minor Modes
===========

   Minor modes are options which you can use or not.  For example, Auto
Fill mode is a minor mode in which <SPC> breaks lines between words as
you type.  All the minor modes are independent of each other and of the
selected major mode.  Most minor modes inform you in the mode line when
they are on; for example, `Fill' in the mode line means that Auto Fill
mode is on.

   Append `-mode' to the name of a minor mode to get the name of a
command function that turns the mode on or off.  Thus, the command to
enable or disable Auto Fill mode is called `M-x auto-fill-mode'.  These
commands are usually invoked with `M-x', but you can bind keys to them
if you wish.  With no argument, the function turns the mode on if it was
off and off if it was on.  This is known as "toggling".  A positive
argument always turns the mode on, and an explicit zero argument or a
negative argument always turns it off.

   Auto Fill mode allows you to enter filled text without breaking lines
explicitly.  Emacs inserts newlines as necessary to prevent lines from
becoming too long.  *Note Filling::.

   Overwrite mode causes ordinary printing characters to replace
existing text instead of moving it to the right.  For example, if point
is in front of the `B' in `FOOBAR', and you type a `G' in Overwrite
mode, it changes to `FOOGAR', instead of `FOOGBAR'.

   Abbrev mode allows you to define abbreviations that automatically
expand as you type them.  For example, `amd' might expand to `abbrev
mode'.  *Note Abbrevs::, for full information.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Variables,  Next: Keyboard Macros,  Prev: Minor Modes,  Up: Customization

Variables
=========

   A "variable" is a Lisp symbol which has a value.  Variable names can
contain any characters, but by convention they are words separated by
hyphens.  A variable can also have a documentation string, which
describes what kind of value it should have and how the value will be
used.

   Lisp allows any variable to have any kind of value, but most
variables that Emacs uses require a value of a certain type.  Often the
value has to be a string or a number.  Sometimes we say that a certain
feature is turned on if a variable is "non-`nil'," meaning that if the
variable's value is `nil', the feature is off, but the feature is on
for any other value.  The conventional value to turn on the
feature--since you have to pick one particular value when you set the
variable--is `t'.

   Emacs uses many Lisp variables for internal recordkeeping, as any
Lisp program must, but the most interesting variables for you are the
ones that exist for the sake of customization.  Emacs does not
(usually) change the values of these variables; instead, you set the
values, and thereby alter and control the behavior of certain Emacs
commands.  These variables are called "options".  Most options are
documented in this manual and appear in the Variable Index (*note
Variable Index::).

   One example of a variable which is an option is `fill-column', which
specifies the position of the right margin (as a number of characters
from the left margin) to be used by the fill commands (*note Filling::).

* Menu:

* Examining::           Examining or setting one variable's value.
* Easy Customization::  Convenient and easy customization of variables.
* Edit Options::        Examining or editing list of all variables' values.
* Locals::              Per-buffer values of variables.
* File Variables::      How files can specify variable values.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Examining,  Next: Easy Customization,  Up: Variables

Examining and Setting Variables
-------------------------------

`C-h v'
`M-x describe-variable'
     Print the value and documentation of a variable.

`M-x set-variable'
     Change the value of a variable.

   To examine the value of a single variable, use `C-h v'
(`describe-variable'), which reads a variable name using the
minibuffer, with completion.  It prints both the value and the
documentation of the variable.

     C-h v fill-column <RET>

prints something like:

     fill-column's value is 75
     
     Documentation:
     *Column beyond which automatic line-wrapping should happen.
     Automatically becomes local when set in any fashion.

The star at the beginning of the documentation indicates that this
variable is an option.  `C-h v' is not restricted to options; it allows
any variable name.

   If you know which option you want to set, you can use `M-x
set-variable' to set it.  This prompts for the variable name in the
minibuffer (with completion), and then prompts for a Lisp expression
for the new value using the minibuffer a second time.  For example,

     M-x set-variable <RET> fill-column <RET> 75 <RET>

sets `fill-column' to 75, as if you had executed the Lisp expression
`(setq fill-column 75)'.

   Setting variables in this way, like all means of customizing Emacs
except where explicitly stated, affects only the current Emacs session.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Easy Customization,  Next: Edit Options,  Prev: Examining,  Up: Variables

Easy Customization Interface
----------------------------

   A convenient way to find the user option variables that you want to
change, and then change them, is with `M-x customize'.  This command
creates a "customization buffer" with which you can browse through the
Emacs user options in a logically organized structure, then edit and
set their values.  You can also use the customization buffer to save
settings permanently.  (Not all Emacs user options are included in this
structure as of yet, but we are adding the rest.)

* Menu:

* Groups: Customization Groups.
                             How options are classified in a structure.
* Changing an Option::       How to edit a value and set an option.
* Face Customization::       How to edit the attributes of a face.
* Specific Customization::   Making a customization buffer for specific
                                options, faces, or groups.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Customization Groups,  Next: Changing an Option,  Up: Easy Customization

Customization Groups
....................

   For customization purposes, user options are organized into "groups"
to help you find them.  Groups are collected into bigger groups, all
the way up to a master group called `Emacs'.

   `M-x customize' creates a customization buffer that shows the
top-level `Emacs' group and the second-level groups immediately under
it.  It looks like this, in part:

     /- Emacs group: ---------------------------------------------------\
           [State]: visible group members are all at standard settings.
        Customization of the One True Editor.
        See also [Manual].
     
      [Open] Editing group
     Basic text editing facilities.
     
      [Open] External group
     Interfacing to external utilities.
     
     MORE SECOND-LEVEL GROUPS
     
     \- Emacs group end ------------------------------------------------/

This says that the buffer displays the contents of the `Emacs' group.
The other groups are listed because they are its contents.  But they
are listed differently, without indentation and dashes, because _their_
contents are not included.  Each group has a single-line documentation
string; the `Emacs' group also has a `[State]' line.

   Most of the text in the customization buffer is read-only, but it
typically includes some "editable fields" that you can edit.  There are
also "active fields"; this means a field that does something when you
"invoke" it.  To invoke an active field, either click on it with
`Mouse-1', or move point to it and type <RET>.

   For example, the phrase `[Open]' that appears in a second-level
group is an active field.  Invoking the `[Open]' field for a group
opens up a new customization buffer, which shows that group and its
contents.  This field is a kind of hypertext link to another group.

   The `Emacs' group does not include any user options itself, but
other groups do.  By examining various groups, you will eventually find
the options and faces that belong to the feature you are interested in
customizing.  Then you can use the customization buffer to set them.

   You can view the structure of customization groups on a larger scale
with `M-x customize-browse'.  This command creates a special kind of
customization buffer which shows only the names of the groups (and
options and faces), and their structure.

   In this buffer, you can show the contents of a group by invoking
`[+]'.  When the group contents are visible, this button changes to
`[-]'; invoking that hides the group contents.

   Each group, option or face name in this buffer has an active field
which says `[Group]', `[Option]' or `[Face]'.  Invoking that active
field creates an ordinary customization buffer showing just that group
and its contents, just that option, or just that face.  This is the way
to set values in it.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Changing an Option,  Next: Face Customization,  Prev: Customization Groups,  Up: Easy Customization

Changing an Option
..................

   Here is an example of what a user option looks like in the
customization buffer:

     Kill Ring Max: [Hide] 30
        [State]: this option is unchanged from its standard setting.
     Maximum length of kill ring before oldest elements are thrown away.

   The text following `[Hide]', `30' in this case, indicates the
current value of the option.  If you see `[Show]' instead of `[Hide]',
it means that the value is hidden; the customization buffer initially
hides values that take up several lines.  Invoke `[Show]' to show the
value.

   The line after the option name indicates the "customization state"
of the option: in the example above, it says you have not changed the
option yet.  The word `[State]' at the beginning of this line is
active; you can get a menu of various operations by invoking it with
`Mouse-1' or <RET>.  These operations are essential for customizing the
variable.

   The line after the `[State]' line displays the beginning of the
option's documentation string.  If there are more lines of
documentation, this line ends with `[More]'; invoke this to show the
full documentation string.

   To enter a new value for `Kill Ring Max', move point to the value
and edit it textually.  For example, you can type `M-d', then insert
another number.

   When you begin to alter the text, you will see the `[State]' line
change to say that you have edited the value:

     [State]: you have edited the value as text, but not set the option.

   Editing the value does not actually set the option variable.  To do
that, you must "set" the option.  To do this, invoke the word `[State]'
and choose `Set for Current Session'.

   The state of the option changes visibly when you set it:

     [State]: you have set this option, but not saved it for future sessions.

   You don't have to worry about specifying a value that is not valid;
setting the option checks for validity and will not really install an
unacceptable value.

   While editing a value or field that is a file name, directory name,
command name, or anything else for which completion is defined, you can
type `M-<TAB>' (`widget-complete') to do completion.

   Some options have a small fixed set of possible legitimate values.
These options don't let you edit the value textually.  Instead, an
active field `[Value Menu]' appears before the value; invoke this field
to edit the value.  For a boolean "on or off" value, the active field
says `[Toggle]', and it changes to the other value.  `[Value Menu]' and
`[Toggle]' edit the buffer; the changes take effect when you use the
`Set for Current Session' operation.

   Some options have values with complex structure.  For example, the
value of `load-path' is a list of directories.  Here is how it appears
in the customization buffer:

     Load Path:
     [INS] [DEL] [Current dir?]: /usr/local/share/emacs/19.34.94/site-lisp
     [INS] [DEL] [Current dir?]: /usr/local/share/emacs/site-lisp
     [INS] [DEL] [Current dir?]: /usr/local/share/emacs/19.34.94/leim
     [INS] [DEL] [Current dir?]: /usr/local/share/emacs/19.34.94/lisp
     [INS] [DEL] [Current dir?]: /build/emacs/e19/lisp
     [INS] [DEL] [Current dir?]: /build/emacs/e19/lisp/gnus
     [INS]
        [State]: this item has been changed outside the customization buffer.
     List of directories to search for files to load....

Each directory in the list appears on a separate line, and each line has
several editable or active fields.

   You can edit any of the directory names.  To delete a directory from
the list, invoke `[DEL]' on that line.  To insert a new directory in
the list, invoke `[INS]' at the point where you want to insert it.

   You can also invoke `[Current dir?]' to switch between including a
specific named directory in the path, and including `nil' in the path.
(`nil' in a search path means "try the current directory.")

   Two special commands, <TAB> and `S-<TAB>', are useful for moving
through the customization buffer.  <TAB> (`widget-forward') moves
forward to the next active or editable field; `S-<TAB>'
(`widget-backward') moves backward to the previous active or editable
field.

   Typing <RET> on an editable field also moves forward, just like
<TAB>.  The reason for this is that people have a tendency to type
<RET> when they are finished editing a field.  If you have occasion to
insert a newline in an editable field, use `C-o' or `C-q C-j',

   Setting the option changes its value in the current Emacs session;
"saving" the value changes it for future sessions as well.  This works
by writing code into your `~/.emacs' file so as to set the option
variable again each time you start Emacs.  To save the option, invoke
`[State]' and select the `Save for Future Sessions' operation.

   You can also restore the option to its standard value by invoking
`[State]' and selecting the `Reset' operation.  There are actually
three reset operations:

`Reset to Current'
     If you have made some modifications and not yet set the option,
     this restores the text in the customization buffer to match the
     actual value.

`Reset to Saved'
     This restores the value of the option to the last saved value, and
     updates the text accordingly.

`Reset to Standard Settings'
     This sets the option to its standard value, and updates the text
     accordingly.  This also eliminates any saved value for the option,
     so that you will get the standard value in future Emacs sessions.

   The state of a group indicates whether anything in that group has
been edited, set or saved.  You can select `Set for Current Session',
`Save for Future Sessions' and the various kinds of `Reset' operation
for the group; these operations on the group apply to all options in
the group and its subgroups.

   Near the top of the customization buffer there are two lines
containing several active fields:

      [Set] [Save] [Reset]  [Done]

Invoking `[Done]' buries this customization buffer.  Each of the other
fields performs an operation--set, save or reset--on each of the items
in the buffer that could meaningfully be set, saved or reset.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Face Customization,  Next: Specific Customization,  Prev: Changing an Option,  Up: Easy Customization

Customizing Faces
.................

   In addition to user options, some customization groups also include
faces.  When you show the contents of a group, both the user options and
the faces in the group appear in the customization buffer.  Here is an
example of how a face looks:

     Custom Changed Face: (sample)
        [State]: this face is unchanged from its standard setting.
     Face used when the customize item has been changed.
     Parent groups: [Custom Magic Faces]
     Attributes: [ ] Bold: [Toggle]  off (nil)
                 [ ] Italic: [Toggle]  off (nil)
                 [ ] Underline: [Toggle]  off (nil)
                 [ ] Foreground: white       (sample)
                 [ ] Background: blue        (sample)
                 [ ] Inverse: [Toggle]  off (nil)
                 [ ] Stipple:
                 [ ] Font Family:
                 [ ] Size:
                 [ ] Strikethru: off

   Each face attribute has its own line.  The `[X]' field before the
attribute name indicates whether the attribute is "enabled"; `X' means
that it is.  You can enable or disable the attribute by invoking that
field.  When the attribute is enabled, you can change the attribute
value in the usual ways.

   Setting, saving and resetting a face work like the same operations
for options (*note Changing an Option::).

   A face can specify different appearances for different types of
display.  For example, a face can make text red on a color display, but
use a bold font on a monochrome display.  To specify multiple
appearances for a face, select `Show Display Types' in the menu you get
from invoking `[State]'.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Specific Customization,  Prev: Face Customization,  Up: Easy Customization

Customizing Specific Items
..........................

   Instead of finding the options you want to change by moving down
through the structure of groups, you can specify the particular option,
face or group that you want to customize.

`M-x customize-option <RET> OPTION <RET>'
     Set up a customization buffer with just one option, OPTION.

`M-x customize-face <RET> FACE <RET>'
     Set up a customization buffer with just one face, FACE.

`M-x customize-group <RET> GROUP <RET>'
     Set up a customization buffer with just one group, GROUP.

`M-x customize-apropos <RET> REGEXP <RET>'
     Set up a customization buffer with all the options, faces and
     groups that match REGEXP.

`M-x customize-saved'
     Set up a customization buffer containing all options and faces
     that you have saved with customization buffers.

`M-x customize-customized'
     Set up a customization buffer containing all options and faces
     that you have customized but not saved.

   If you want to alter a particular user option variable with the
customization buffer, and you know its name, you can use the command
`M-x customize-option' and specify the option name.  This sets up the
customization buffer with just one option--the one that you asked for.
Editing, setting and saving the value work as described above, but only
for the specified option.

   Likewise, you can modify a specific face, chosen by name, using `M-x
customize-face'.

   You can also set up the customization buffer with a specific group,
using `M-x customize-group'.  The immediate contents of the chosen
group, including option variables, faces, and other groups, all appear
as well.  However, these subgroups' own contents start out hidden.  You
can show their contents in the usual way, by invoking `[Show]'.

   To control more precisely what to customize, you can use `M-x
customize-apropos'.  You specify a regular expression as argument; then
all options, faces and groups whose names match this regular expression
are set up in the customization buffer.  If you specify an empty regular
expression, this includes _all_ groups, options and faces in the
customization buffer (but that takes a long time).

   If you change option values and then decide the change was a mistake,
you can use two special commands to revisit your previous changes.  Use
`customize-saved' to look at the options and faces that you have saved.
Use `M-x customize-customized' to look at the options and faces that
you have set but not saved.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Edit Options,  Next: Locals,  Prev: Easy Customization,  Up: Variables

Editing Variable Values
-----------------------

`M-x list-options'
     Display a buffer listing names, values, and documentation of all
     options.

`M-x edit-options'
     Change option values by editing a list of options.

   `M-x list-options' displays a list of all Emacs option variables in
an Emacs buffer named `*List Options*'.  Each option is shown with its
documentation and its current value.  Here is what a portion of it might
look like:

     ;; exec-path:
     ("." "/usr/local/bin" "/usr/ucb" "/bin" "/usr/bin" "/u2/emacs/etc")
     *List of directories to search programs to run in subprocesses.
     Each element is a string (directory name)
     or nil (try the default directory).
     ;;
     ;; fill-column:
     75
     *Column beyond which automatic line-wrapping should happen.
     Automatically becomes local when set in any fashion.
     ;;

   `M-x edit-options' goes one step further and immediately selects the
`*List Options*' buffer; this buffer uses the major mode Options mode,
which provides commands that allow you to point at an option and change
its value:

`s'
     Set the variable point is in or near to a new value read using the
     minibuffer.

`x'
     Toggle the variable point is in or near: if the value was `nil',
     it becomes `t'; otherwise it becomes `nil'.

`1'
     Set the variable point is in or near to `t'.

`0'
     Set the variable point is in or near to `nil'.

`n'
`p'
     Move to the next or previous variable.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Locals,  Next: File Variables,  Prev: Edit Options,  Up: Variables

Local Variables
---------------

`M-x make-local-variable'
     Make a variable have a local value in the current buffer.

`M-x kill-local-variable'
     Make a variable use its global value in the current buffer.

`M-x make-variable-buffer-local'
     Mark a variable so that setting it will make it local to the
     buffer that is current at that time.

   You can make any variable "local" to a specific Emacs buffer.  This
means that the variable's value in that buffer is independent of its
value in other buffers.  A few variables are always local in every
buffer.  All other Emacs variables have a "global" value which is in
effect in all buffers that have not made the variable local.

   Major modes always make the variables they set local to the buffer.
This is why changing major modes in one buffer has no effect on other
buffers.

   `M-x make-local-variable' reads the name of a variable and makes it
local to the current buffer.  Further changes in this buffer will not
affect others, and changes in the global value will not affect this
buffer.

   `M-x make-variable-buffer-local' reads the name of a variable and
changes the future behavior of the variable so that it automatically
becomes local when it is set.  More precisely, once you have marked a
variable in this way, the usual ways of setting the variable will
automatically invoke `make-local-variable' first.  We call such
variables "per-buffer" variables.

   Some important variables have been marked per-buffer already.  They
include `abbrev-mode', `auto-fill-function', `case-fold-search',
`comment-column', `ctl-arrow', `fill-column', `fill-prefix',
`indent-tabs-mode', `left-margin',
`mode-line-format', `overwrite-mode', `selective-display-ellipses',
`selective-display', `tab-width', and `truncate-lines'.  Some other
variables are always local in every buffer, but they are used for
internal purposes.

   Note: the variable `auto-fill-function' was formerly named
`auto-fill-hook'.

   If you want a variable to cease to be local to the current buffer,
call `M-x kill-local-variable' and provide the name of a variable to
the prompt.  The global value of the variable is again in effect in
this buffer.  Setting the major mode kills all the local variables of
the buffer.

   To set the global value of a variable, regardless of whether the
variable has a local value in the current buffer, you can use the Lisp
function `setq-default'.  It works like `setq'.  If there is a local
value in the current buffer, the local value is not affected by
`setq-default'; thus, the new global value may not be visible until you
switch to another buffer, as in the case of:

     (setq-default fill-column 75)

`setq-default' is the only way to set the global value of a variable
that has been marked with `make-variable-buffer-local'.

   Programs can look at a variable's default value with `default-value'.
This function takes a symbol as an argument and returns its default
value.  The argument is evaluated; usually you must quote it
explicitly, as in the case of:

     (default-value 'fill-column)

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: File Variables,  Prev: Locals,  Up: Variables

Local Variables in Files
------------------------

   A file can contain a "local variables list", which specifies the
values to use for certain Emacs variables when that file is edited.
Visiting the file checks for a local variables list and makes each
variable in the list local to the buffer in which the file is visited,
with the value specified in the file.

   A local variables list goes near the end of the file, in the last
page.  (It is often best to put it on a page by itself.)  The local
variables list starts with a line containing the string `Local
Variables:', and ends with a line containing the string `End:'.  In
between come the variable names and values, one set per line, as
`VARIABLE: VALUE'.  The VALUEs are not evaluated; they are used
literally.

   The line which starts the local variables list does not have to say
just `Local Variables:'.  If there is other text before `Local
Variables:', that text is called the "prefix", and if there is other
text after, that is called the "suffix".  If a prefix or suffix are
present, each entry in the local variables list should have the prefix
before it and the suffix after it.  This includes the `End:' line.  The
prefix and suffix are included to disguise the local variables list as
a comment so the compiler or text formatter  will ignore it.  If you do
not need to disguise the local variables list as a comment in this way,
there is no need to include a prefix or a suffix.

   Two "variable" names are special in a local variables list: a value
for the variable `mode' sets the major mode, and a value for the
variable `eval' is simply evaluated as an expression and the value is
ignored.  These are not real variables; setting them in any other
context does not have the same effect.  If `mode' is used in a local
variables list, it should be the first entry in the list.

   Here is an example of a local variables list:
     ;;; Local Variables: ***
     ;;; mode:lisp ***
     ;;; comment-column:0 ***
     ;;; comment-start: ";;; "  ***
     ;;; comment-end:"***" ***
     ;;; End: ***

   Note that the prefix is `;;; ' and the suffix is ` ***'.  Note also
that comments in the file begin with and end with the same strings.
Presumably the file contains code in a language which is enough like
Lisp for Lisp mode to be useful but in which comments start and end
differently.  The prefix and suffix are used in the local variables
list to make the list look like several lines of comments when the
compiler or interpreter for that language reads the file.

   The start of the local variables list must be no more than 3000
characters from the end of the file, and must be in the last page if the
file is divided into pages.  Otherwise, Emacs will not notice it is
there.  The purpose is twofold: a stray `Local Variables:' not in the
last page does not confuse Emacs, and Emacs never needs to search a
long file that contains no page markers and has no local variables list.

   You may be tempted to turn on Auto Fill mode with a local variable
list.  That is inappropriate.  Whether you use Auto Fill mode or not is
a matter of personal taste, not a matter of the contents of particular
files.  If you want to use Auto Fill, set up major mode hooks with your
`.emacs' file to turn it on (when appropriate) for you alone (*note
Init File::).  Don't try to use a local variable list that would impose
your taste on everyone working with the file.

   XEmacs allows you to specify local variables in the first line of a
file, in addition to specifying them in the `Local Variables' section
at the end of a file.

   If the first line of a file contains two occurrences of ``-*-'',
XEmacs uses the information between them to determine what the major
mode and variable settings should be.  For example, these are all legal:

             ;;; -*- mode: emacs-lisp -*-
             ;;; -*- mode: postscript; version-control: never -*-
             ;;; -*- tags-file-name: "/foo/bar/TAGS" -*-

   For historical reasons, the syntax ``-*- modename -*-'' is allowed
as well; for example, you can use:

             ;;; -*- emacs-lisp -*-

   The variable `enable-local-variables' controls the use of local
variables lists in files you visit.  The value can be `t', `nil', or
something else.  A value of `t' means local variables lists are obeyed;
`nil' means they are ignored; anything else means query.

   The command `M-x normal-mode' always obeys local variables lists and
ignores this variable.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Keyboard Macros,  Next: Key Bindings,  Prev: Variables,  Up: Customization

Keyboard Macros
===============

   A "keyboard macro" is a command defined by the user to abbreviate a
sequence of keys.  For example, if you discover that you are about to
type `C-n C-d' forty times, you can speed your work by defining a
keyboard macro to invoke `C-n C-d' and calling it with a repeat count
of forty.

`C-x ('
     Start defining a keyboard macro (`start-kbd-macro').

`C-x )'
     End the definition of a keyboard macro (`end-kbd-macro').

`C-x e'
     Execute the most recent keyboard macro (`call-last-kbd-macro').

`C-u C-x ('
     Re-execute last keyboard macro, then add more keys to its
     definition.

`C-x q'
     When this point is reached during macro execution, ask for
     confirmation (`kbd-macro-query').

`M-x name-last-kbd-macro'
     Give a command name (for the duration of the session) to the most
     recently defined keyboard macro.

`M-x insert-kbd-macro'
     Insert in the buffer a keyboard macro's definition, as Lisp code.

   Keyboard macros differ from other Emacs commands in that they are
written in the Emacs command language rather than in Lisp.  This makes
it easier for the novice to write them and makes them more convenient as
temporary hacks.  However, the Emacs command language is not powerful
enough as a programming language to be useful for writing anything
general or complex.  For such things, Lisp must be used.

   You define a keyboard macro by executing the commands which are its
definition.  Put differently, as you are defining a keyboard macro, the
definition is being executed for the first time.  This way, you see
what the effects of your commands are, and don't have to figure them
out in your head.  When you are finished, the keyboard macro is defined
and also has been executed once.  You can then execute the same set of
commands again by invoking the macro.

* Menu:

* Basic Kbd Macro::     Defining and running keyboard macros.
* Save Kbd Macro::      Giving keyboard macros names; saving them in files.
* Kbd Macro Query::     Keyboard macros that do different things each use.

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File: xemacs.info,  Node: Basic Kbd Macro,  Next: Save Kbd Macro,  Up: Keyboard Macros

Basic Use
---------

   To start defining a keyboard macro, type `C-x ('
(`start-kbd-macro').  From then on, anything you type continues to be
executed, but also becomes part of the definition of the macro.  `Def'
appears in the mode line to remind you of what is going on.  When you
are finished, the `C-x )' command (`end-kbd-macro') terminates the
definition, without becoming part of it.

   For example,

     C-x ( M-f foo C-x )

defines a macro to move forward a word and then insert `foo'.

   You can give `C-x )' a repeat count as an argument, in which case it
repeats the macro that many times right after defining it, but defining
the macro counts as the first repetition (since it is executed as you
define it).  If you give `C-x )' an argument of 4, it executes the
macro immediately 3 additional times.  An argument of zero to `C-x e'
or `C-x )' means repeat the macro indefinitely (until it gets an error
or you type `C-g').

   Once you have defined a macro, you can invoke it again with the `C-x
e' command (`call-last-kbd-macro').  You can give the command a repeat
count numeric argument to execute the macro many times.

   To repeat an operation at regularly spaced places in the text,
define a macro and include as part of the macro the commands to move to
the next place you want to use it.  For example, if you want to change
each line, you should position point at the start of a line, and define
a macro to change that line and leave point at the start of the next
line.  Repeating the macro will then operate on successive lines.

   After you have terminated the definition of a keyboard macro, you
can add to the end of its definition by typing `C-u C-x ('.  This is
equivalent to plain `C-x (' followed by retyping the whole definition
so far.  As a consequence it re-executes the macro as previously
defined.

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File: xemacs.info,  Node: Save Kbd Macro,  Next: Kbd Macro Query,  Prev: Basic Kbd Macro,  Up: Keyboard Macros

Naming and Saving Keyboard Macros
---------------------------------

   To save a keyboard macro for longer than until you define the next
one, you must give it a name using `M-x name-last-kbd-macro'.  This
reads a name as an argument using the minibuffer and defines that name
to execute the macro.  The macro name is a Lisp symbol, and defining it
in this way makes it a valid command name for calling with `M-x' or for
binding a key to with `global-set-key' (*note Keymaps::).  If you
specify a name that has a prior definition other than another keyboard
macro, Emacs prints an error message and nothing is changed.

   Once a macro has a command name, you can save its definition in a
file.  You can then use it in another editing session.  First visit the
file you want to save the definition in.  Then use the command:

     M-x insert-kbd-macro <RET> MACRONAME <RET>

This inserts some Lisp code that, when executed later, will define the
same macro with the same definition it has now.  You need not
understand Lisp code to do this, because `insert-kbd-macro' writes the
Lisp code for you.  Then save the file.  You can load the file with
`load-file' (*note Lisp Libraries::).  If the file you save in is your
initialization file `~/.emacs' (*note Init File::), then the macro will
be defined each time you run Emacs.

   If you give `insert-kbd-macro' a prefix argument, it creates
additional Lisp code to record the keys (if any) that you have bound to
the keyboard macro, so that the macro is reassigned the same keys when
you load the file.

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File: xemacs.info,  Node: Kbd Macro Query,  Prev: Save Kbd Macro,  Up: Keyboard Macros

Executing Macros With Variations
--------------------------------

   You can use `C-x q' (`kbd-macro-query'), to get an effect similar to
that of `query-replace'.  The macro asks you  each time whether to make
a change.  When you are defining the macro, type `C-x q' at the point
where you want the query to occur.  During macro definition, the `C-x
q' does nothing, but when you invoke the macro, `C-x q' reads a
character from the terminal to decide whether to continue.

   The special answers to a `C-x q' query are <SPC>, <DEL>, `C-d',
`C-l', and `C-r'.  Any other character terminates execution of the
keyboard macro and is then read as a command.  <SPC> means to continue.
<DEL> means to skip the remainder of this repetition of the macro,
starting again from the beginning in the next repetition.  `C-d' means
to skip the remainder of this repetition and cancel further repetition.
`C-l' redraws the frame and asks you again for a character to specify
what to do.  `C-r' enters a recursive editing level, in which you can
perform editing that is not part of the macro.  When you exit the
recursive edit using `C-M-c', you are asked again how to continue with
the keyboard macro.  If you type a <SPC> at this time, the rest of the
macro definition is executed.  It is up to you to leave point and the
text in a state such that the rest of the macro will do what you want.

   `C-u C-x q', which is `C-x q' with a numeric argument, performs a
different function.  It enters a recursive edit reading input from the
keyboard, both when you type it during the definition of the macro and
when it is executed from the macro.  During definition, the editing you
do inside the recursive edit does not become part of the macro.  During
macro execution, the recursive edit gives you a chance to do some
particularized editing.  *Note Recursive Edit::.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Key Bindings,  Next: Syntax,  Prev: Keyboard Macros,  Up: Customization

Customizing Key Bindings
========================

   This section deals with the "keymaps" that define the bindings
between keys and functions, and shows how you can customize these
bindings.

   A command is a Lisp function whose definition provides for
interactive use.  Like every Lisp function, a command has a function
name, which is a Lisp symbol whose name usually consists of lower case
letters and hyphens.

* Menu:

* Keymaps::    Definition of the keymap data structure.
               Names of Emacs's standard keymaps.
* Rebinding::  How to redefine one key's meaning conveniently.
* Disabling::  Disabling a command means confirmation is required
                before it can be executed.  This is done to protect
                beginners from surprises.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Keymaps,  Next: Rebinding,  Up: Key Bindings

Keymaps
-------

   The bindings between characters and command functions are recorded in
data structures called "keymaps".  Emacs has many of these.  One, the
"global" keymap, defines the meanings of the single-character keys that
are defined regardless of major mode.  It is the value of the variable
`global-map'.

   Each major mode has another keymap, its "local keymap", which
contains overriding definitions for the single-character keys that are
redefined in that mode.  Each buffer records which local keymap is
installed for it at any time, and the current buffer's local keymap is
the only one that directly affects command execution.  The local keymaps
for Lisp mode, C mode, and many other major modes always exist even when
not in use.  They are the values of the variables `lisp-mode-map',
`c-mode-map', and so on.  For less frequently used major modes, the
local keymap is sometimes constructed only when the mode is used for the
first time in a session, to save space.

   There are local keymaps for the minibuffer, too; they contain various
completion and exit commands.

   * `minibuffer-local-map' is used for ordinary input (no completion).

   * `minibuffer-local-ns-map' is similar, except that <SPC> exits just
     like <RET>.  This is used mainly for Mocklisp compatibility.

   * `minibuffer-local-completion-map' is for permissive completion.

   * `minibuffer-local-must-match-map' is for strict completion and for
     cautious completion.

   * `repeat-complex-command-map' is for use in `C-x <ESC>'.

   * `isearch-mode-map' contains the bindings of the special keys which
     are bound in the pseudo-mode entered with `C-s' and `C-r'.

   Finally, each prefix key has a keymap which defines the key sequences
that start with it.  For example, `ctl-x-map' is the keymap used for
characters following a `C-x'.

   * `ctl-x-map' is the variable name for the map used for characters
     that follow `C-x'.

   * `help-map' is used for characters that follow `C-h'.

   * `esc-map' is for characters that follow <ESC>. All Meta characters
     are actually defined by this map.

   * `ctl-x-4-map' is for characters that follow `C-x 4'.

   * `mode-specific-map' is for characters that follow `C-c'.

   The definition of a prefix key is the keymap to use for looking up
the following character.  Sometimes the definition is actually a Lisp
symbol whose function definition is the following character keymap.  The
effect is the same, but it provides a command name for the prefix key
that you can use as a description of what the prefix key is for.  Thus
the binding of `C-x' is the symbol `Ctl-X-Prefix', whose function
definition is the keymap for `C-x' commands, the value of `ctl-x-map'.

   Prefix key definitions can appear in either the global map or a
local map.  The definitions of `C-c', `C-x', `C-h', and <ESC> as prefix
keys appear in the global map, so these prefix keys are always
available.  Major modes can locally redefine a key as a prefix by
putting a prefix key definition for it in the local map.

   A mode can also put a prefix definition of a global prefix character
such as `C-x' into its local map.  This is how major modes override the
definitions of certain keys that start with `C-x'.  This case is
special, because the local definition does not entirely replace the
global one.  When both the global and local definitions of a key are
other keymaps, the next character is looked up in both keymaps, with
the local definition overriding the global one.  The character after the
`C-x' is looked up in both the major mode's own keymap for redefined
`C-x' commands and in `ctl-x-map'.  If the major mode's own keymap for
`C-x' commands contains `nil', the definition from the global keymap
for `C-x' commands is used.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Rebinding,  Next: Disabling,  Prev: Keymaps,  Up: Key Bindings

Changing Key Bindings
---------------------

   You can redefine an Emacs key by changing its entry in a keymap.
You can change the global keymap, in which case the change is effective
in all major modes except those that have their own overriding local
definitions for the same key.  Or you can change the current buffer's
local map, which affects all buffers using the same major mode.

* Menu:

* Interactive Rebinding::      Changing Key Bindings Interactively
* Programmatic Rebinding::     Changing Key Bindings Programmatically
* Key Bindings Using Strings:: Using Strings for Changing Key Bindings

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Interactive Rebinding,  Next: Programmatic Rebinding,  Up: Rebinding

Changing Key Bindings Interactively
...................................

`M-x global-set-key <RET> KEY CMD <RET>'
     Defines KEY globally to run CMD.

`M-x local-set-key <RET> KEYS CMD <RET>'
     Defines KEY locally (in the major mode now in effect) to run CMD.

`M-x local-unset-key <RET> KEYS <RET>'
     Removes the local binding of KEY.

   CMD is a symbol naming an interactively-callable function.

   When called interactively, KEY is the next complete key sequence
that you type.  When called as a function, KEY is a string, a vector of
events, or a vector of key-description lists as described in the
`define-key' function description.  The binding goes in the current
buffer's local map, which is shared with other buffers in the same
major mode.

   The following example:

     M-x global-set-key <RET> C-f next-line <RET>

redefines `C-f' to move down a line.  The fact that CMD is read second
makes it serve as a kind of confirmation for KEY.

   These functions offer no way to specify a particular prefix keymap as
the one to redefine in, but that is not necessary, as you can include
prefixes in KEY.  KEY is read by reading characters one by one until
they amount to a complete key (that is, not a prefix key).  Thus, if
you type `C-f' for KEY, Emacs enters the minibuffer immediately to read
CMD.  But if you type `C-x', another character is read; if that
character is `4', another character is read, and so on.  For example,

     M-x global-set-key <RET> C-x 4 $ spell-other-window <RET>

redefines `C-x 4 $' to run the (fictitious) command
`spell-other-window'.

   The most general way to modify a keymap is the function
`define-key', used in Lisp code (such as your `.emacs' file).
`define-key' takes three arguments: the keymap, the key to modify in
it, and the new definition.  *Note Init File::, for an example.
`substitute-key-definition' is used similarly; it takes three
arguments, an old definition, a new definition, and a keymap, and
redefines in that keymap all keys that were previously defined with the
old definition to have the new definition instead.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Programmatic Rebinding,  Next: Key Bindings Using Strings,  Prev: Interactive Rebinding,  Up: Rebinding

Changing Key Bindings Programmatically
......................................

   You can use the functions `global-set-key' and `define-key' to
rebind keys under program control.

``(global-set-key KEYS CMD)''
     Defines KEYS globally to run CMD.

``(define-key KEYMAP KEYS DEF)''
     Defines KEYS to run DEF in the keymap KEYMAP.

   KEYMAP is a keymap object.

   KEYS is the sequence of keystrokes to bind.

   DEF is anything that can be a key's definition:

   * `nil', meaning key is undefined in this keymap

   * A command, that is, a Lisp function suitable for interactive
     calling

   * A string or key sequence vector, which is treated as a keyboard
     macro

   * A keymap to define a prefix key

   * A symbol so that when the key is looked up, the symbol stands for
     its function definition, which should at that time be one of the
     above, or another symbol whose function definition is used, and so
     on

   * A cons, `(string . defn)', meaning that DEFN is the definition
     (DEFN should be a valid definition in its own right)

   * A cons, `(keymap . char)', meaning use the definition of CHAR in
     map KEYMAP

   For backward compatibility, XEmacs allows you to specify key
sequences as strings.  However, the preferred method is to use the
representations of key sequences as vectors of keystrokes.  *Note
Keystrokes::, for more information about the rules for constructing key
sequences.

   Emacs allows you to abbreviate representations for key sequences in
most places where there is no ambiguity.  Here are some rules for
abbreviation:

   * The keysym by itself is equivalent to a list of just that keysym,
     i.e., `f1' is equivalent to `(f1)'.

   * A keystroke by itself is equivalent to a vector containing just
     that keystroke, i.e.,  `(control a)' is equivalent to `[(control
     a)]'.

   * You can use ASCII codes for keysyms that have them. i.e., `65' is
     equivalent to `A'. (This is not so much an abbreviation as an
     alternate representation.)

   Here are some examples of programmatically binding keys:


     ;;;  Bind `my-command' to <f1>
     (global-set-key 'f1 'my-command)
     
     ;;;  Bind `my-command' to Shift-f1
     (global-set-key '(shift f1) 'my-command)
     
     ;;; Bind `my-command' to C-c Shift-f1
     (global-set-key '[(control c) (shift f1)] 'my-command)
     
     ;;; Bind `my-command' to the middle mouse button.
     (global-set-key 'button2 'my-command)
     
     ;;; Bind `my-command' to <META> <CTL> <Right Mouse Button>
     ;;; in the keymap that is in force when you are running `dired'.
     (define-key dired-mode-map '(meta control button3) 'my-command)

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Key Bindings Using Strings,  Prev: Programmatic Rebinding,  Up: Rebinding

Using Strings for Changing Key Bindings
.......................................

   For backward compatibility, you can still use strings to represent
key sequences.  Thus you can use commands like the following:

     ;;; Bind `end-of-line' to C-f
     (global-set-key "\C-f" 'end-of-line)

   Note, however, that in some cases you may be binding more than one
key sequence by using a single command.  This situation can arise
because in ASCII, `C-i' and <TAB> have the same representation.
Therefore, when Emacs sees:

     (global-set-key "\C-i" 'end-of-line)

   it is unclear whether the user intended to bind `C-i' or <TAB>.  The
solution XEmacs adopts is to bind both of these key sequences.

   After binding a command to two key sequences with a form like:

             (define-key global-map "\^X\^I" 'command-1)

   it is possible to redefine only one of those sequences like so:

             (define-key global-map [(control x) (control i)] 'command-2)
             (define-key global-map [(control x) tab] 'command-3)

   This applies only when running under a window system.  If you are
talking to Emacs through an ASCII-only channel, you do not get any of
these features.

   Here is a table of pairs of key sequences that behave in a similar
fashion:

             control h      backspace
             control l      clear
             control i      tab
             control m      return
             control j      linefeed
             control [      escape
             control @      control space