+File: lispref.info, Node: Abbrev Expansion, Next: Standard Abbrev Tables, Prev: Abbrev Files, Up: Abbrevs
+
+Looking Up and Expanding Abbreviations
+======================================
+
+ Abbrevs are usually expanded by commands for interactive use,
+including `self-insert-command'. This section describes the
+subroutines used in writing such functions, as well as the variables
+they use for communication.
+
+ - Function: abbrev-symbol abbrev &optional table
+ This function returns the symbol representing the abbrev named
+ ABBREV. The value returned is `nil' if that abbrev is not
+ defined. The optional second argument TABLE is the abbrev table
+ to look it up in. If TABLE is `nil', this function tries first
+ the current buffer's local abbrev table, and second the global
+ abbrev table.
+
+ - Function: abbrev-expansion abbrev &optional table
+ This function returns the string that ABBREV would expand into (as
+ defined by the abbrev tables used for the current buffer). The
+ optional argument TABLE specifies the abbrev table to use, as in
+ `abbrev-symbol'.
+
+ - Command: expand-abbrev
+ This command expands the abbrev before point, if any. If point
+ does not follow an abbrev, this command does nothing. The command
+ returns `t' if it did expansion, `nil' otherwise.
+
+ - Command: abbrev-prefix-mark &optional arg
+ Mark current point as the beginning of an abbrev. The next call to
+ `expand-abbrev' will use the text from here to point (where it is
+ then) as the abbrev to expand, rather than using the previous word
+ as usual.
+
+ - User Option: abbrev-all-caps
+ When this is set non-`nil', an abbrev entered entirely in upper
+ case is expanded using all upper case. Otherwise, an abbrev
+ entered entirely in upper case is expanded by capitalizing each
+ word of the expansion.
+
+ - Variable: abbrev-start-location
+ This is the buffer position for `expand-abbrev' to use as the start
+ of the next abbrev to be expanded. (`nil' means use the word
+ before point instead.) `abbrev-start-location' is set to `nil'
+ each time `expand-abbrev' is called. This variable is also set by
+ `abbrev-prefix-mark'.
+
+ - Variable: abbrev-start-location-buffer
+ The value of this variable is the buffer for which
+ `abbrev-start-location' has been set. Trying to expand an abbrev
+ in any other buffer clears `abbrev-start-location'. This variable
+ is set by `abbrev-prefix-mark'.
+
+ - Variable: last-abbrev
+ This is the `abbrev-symbol' of the last abbrev expanded. This
+ information is left by `expand-abbrev' for the sake of the
+ `unexpand-abbrev' command.
+
+ - Variable: last-abbrev-location
+ This is the location of the last abbrev expanded. This contains
+ information left by `expand-abbrev' for the sake of the
+ `unexpand-abbrev' command.
+
+ - Variable: last-abbrev-text
+ This is the exact expansion text of the last abbrev expanded,
+ after case conversion (if any). Its value is `nil' if the abbrev
+ has already been unexpanded. This contains information left by
+ `expand-abbrev' for the sake of the `unexpand-abbrev' command.
+
+ - Variable: pre-abbrev-expand-hook
+ This is a normal hook whose functions are executed, in sequence,
+ just before any expansion of an abbrev. *Note Hooks::. Since it
+ is a normal hook, the hook functions receive no arguments.
+ However, they can find the abbrev to be expanded by looking in the
+ buffer before point.
+
+ The following sample code shows a simple use of
+`pre-abbrev-expand-hook'. If the user terminates an abbrev with a
+punctuation character, the hook function asks for confirmation. Thus,
+this hook allows the user to decide whether to expand the abbrev, and
+aborts expansion if it is not confirmed.
+
+ (add-hook 'pre-abbrev-expand-hook 'query-if-not-space)
+
+ ;; This is the function invoked by `pre-abbrev-expand-hook'.
+
+ ;; If the user terminated the abbrev with a space, the function does
+ ;; nothing (that is, it returns so that the abbrev can expand). If the
+ ;; user entered some other character, this function asks whether
+ ;; expansion should continue.
+
+ ;; If the user answers the prompt with `y', the function returns
+ ;; `nil' (because of the `not' function), but that is
+ ;; acceptable; the return value has no effect on expansion.
+
+ (defun query-if-not-space ()
+ (if (/= ?\ (preceding-char))
+ (if (not (y-or-n-p "Do you want to expand this abbrev? "))
+ (error "Not expanding this abbrev"))))
+
+\1f
+File: lispref.info, Node: Standard Abbrev Tables, Prev: Abbrev Expansion, Up: Abbrevs
+
+Standard Abbrev Tables
+======================
+
+ Here we list the variables that hold the abbrev tables for the
+preloaded major modes of XEmacs.
+
+ - Variable: global-abbrev-table
+ This is the abbrev table for mode-independent abbrevs. The abbrevs
+ defined in it apply to all buffers. Each buffer may also have a
+ local abbrev table, whose abbrev definitions take precedence over
+ those in the global table.
+
+ - Variable: local-abbrev-table
+ The value of this buffer-local variable is the (mode-specific)
+ abbreviation table of the current buffer.
+
+ - Variable: fundamental-mode-abbrev-table
+ This is the local abbrev table used in Fundamental mode; in other
+ words, it is the local abbrev table in all buffers in Fundamental
+ mode.
+
+ - Variable: text-mode-abbrev-table
+ This is the local abbrev table used in Text mode.
+
+ - Variable: c-mode-abbrev-table
+ This is the local abbrev table used in C mode.
+
+ - Variable: lisp-mode-abbrev-table
+ This is the local abbrev table used in Lisp mode and Emacs Lisp
+ mode.
+
+\1f
+File: lispref.info, Node: Extents, Next: Specifiers, Prev: Abbrevs, Up: Top
+
+Extents
+*******
+
+ An "extent" is a region of text (a start position and an end
+position) that is displayed in a particular face and can have certain
+other properties such as being read-only. Extents can overlap each
+other. XEmacs efficiently handles buffers with large numbers of
+extents in them.
+
+ - Function: extentp object
+ This returns `t' if OBJECT is an extent.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Intro to Extents:: Extents are regions over a buffer or string.
+* Creating and Modifying Extents::
+ Basic extent functions.
+* Extent Endpoints:: Accessing and setting the bounds of an extent.
+* Finding Extents:: Determining which extents are in an object.
+* Mapping Over Extents:: More sophisticated functions for extent scanning.
+* Extent Properties:: Extents have built-in and user-definable properties.
+* Detached Extents:: Extents that are not in a buffer.
+* Extent Parents:: Inheriting properties from another extent.
+* Duplicable Extents:: Extents can be marked to be copied into strings.
+* Extents and Events:: Extents can interact with the keyboard and mouse.
+* Atomic Extents:: Treating a block of text as a single entity.
+
+\1f
+File: lispref.info, Node: Intro to Extents, Next: Creating and Modifying Extents, Up: Extents
+
+Introduction to Extents
+=======================
+
+ An extent is a region of text within a buffer or string that has
+certain properties associated with it. The properties of an extent
+primarily affect the way the text contained in the extent is displayed.
+Extents can freely overlap each other in a buffer or string. Extents
+are invisible to functions that merely examine the text of a buffer or
+string.
+
+ _Please note:_ An alternative way to add properties to a buffer or
+string is to use text properties. *Note Text Properties::.
+
+ An extent is logically a Lisp object consisting of a start position,
+an end position, a buffer or string to which these positions refer, and
+a property list. As text is inserted into a buffer, the start and end
+positions of the extent are automatically adjusted as necessary to keep
+the extent referring to the same text in the buffer. If text is
+inserted at the boundary of an extent, the extent's `start-open' and
+`end-open' properties control whether the text is included as part of
+the extent. If the text bounded by an extent is deleted, the extent
+becomes "detached"; its start and end positions are no longer
+meaningful, but it maintains all its other properties and can later be
+reinserted into a buffer. (None of these considerations apply to
+strings, because text cannot be inserted into or deleted from a string.)
+
+ Each extent has a face or list of faces associated with it, which
+controls the way in which the text bounded by the extent is displayed.
+If an extent's face is `nil' or its properties are partially undefined,
+the corresponding properties from the default face for the frame is
+used. If two or more extents overlap, or if a list of more than one
+face is specified for a particular extent, the corresponding faces are
+merged to determine the text's displayed properties. Every extent has
+a "priority" that determines which face takes precedence if the faces
+conflict. (If two extents have the same priority, the one that comes
+later in the display order takes precedence. *Note display order:
+Extent Endpoints.) Higher-numbered priority values correspond to a
+higher priority, and priority values can be negative. Every extent is
+created with a priority of 0, but this can be changed with
+`set-extent-priority'. Within a single extent with a list of faces,
+faces earlier in the list have a higher priority than faces later in
+the list.
+
+ Extents can be set to respond specially to key and mouse events
+within the extent. An extent's `keymap' property controls the effect of
+key and mouse strokes within the extent's text, and the `mouse-face'
+property controls whether the extent is highlighted when the mouse moves
+over it. *Note Extents and Events::.
+
+ An extent can optionally have a "begin-glyph" or "end-glyph"
+associated with it. A begin-glyph or end-glyph is a pixmap or string
+that will be displayed either at the start or end of an extent or in the
+margin of the line that the start or end of the extent lies in,
+depending on the extent's layout policy. Begin-glyphs and end-glyphs
+are used to implement annotations, and you should use the annotation API
+functions in preference to the lower-level extent functions. For more
+information, *Note Annotations::.
+
+ If an extent has its `detachable' property set, it will become
+"detached" (i.e. no longer in the buffer) when all its text is deleted.
+Otherwise, it will simply shrink down to zero-length and sit in the
+same place in the buffer. By default, the `detachable' property is set
+on newly-created extents. *Note Detached Extents::.
+
+ If an extent has its `duplicable' property set, it will be
+remembered when a string is created from text bounded by the extent.
+When the string is re-inserted into a buffer, the extent will also be
+re-inserted. This mechanism is used in the kill, yank, and undo
+commands. *Note Duplicable Extents::.
+
+\1f
+File: lispref.info, Node: Creating and Modifying Extents, Next: Extent Endpoints, Prev: Intro to Extents, Up: Extents
+
+Creating and Modifying Extents
+==============================
+
+ - Function: make-extent from to &optional buffer-or-string
+ This function makes an extent for the range [FROM, TO) in
+ BUFFER-OR-STRING (a buffer or string). BUFFER-OR-STRING defaults
+ to the current buffer. Insertions at point TO will be outside of
+ the extent; insertions at FROM will be inside the extent, causing
+ the extent to grow (*note Extent Endpoints::). This is the same
+ way that markers behave. The extent is initially detached if both
+ FROM and TO are `nil', and in this case BUFFER-OR-STRING defaults
+ to `nil', meaning the extent is in no buffer or string (*note
+ Detached Extents::).
+
+ - Function: delete-extent extent
+ This function removes EXTENT from its buffer and destroys it.
+ This does not modify the buffer's text, only its display
+ properties. The extent cannot be used thereafter. To remove an
+ extent in such a way that it can be re-inserted later, use
+ `detach-extent'. *Note Detached Extents::.
+
+ - Function: extent-object extent
+ This function returns the buffer or string that EXTENT is in. If
+ the return value is `nil', this means that the extent is detached;
+ however, a detached extent will not necessarily return a value of
+ `nil'.
+
+ - Function: extent-live-p object
+ This function returns `t' if OBJECT is an extent that has not been
+ deleted, and `nil' otherwise.
+
+\1f
+File: lispref.info, Node: Extent Endpoints, Next: Finding Extents, Prev: Creating and Modifying Extents, Up: Extents
+
+Extent Endpoints
+================
+
+ Every extent has a start position and an end position, and logically
+affects the characters between those positions. Normally the start and
+end positions must both be valid positions in the extent's buffer or
+string. However, both endpoints can be `nil', meaning the extent is
+detached. *Note Detached Extents::.
+
+ Whether the extent overlaps its endpoints is governed by its
+`start-open' and `end-open' properties. Insertion of a character at a
+closed endpoint will expand the extent to include that character;
+insertion at an open endpoint will not. Similarly, functions such as
+`extent-at' that scan over all extents overlapping a particular
+position will include extents with a closed endpoint at that position,
+but not extents with an open endpoint.
+
+ Note that the `start-closed' and `end-closed' properties are
+equivalent to `start-open' and `end-open' with the opposite sense.
+
+ Both endpoints can be equal, in which case the extent includes no
+characters but still exists in the buffer or string. Zero-length
+extents are used to represent annotations (*note Annotations::) and can
+be used as a more powerful form of a marker. Deletion of all the
+characters in an extent may or may not result in a zero-length extent;
+this depends on the `detachable' property (*note Detached Extents::).
+Insertion at the position of a zero-length extent expands the extent if
+both endpoints are closed; goes before the extent if it has the
+`start-open' property; and goes after the extent if it has the
+`end-open' property. Zero-length extents with both the `start-open'
+and `end-open' properties are treated as if their starting point were
+closed. Deletion of a character on a side of a zero-length extent
+whose corresponding endpoint is closed causes the extent to be detached
+if its `detachable' property is set; if the corresponding endpoint is
+open, the extent remains in the buffer, moving as necessary.
+
+ Extents are ordered within a buffer or string by increasing start
+position, and then by decreasing end position (this is called the
+"display order").
+
+ - Function: extent-start-position extent
+ This function returns the start position of EXTENT.
+
+ - Function: extent-end-position extent
+ This function returns the end position of EXTENT.
+
+ - Function: extent-length extent
+ This function returns the length of EXTENT in characters. If the
+ extent is detached, this returns `0'. If the extent is not
+ detached, this is equivalent to
+ (- (extent-end-position EXTENT) (extent-start-position EXTENT))
+
+ - Function: set-extent-endpoints extent start end &optional
+ buffer-or-string
+ This function sets the start and end position of EXTENT to START
+ and END. If both are `nil', this is equivalent to `detach-extent'.
+
+ BUFFER-OR-STRING specifies the new buffer or string that the
+ extent should be in, and defaults to EXTENT's buffer or string.
+ (If `nil', and EXTENT is in no buffer and no string, it defaults
+ to the current buffer.)
+
+ See documentation on `detach-extent' for a discussion of undo
+ recording.
+
+\1f
+File: lispref.info, Node: Finding Extents, Next: Mapping Over Extents, Prev: Extent Endpoints, Up: Extents
+
+Finding Extents
+===============
+
+ The following functions provide a simple way of determining the
+extents in a buffer or string. A number of more sophisticated
+primitives for mapping over the extents in a range of a buffer or string
+are also provided (*note Mapping Over Extents::). When reading through
+this section, keep in mind the way that extents are ordered (*note
+Extent Endpoints::).
+
+ - Function: extent-list &optional buffer-or-string from to flags
+ property value
+ This function returns a list of the extents in BUFFER-OR-STRING.
+ BUFFER-OR-STRING defaults to the current buffer if omitted. FROM
+ and TO can be used to limit the range over which extents are
+ returned; if omitted, all extents in the buffer or string are
+ returned.
+
+ More specifically, if a range is specified using FROM and TO, only
+ extents that overlap the range (i.e. begin or end inside of the
+ range) are included in the list. FROM and TO default to the
+ beginning and end of BUFFER-OR-STRING, respectively.
+
+ FLAGS controls how end cases are treated. For a discussion of
+ this, and exactly what "overlap" means, see `map-extents'.
+
+ The optional arguments PROPERTY and VALUE can be used to further
+ restrict which extents are returned. They have the same meaning
+ as for `map-extents'.
+
+ If you want to map a function over the extents in a buffer or
+ string, consider using `map-extents' or `mapcar-extents' instead.
+
+ See also the function `extents-at'.
+
+ Functions that create extents must be prepared for the possibility
+that there are other extents in the same area, created by other
+functions. To deal with this, functions typically mark their own
+extents by setting a particular property on them. The following
+function makes it easier to locate those extents.
+
+ - Function: extent-at pos &optional object property before at-flag
+ This function finds the "smallest" extent (i.e., the last one in
+ the display order) at (i.e., overlapping) POS in OBJECT (a buffer
+ or string) having PROPERTY set. OBJECT defaults to the current
+ buffer. PROPERTY defaults to `nil', meaning that any extent will
+ do. Returns `nil' if there is no matching extent at POS. If the
+ fourth argument BEFORE is not `nil', it must be an extent; any
+ returned extent will precede that extent. This feature allows
+ `extent-at' to be used by a loop over extents.
+
+ AT-FLAG controls how end cases are handled (i.e. what "at" really
+ means), and should be one of:
+
+ `nil'
+
+ `after'
+ An extent is at POS if it covers the character after POS.
+ This is consistent with the way that text properties work.
+
+ `before'
+ An extent is at POS if it covers the character before POS.
+
+ `at'
+ An extent is at POS if it overlaps or abuts POS. This
+ includes all zero-length extents at POS.
+
+ Note that in all cases, the start-openness and end-openness of the
+ extents considered is ignored. If you want to pay attention to
+ those properties, you should use `map-extents', which gives you
+ more control.
+
+ The following low-level functions are provided for explicitly
+traversing the extents in a buffer according to the display order.
+These functions are mostly intended for debugging--in normal operation,
+you should probably use `mapcar-extents' or `map-extents', or loop
+using the BEFORE argument to `extent-at', rather than creating a loop
+using `next-extent'.
+
+ - Function: next-extent extent
+ Given an extent EXTENT, this function returns the next extent in
+ the buffer or string's display order. If EXTENT is a buffer or
+ string, this returns the first extent in the buffer or string.
+
+ - Function: previous-extent extent
+ Given an extent EXTENT, this function returns the previous extent
+ in the buffer or string's display order. If EXTENT is a buffer or
+ string, this returns the last extent in the buffer or string.
+
+\1f
+File: lispref.info, Node: Mapping Over Extents, Next: Extent Properties, Prev: Finding Extents, Up: Extents
+
+Mapping Over Extents
+====================
+
+ The most basic and general function for mapping over extents is
+called `map-extents'. You should read through the definition of this
+function to familiarize yourself with the concepts and optional
+arguments involved. However, in practice you may find it more
+convenient to use the function `mapcar-extents' or to create a loop
+using the `before' argument to `extent-at' (*note Finding Extents::).
+
+ - Function: map-extents function &optional object from to maparg flags
+ property value
+ This function maps FUNCTION over the extents which overlap a
+ region in OBJECT. OBJECT is normally a buffer or string but could
+ be an extent (see below). The region is normally bounded by
+ [FROM, TO) (i.e. the beginning of the region is closed and the end
+ of the region is open), but this can be changed with the FLAGS
+ argument (see below for a complete discussion).
+
+ FUNCTION is called with the arguments (extent, MAPARG). The
+ arguments OBJECT, FROM, TO, MAPARG, and FLAGS are all optional and
+ default to the current buffer, the beginning of OBJECT, the end of
+ OBJECT, `nil', and `nil', respectively. `map-extents' returns the
+ first non-`nil' result produced by FUNCTION, and no more calls to
+ FUNCTION are made after it returns non-`nil'.
+
+ If OBJECT is an extent, FROM and TO default to the extent's
+ endpoints, and the mapping omits that extent and its predecessors.
+ This feature supports restarting a loop based on `map-extents'.
+ Note: OBJECT must be attached to a buffer or string, and the
+ mapping is done over that buffer or string.
+
+ An extent overlaps the region if there is any point in the extent
+ that is also in the region. (For the purpose of overlap,
+ zero-length extents and regions are treated as closed on both ends
+ regardless of their endpoints' specified open/closedness.) Note
+ that the endpoints of an extent or region are considered to be in
+ that extent or region if and only if the corresponding end is
+ closed. For example, the extent [5,7] overlaps the region [2,5]
+ because 5 is in both the extent and the region. However, (5,7]
+ does not overlap [2,5] because 5 is not in the extent, and neither
+ [5,7] nor (5,7] overlaps the region [2,5) because 5 is not in the
+ region.
+
+ The optional FLAGS can be a symbol or a list of one or more
+ symbols, modifying the behavior of `map-extents'. Allowed symbols
+ are:
+
+ `end-closed'
+ The region's end is closed.
+
+ `start-open'
+ The region's start is open.
+
+ `all-extents-closed'
+ Treat all extents as closed on both ends for the purpose of
+ determining whether they overlap the region, irrespective of
+ their actual open- or closedness.
+
+ `all-extents-open'
+ Treat all extents as open on both ends.
+
+ `all-extents-closed-open'
+ Treat all extents as start-closed, end-open.
+
+ `all-extents-open-closed'
+ Treat all extents as start-open, end-closed.
+
+ `start-in-region'
+ In addition to the above conditions for extent overlap, the
+ extent's start position must lie within the specified region.
+ Note that, for this condition, open start positions are
+ treated as if 0.5 was added to the endpoint's value, and open
+ end positions are treated as if 0.5 was subtracted from the
+ endpoint's value.
+
+ `end-in-region'
+ The extent's end position must lie within the region.
+
+ `start-and-end-in-region'
+ Both the extent's start and end positions must lie within the
+ region.
+
+ `start-or-end-in-region'
+ Either the extent's start or end position must lie within the
+ region.
+
+ `negate-in-region'
+ The condition specified by a `*-in-region' flag must _not_
+ hold for the extent to be considered.
+
+ At most one of `all-extents-closed', `all-extents-open',
+ `all-extents-closed-open', and `all-extents-open-closed' may be
+ specified.
+
+ At most one of `start-in-region', `end-in-region',
+ `start-and-end-in-region', and `start-or-end-in-region' may be
+ specified.
+
+ If optional arg PROPERTY is non-`nil', only extents with that
+ property set on them will be visited. If optional arg VALUE is
+ non-`nil', only extents whose value for that property is `eq' to
+ VALUE will be visited.
+
+ If you want to map over extents and accumulate a list of results,
+the following function may be more convenient than `map-extents'.
+
+ - Function: mapcar-extents function &optional predicate
+ buffer-or-string from to flags property value
+ This function applies FUNCTION to all extents which overlap a
+ region in BUFFER-OR-STRING. The region is delimited by FROM and
+ TO. FUNCTION is called with one argument, the extent. A list of
+ the values returned by FUNCTION is returned. An optional
+ PREDICATE may be used to further limit the extents over which
+ FUNCTION is mapped. The optional arguments FLAGS, PROPERTY, and
+ VALUE may also be used to control the extents passed to PREDICATE
+ or FUNCTION, and have the same meaning as in `map-extents'.
+
+ - Function: map-extent-children function &optional object from to
+ maparg flags property value
+ This function is similar to `map-extents', but differs in that:
+
+ * It only visits extents which start in the given region.
+
+ * After visiting an extent E, it skips all other extents which
+ start inside E but end before E's end.
+
+ Thus, this function may be used to walk a tree of extents in a
+ buffer:
+ (defun walk-extents (buffer &optional ignore)
+ (map-extent-children 'walk-extents buffer))
+
+ - Function: extent-in-region-p extent &optional from to flags
+ This function returns `t' if `map-extents' would visit EXTENT if
+ called with the given arguments.
+
+\1f
projects / chise / xemacs-chise.git / blobdiff