- Characters form the contents of an Emacs buffer; also, Emacs
- commands are invoked by keys (q.v.), which are sequences of one or
- more characters. *Note Keystrokes::.
-
-Command
- A command is a Lisp function specially defined to be able to serve
- as a key binding in Emacs. When you type a key (q.v.), Emacs
- looks up its binding (q.v.) in the relevant keymaps (q.v.) to find
- the command to run. *Note Commands::.
-
-Command Name
- A command name is the name of a Lisp symbol which is a command
- (*note Commands::). You can invoke any command by its name using
- `M-x' (*note M-x::).
-
-Comments
- A comment is text in a program which is intended only for the
- people reading the program, and is marked specially so that it
- will be ignored when the program is loaded or compiled. Emacs
- offers special commands for creating, aligning, and killing
- comments. *Note Comments::.
-
-Compilation
- Compilation is the process of creating an executable program from
- source code. Emacs has commands for compiling files of Emacs Lisp
- code (*note Lisp Libraries::) and programs in C and other languages
- (*note Compilation::).
-
-Complete Key
- A complete key is a character or sequence of characters which,
- when typed by the user, fully specifies one action to be performed
- by Emacs. For example, `X' and `Control-f' and `Control-x m' are
- keys. Keys derive their meanings from being bound (q.v.) to
- commands (q.v.). Thus, `X' is conventionally bound to a command
- to insert `X' in the buffer; `C-x m' is conventionally bound to a
- command to begin composing a mail message. *Note Keystrokes::.
-
-Completion
- When Emacs automatically fills an abbreviation for a name into the
- entire name, that process is called completion. Completion is
- done for minibuffer (q.v.) arguments when the set of possible
- valid inputs is known; for example, on command names, buffer
- names, and file names. Completion occurs when you type <TAB>,
- <SPC>, or <RET>. *Note Completion::.
-
-Continuation Line
- When a line of text is longer than the width of the frame, it
- takes up more than one screen line when displayed. We say that the
- text line is continued, and all screen lines used for it after the
- first are called continuation lines. *Note Continuation: Basic.
-
-Control-Character
- ASCII characters with octal codes 0 through 037, and also code
- 0177, do not have graphic images assigned to them. These are the
- control characters. Any control character can be typed by holding
- down the <CTRL> key and typing some other character; some have
- special keys on the keyboard. <RET>, <TAB>, <ESC>, <LFD>, and
- <DEL> are all control characters. *Note Keystrokes::.
-
-Copyleft
- A copyleft is a notice giving the public legal permission to
- redistribute a program or other work of art. Copylefts are used
- by leftists to enrich the public just as copyrights are used by
- rightists to gain power over the public.
-
-Current Buffer
- The current buffer in Emacs is the Emacs buffer on which most
- editing commands operate. You can select any Emacs buffer as the
- current one. *Note Buffers::.
-
-Current Line
- The line point is on (*note Point::).
-
-Current Paragraph
- The paragraph that point is in. If point is between paragraphs,
- the current paragraph is the one that follows point. *Note
- Paragraphs::.
-
-Current Defun
- The defun (q.v.) that point is in. If point is between defuns, the
- current defun is the one that follows point. *Note Defuns::.
-
-Cursor
- The cursor is the rectangle on the screen which indicates the
- position called point (q.v.) at which insertion and deletion takes
- place. The cursor is on or under the character that follows
- point. Often people speak of `the cursor' when, strictly
- speaking, they mean `point'. *Note Cursor: Basic.
-
-Customization
- Customization is making minor changes in the way Emacs works. It
- is often done by setting variables (*note Variables::) or by
- rebinding keys (*note Keymaps::).
-
-Default Argument
- The default for an argument is the value that is used if you do not
- specify one. When Emacs prompts you in the minibuffer for an
- argument, the default argument is used if you just type <RET>.
- *Note Minibuffer::.
-
-Default Directory
- When you specify a file name that does not start with `/' or `~',
- it is interpreted relative to the current buffer's default
- directory. *Note Default Directory: Minibuffer File.
-
-Defun
- A defun is a list at the top level of parenthesis or bracket
- structure in a program. It is so named because most such lists in
- Lisp programs are calls to the Lisp function `defun'. *Note
- Defuns::.
-
-<DEL>
- The <DEL> character runs the command that deletes one character of
- text. *Note DEL: Basic.
-
-Deletion
- Deleting text means erasing it without saving it. Emacs deletes
- text only when it is expected not to be worth saving (all
- whitespace, or only one character). The alternative is killing
- (q.v.). *Note Deletion: Killing.
-
-Deletion of Files
- Deleting a file means removing it from the file system. *Note
- Misc File Ops::.
-
-Deletion of Messages
- Deleting a message means flagging it to be eliminated from your
- mail file. Until the mail file is expunged, you can undo this by
- undeleting the message.
-
-Deletion of Frames
- When working under the multi-frame X-based version of XEmacs, you
- can delete individual frames using the Close menu item from the
- File menu.
-
-Deletion of Windows
- When you delete a subwindow of an Emacs frame, you eliminate it
- from the frame. Other windows expand to use up the space. The
- deleted window can never come back, but no actual text is lost.
- *Note Windows::.
-
-Directory
- Files in the Unix file system are grouped into file directories.
- *Note Directories: ListDir.
-
-Dired
- Dired is the Emacs facility that displays the contents of a file
- directory and allows you to "edit the directory", performing
- operations on the files in the directory. *Note Dired::.
-
-Disabled Command
- A disabled command is one that you may not run without special
- confirmation. Commands are usually disabled because they are
- confusing for beginning users. *Note Disabling::.
-
-Dribble File
- A file into which Emacs writes all the characters that the user
- types on the keyboard. Dribble files are used to make a record for
- debugging Emacs bugs. Emacs does not make a dribble file unless
- you tell it to. *Note Bugs::.
-
-Echo Area
- The area at the bottom of the Emacs frame which is used for
- echoing the arguments to commands, for asking questions, and for
- printing brief messages (including error messages). *Note Echo
- Area::.
-
-Echoing
- Echoing refers to acknowledging the receipt of commands by
- displaying them (in the echo area). Emacs never echoes
- single-character keys; longer keys echo only if you pause while
- typing them.
-
-Error
- An error occurs when an Emacs command cannot execute in the current
- circumstances. When an error occurs, execution of the command
- stops (unless the command has been programmed to do otherwise) and
- Emacs reports the error by printing an error message (q.v.).
- Type-ahead is discarded. Then Emacs is ready to read another
- editing command.
-
-Error Messages
- Error messages are single lines of output printed by Emacs when the
- user asks for something impossible to do (such as killing text
- forward when point is at the end of the buffer). They appear in
- the echo area, accompanied by a beep.
-
-<ESC>
- <ESC> is a character used as a prefix for typing Meta characters on
- keyboards lacking a <META> key. Unlike the <META> key (which,
- like the <SHIFT> key, is held down while another character is
- typed), the <ESC> key is pressed and released, and applies to the
- next character typed.
-
-Fill Prefix
- The fill prefix is a string that Emacs enters at the beginning of
- each line when it performs filling. It is not regarded as part of
- the text to be filled. *Note Filling::.
-
-Filling
- Filling text means moving text from line to line so that all the
- lines are approximately the same length. *Note Filling::.
-
-Frame
- When running Emacs on a TTY terminal, "frame" means the terminal's
- screen. When running Emacs under X, you can have multiple frames,
- each corresponding to a top-level X window and each looking like
- the screen on a TTY. Each frame contains one or more
- non-overlapping Emacs windows (possibly with associated
- scrollbars, under X), an echo area, and (under X) possibly a
- menubar.
-
-Global
- Global means `independent of the current environment; in effect
- throughout Emacs'. It is the opposite of local (q.v.). Examples
- of the use of `global' appear below.
-
-Global Abbrev
- A global definition of an abbrev (q.v.) is effective in all major
- modes that do not have local (q.v.) definitions for the same
- abbrev. *Note Abbrevs::.
-
-Global Keymap
- The global keymap (q.v.) contains key bindings that are in effect
- unless local key bindings in a major mode's local keymap (q.v.)
- override them.*Note Keymaps::.
-
-Global Substitution
- Global substitution means replacing each occurrence of one string
- by another string through a large amount of text. *Note Replace::.
-
-Global Variable
- The global value of a variable (q.v.) takes effect in all buffers
- that do not have their own local (q.v.) values for the variable.
- *Note Variables::.
-
-Graphic Character
- Graphic characters are those assigned pictorial images rather than
- just names. All the non-Meta (q.v.) characters except for the
- Control (q.v.) character are graphic characters. These include
- letters, digits, punctuation, and spaces; they do not include
- <RET> or <ESC>. In Emacs, typing a graphic character inserts that
- character (in ordinary editing modes). *Note Basic Editing: Basic.
-
-Grinding
- Grinding means adjusting the indentation in a program to fit the
- nesting structure. *Note Grinding: Indentation.
-
-Hardcopy
- Hardcopy means printed output. Emacs has commands for making
- printed listings of text in Emacs buffers. *Note Hardcopy::.
-
-<HELP>
- You can type <HELP> at any time to ask what options you have, or
- to ask what any command does. <HELP> is really `Control-h'.
- *Note Help::.
-
-Inbox
- An inbox is a file in which mail is delivered by the operating
- system. Some mail handlers transfers mail from inboxes to mail
- files (q.v.) in which the mail is then stored permanently or until
- explicitly deleted.
-
-Indentation
- Indentation means blank space at the beginning of a line. Most
- programming languages have conventions for using indentation to
- illuminate the structure of the program, and Emacs has special
- features to help you set up the correct indentation. *Note
- Indentation::.
-
-Insertion
- Insertion means copying text into the buffer, either from the
- keyboard or from some other place in Emacs.
-
-Justification
- Justification means adding extra spaces to lines of text to make
- them come exactly to a specified width. *Note Justification:
- Filling.
-
-Keyboard Macros
- Keyboard macros are a way of defining new Emacs commands from
- sequences of existing ones, with no need to write a Lisp program.
- *Note Keyboard Macros::.
-
-Key
- A key is a sequence of characters that, when input to Emacs,
- specify or begin to specify a single action for Emacs to perform.
- That is, the sequence is considered a single unit. If the key is
- enough to specify one action, it is a complete key (q.v.); if it
- is less than enough, it is a prefix key (q.v.). *Note
- Keystrokes::.
-
-Keymap
- The keymap is the data structure that records the bindings (q.v.)
- of keys to the commands that they run. For example, the keymap
- binds the character `C-n' to the command function `next-line'.
- *Note Keymaps::.
-
-Kill Ring
- The kill ring is the place where all text you have killed recently
- is saved. You can re-insert any of the killed text still in the
- ring; this is called yanking (q.v.). *Note Yanking::.
-
-Killing
- Killing means erasing text and saving it on the kill ring so it
- can be yanked (q.v.) later. Some other systems call this
- "cutting." Most Emacs commands to erase text do killing, as
- opposed to deletion (q.v.). *Note Killing::.
-
-Killing Jobs
- Killing a job (such as, an invocation of Emacs) means making it
- cease to exist. Any data within it, if not saved in a file, is
- lost. *Note Exiting::.
-
-List
- A list is, approximately, a text string beginning with an open
- parenthesis and ending with the matching close parenthesis. In C
- mode and other non-Lisp modes, groupings surrounded by other kinds
- of matched delimiters appropriate to the language, such as braces,
- are also considered lists. Emacs has special commands for many
- operations on lists. *Note Lists::.
-
-Local
- Local means `in effect only in a particular context'; the relevant
- kind of context is a particular function execution, a particular
- buffer, or a particular major mode. Local is the opposite of
- `global' (q.v.). Specific uses of `local' in Emacs terminology
- appear below.
-
-Local Abbrev
- A local abbrev definition is effective only if a particular major
- mode is selected. In that major mode, it overrides any global
- definition for the same abbrev. *Note Abbrevs::.
-
-Local Keymap
- A local keymap is used in a particular major mode; the key bindings
- (q.v.) in the current local keymap override global bindings of the
- same keys. *Note Keymaps::.
-
-Local Variable
- A local value of a variable (q.v.) applies to only one buffer.
- *Note Locals::.
-
-M-
- `M-' in the name of a character is an abbreviation for <META>, one
- of the modifier keys that can accompany any character. *Note
- Keystrokes::.
-
-M-C-
- `M-C-' in the name of a character is an abbreviation for
- Control-Meta; it means the same thing as `C-M-'. If your terminal
- lacks a real <META> key, you type a Control-Meta character by
- typing <ESC> and then typing the corresponding Control character.
- *Note C-M-: Keystrokes.
-
-M-x
- `M-x' is the key which is used to call an Emacs command by name.
- You use it to call commands that are not bound to keys. *Note
- M-x::.
-
-Mail
- Mail means messages sent from one user to another through the
- computer system, to be read at the recipient's convenience. Emacs
- has commands for composing and sending mail, and for reading and
- editing the mail you have received. *Note Sending Mail::.
-
-Major Mode
- The major modes are a mutually exclusive set of options each of
- which configures Emacs for editing a certain sort of text.
- Ideally, each programming language has its own major mode. *Note
- Major Modes::.
-
-Mark
- The mark points to a position in the text. It specifies one end
- of the region (q.v.), point being the other end. Many commands
- operate on the whole region, that is, all the text from point to
- the mark. *Note Mark::.
-
-Mark Ring
- The mark ring is used to hold several recent previous locations of
- the mark, just in case you want to move back to them. *Note Mark
- Ring::.
-
-Message
- See `mail'.
-
-Meta
- Meta is the name of a modifier bit which a command character may
- have. It is present in a character if the character is typed with
- the <META> key held down. Such characters are given names that
- start with `Meta-'. For example, `Meta-<' is typed by holding down
- <META> and at the same time typing `<' (which itself is done, on
- most terminals, by holding down <SHIFT> and typing `,'). *Note
- Meta: Keystrokes.
-
-Meta Character
- A Meta character is one whose character code includes the Meta bit.
-
-Minibuffer
- The minibuffer is the window that Emacs displays inside the echo
- area (q.v.) when it prompts you for arguments to commands. *Note
- Minibuffer::.
-
-Minor Mode
- A minor mode is an optional feature of Emacs which can be switched
- on or off independent of the major mode. Each minor mode has a
- command to turn it on or off. *Note Minor Modes::.
-
-Mode Line
- The mode line is the line at the bottom of each text window (q.v.),
- which gives status information on the buffer displayed in that
- window. *Note Mode Line::.
-
-Modified Buffer
- A buffer (q.v.) is modified if its text has been changed since the
- last time the buffer was saved (or since it was created, if it has
- never been saved). *Note Saving::.
-
-Moving Text
- Moving text means erasing it from one place and inserting it in
- another. This is done by killing (q.v.) and then yanking (q.v.).
- *Note Killing::.
-
-Named Mark
- A named mark is a register (q.v.) in its role of recording a
- location in text so that you can move point to that location.
- *Note Registers::.
-
-Narrowing
- Narrowing means creating a restriction (q.v.) that limits editing
- in the current buffer to only a part of the text in the buffer.
- Text outside that part is inaccessible to the user until the
- boundaries are widened again, but it is still there, and saving
- the file saves the invisible text. *Note Narrowing::.
-
-Newline
- <LFD> characters in the buffer terminate lines of text and are
- called newlines. *Note Newline: Keystrokes.
-
-Numeric Argument
- A numeric argument is a number, specified before a command, to
- change the effect of the command. Often the numeric argument
- serves as a repeat count. *Note Arguments::.
-
-Option
- An option is a variable (q.v.) that allows you to customize Emacs
- by giving it a new value. *Note Variables::.
-
-Overwrite Mode
- Overwrite mode is a minor mode. When it is enabled, ordinary text
- characters replace the existing text after point rather than
- pushing it to the right. *Note Minor Modes::.
-
-Page
- A page is a unit of text, delimited by formfeed characters (ASCII
- Control-L, code 014) coming at the beginning of a line. Some Emacs
- commands are provided for moving over and operating on pages.
- *Note Pages::.
-
-Paragraphs
- Paragraphs are the medium-size unit of English text. There are
- special Emacs commands for moving over and operating on paragraphs.
- *Note Paragraphs::.
-
-Parsing
- We say that Emacs parses words or expressions in the text being
- edited. Really, all it knows how to do is find the other end of a
- word or expression. *Note Syntax::.
-
-Point
- Point is the place in the buffer at which insertion and deletion
- occur. Point is considered to be between two characters, not at
- one character. The terminal's cursor (q.v.) indicates the
- location of point. *Note Point: Basic.
-
-Prefix Key
- A prefix key is a key (q.v.) whose sole function is to introduce a
- set of multi-character keys. `Control-x' is an example of a prefix
- key; any two-character sequence starting with `C-x' is also a
- legitimate key. *Note Keystrokes::.
-
-Prompt
- A prompt is text printed to ask the user for input. Printing a
- prompt is called prompting. Emacs prompts always appear in the
- echo area (q.v.). One kind of prompting happens when the
- minibuffer is used to read an argument (*note Minibuffer::); the
- echoing which happens when you pause in the middle of typing a
- multi-character key is also a kind of prompting (*note Echo
- Area::).
-
-Quitting
- Quitting means cancelling a partially typed command or a running
- command, using `C-g'. *Note Quitting::.
-
-Quoting
- Quoting means depriving a character of its usual special
- significance. In Emacs this is usually done with `Control-q'.
- What constitutes special significance depends on the context and
- on convention. For example, an "ordinary" character as an Emacs
- command inserts itself; so in this context, a special character is
- any character that does not normally insert itself (such as <DEL>,
- for example), and quoting it makes it insert itself as if it were
- not special. Not all contexts allow quoting. *Note Quoting:
- Basic.
-
-Read-only Buffer
- A read-only buffer is one whose text you are not allowed to change.
- Normally Emacs makes buffers read-only when they contain text which
- has a special significance to Emacs, such asDired buffers.
- Visiting a file that is write-protected also makes a read-only
- buffer. *Note Buffers::.
-
-Recursive Editing Level
- A recursive editing level is a state in which part of the
- execution of a command involves asking the user to edit some text.
- This text may or may not be the same as the text to which the
- command was applied. The mode line indicates recursive editing
- levels with square brackets (`[' and `]'). *Note Recursive Edit::.
-
-Redisplay
- Redisplay is the process of correcting the image on the screen to
- correspond to changes that have been made in the text being edited.
- *Note Redisplay: Frame.
-
-Regexp
- See `regular expression'.
-
-Region
- The region is the text between point (q.v.) and the mark (q.v.).
- Many commands operate on the text of the region. *Note Region:
- Mark.
-
-Registers
- Registers are named slots in which text or buffer positions or
- rectangles can be saved for later use. *Note Registers::.
-
-Regular Expression
- A regular expression is a pattern that can match various text
- strings; for example, `l[0-9]+' matches `l' followed by one or more
- digits. *Note Regexps::.
-
-Replacement
- See `global substitution'.
-
-Restriction
- A buffer's restriction is the amount of text, at the beginning or
- the end of the buffer, that is temporarily invisible and
- inaccessible. Giving a buffer a nonzero amount of restriction is
- called narrowing (q.v.). *Note Narrowing::.
-
-<RET>
- <RET> is the character than runs the command to insert a newline
- into the text. It is also used to terminate most arguments read
- in the minibuffer (q.v.). *Note Return: Keystrokes.
-
-Saving
- Saving a buffer means copying its text into the file that was
- visited (q.v.) in that buffer. To actually change a file you have
- edited in Emacs, you have to save it. *Note Saving::.
-
-Scrolling
- Scrolling means shifting the text in the Emacs window to make a
- different part ot the buffer visible. *Note Scrolling: Display.
-
-Searching
- Searching means moving point to the next occurrence of a specified
- string. *Note Search::.
-
-Selecting
- Selecting a buffer means making it the current (q.v.) buffer.
- *Note Selecting: Buffers.
-
-Self-documentation
- Self-documentation is the feature of Emacs which can tell you what
- any command does, or can give you a list of all commands related
- to a topic you specify. You ask for self-documentation with the
- help character, `C-h'. *Note Help::.
-
-Sentences
- Emacs has commands for moving by or killing by sentences. *Note
- Sentences::.
-
-Sexp
- An sexp (short for `s-expression,' itself short for `symbolic
- expression') is the basic syntactic unit of Lisp in its textual
- form: either a list, or Lisp atom. Many Emacs commands operate on
- sexps. The term `sexp' is generalized to languages other than
- Lisp to mean a syntactically recognizable expression. *Note
- Sexps: Lists.
-
-Simultaneous Editing
- Simultaneous editing means two users modifying the same file at
- once. If simultaneous editing is not detected, you may lose your
- work. Emacs detects all cases of simultaneous editing and warns
- the user to investigate them. *Note Simultaneous Editing:
- Interlocking.
-
-String
- A string is a kind of Lisp data object which contains a sequence of
- characters. Many Emacs variables are intended to have strings as
- values. The Lisp syntax for a string consists of the characters in
- the string with a `"' before and another `"' after. Write a `"'
- that is part of the string as `\"' and a `\' that is part of the
- string as `\\'. You can include all other characters, including
- newline, just by writing them inside the string. You can also
- include escape sequences as in C, such as `\n' for newline or
- `\241' using an octal character code.
-
-String Substitution
- See `global substitution'.
-
-Syntax Table
- The syntax table tells Emacs which characters are part of a word,
- which characters balance each other like parentheses, etc. *Note
- Syntax::.
-
-Tag Table
- A tag table is a file that serves as an index to the function
- definitions in one or more other files. *Note Tags::.
-
-Termscript File
- A termscript file contains a record of all characters Emacs sent to
- the terminal. It is used for tracking down bugs in Emacs
- redisplay. Emacs does not make a termscript file unless
- explicitly instructed to do so. *Note Bugs::.
-
-Text
- Text has two meanings (*note Text::):
-
- * Data consisting of a sequence of characters, as opposed to
- binary numbers, images, graphics commands, executable
- programs, and the like. The contents of an Emacs buffer are
- always text in this sense.
-
- * Data consisting of written human language, as opposed to
- programs, or something that follows the stylistic conventions
- of human language.
-
-Top Level
- Top level is the normal state of Emacs, in which you are editing
- the text of the file you have visited. You are at top level
- whenever you are not in a recursive editing level (q.v.) or the
- minibuffer (q.v.), and not in the middle of a command. You can
- get back to top level by aborting (q.v.) and quitting (q.v.).
- *Note Quitting::.
-
-Transposition
- Transposing two units of text means putting each one into the place
- formerly occupied by the other. There are Emacs commands to
- transpose two adjacent characters, words, sexps (q.v.), or lines
- (*note Transpose::).
-
-Truncation
- Truncating text lines in the display means leaving out any text on
- a line that does not fit within the right margin of the window
- displaying it. See also `continuation line'. *Note Truncation:
- Basic.
-
-Undoing
- Undoing means making your previous editing go in reverse, bringing
- back the text that existed earlier in the editing session. *Note
- Undo::.
-
-Variable
- A variable is Lisp object that can store an arbitrary value.
- Emacs uses some variables for internal purposes, and has others
- (known as `options' (q.v.)) you can set to control the behavior of
- Emacs. The variables used in Emacs that you are likely to be
- interested in are listed in the Variables Index of this manual.
- *Note Variables::, for information on variables.
-
-Visiting
- Visiting a file means loading its contents into a buffer (q.v.)
- where they can be edited. *Note Visiting::.
-
-Whitespace
- Whitespace is any run of consecutive formatting characters (spaces,
- tabs, newlines, and backspaces).
-
-Widening
- Widening is removing any restriction (q.v.) on the current buffer;
- it is the opposite of narrowing (q.v.). *Note Narrowing::.
-
-Window
- Emacs divides the frame into one or more windows, each of which can
- display the contents of one buffer (q.v.) at any time. *Note
- Frame::, for basic information on how Emacs uses the frame. *Note
- Windows::, for commands to control the use of windows. Note that if
- you are running Emacs under X, terminology can be confusing: Each
- Emacs frame occupies a separate X window and can, in turn, be
- divided into different subwindows.
-
-Word Abbrev
- Synonymous with `abbrev'.
-
-Word Search
- Word search is searching for a sequence of words, considering the
- punctuation between them as insignificant. *Note Word Search::.
-
-Yanking
- Yanking means reinserting text previously killed. It can be used
- to undo a mistaken kill, or for copying or moving text. Some other
- systems call this "pasting". *Note Yanking::.
+ Lisp character constant syntax consists of a `?' followed by
+ either a character or an escape sequence starting with `\'.
+ Examples: `?x', `?\n', `?\"', `?\)'. Note that strings and
+ characters are not interchangeable in Lisp; some contexts require
+ one and some contexts require the other.
+
+True
+ `t' stands for `true'.
+
+False
+ `nil' stands for `false'.
+
+Other Lisp objects
+ Write a single-quote (') followed by the Lisp object you want.
+
+\1f
+File: xemacs.info, Node: Init Examples, Next: Terminal Init, Prev: Init Syntax, Up: Init File
+
+Init File Examples
+------------------
+
+ Here are some examples of doing certain commonly desired things with
+Lisp expressions:
+
+ * Make <TAB> in C mode just insert a tab if point is in the middle
+ of a line.
+
+ (setq c-tab-always-indent nil)
+
+ Here we have a variable whose value is normally `t' for `true' and
+ the alternative is `nil' for `false'.
+
+ * Make searches case sensitive by default (in all buffers that do not
+ override this).
+
+ (setq-default case-fold-search nil)
+
+ This sets the default value, which is effective in all buffers
+ that do not have local values for the variable. Setting
+ `case-fold-search' with `setq' affects only the current buffer's
+ local value, which is probably not what you want to do in an init
+ file.
+
+ * Make Text mode the default mode for new buffers.
+
+ (setq default-major-mode 'text-mode)
+
+ Note that `text-mode' is used because it is the command for
+ entering the mode we want. A single-quote is written before it to
+ make a symbol constant; otherwise, `text-mode' would be treated as
+ a variable name.
+
+ * Turn on Auto Fill mode automatically in Text mode and related
+ modes.
+
+ (setq text-mode-hook
+ '(lambda () (auto-fill-mode 1)))
+
+ Here we have a variable whose value should be a Lisp function. The
+ function we supply is a list starting with `lambda', and a single
+ quote is written in front of it to make it (for the purpose of this
+ `setq') a list constant rather than an expression. Lisp functions
+ are not explained here; for mode hooks it is enough to know that
+ `(auto-fill-mode 1)' is an expression that will be executed when
+ Text mode is entered. You could replace it with any other
+ expression that you like, or with several expressions in a row.
+
+ (setq text-mode-hook 'turn-on-auto-fill)
+
+ This is another way to accomplish the same result.
+ `turn-on-auto-fill' is a symbol whose function definition is
+ `(lambda () (auto-fill-mode 1))'.
+
+ * Load the installed Lisp library named `foo' (actually a file
+ `foo.elc' or `foo.el' in a standard Emacs directory).
+
+ (load "foo")
+
+ When the argument to `load' is a relative pathname, not starting
+ with `/' or `~', `load' searches the directories in `load-path'
+ (*note Loading::).
+
+ * Load the compiled Lisp file `foo.elc' from your home directory.
+
+ (load "~/foo.elc")
+
+ Here an absolute file name is used, so no searching is done.
+
+ * Rebind the key `C-x l' to run the function `make-symbolic-link'.
+
+ (global-set-key "\C-xl" 'make-symbolic-link)
+
+ or
+
+ (define-key global-map "\C-xl" 'make-symbolic-link)
+
+ Note once again the single-quote used to refer to the symbol
+ `make-symbolic-link' instead of its value as a variable.
+
+ * Do the same thing for C mode only.
+
+ (define-key c-mode-map "\C-xl" 'make-symbolic-link)
+
+ * Bind the function key <F1> to a command in C mode. Note that the
+ names of function keys must be lower case.
+
+ (define-key c-mode-map 'f1 'make-symbolic-link)
+
+ * Bind the shifted version of <F1> to a command.
+
+ (define-key c-mode-map '(shift f1) 'make-symbolic-link)
+
+ * Redefine all keys which now run `next-line' in Fundamental mode to
+ run `forward-line' instead.
+
+ (substitute-key-definition 'next-line 'forward-line
+ global-map)
+
+ * Make `C-x C-v' undefined.
+
+ (global-unset-key "\C-x\C-v")
+
+ One reason to undefine a key is so that you can make it a prefix.
+ Simply defining `C-x C-v ANYTHING' would make `C-x C-v' a prefix,
+ but `C-x C-v' must be freed of any non-prefix definition first.
+
+ * Make `$' have the syntax of punctuation in Text mode. Note the
+ use of a character constant for `$'.
+
+ (modify-syntax-entry ?\$ "." text-mode-syntax-table)
+
+ * Enable the use of the command `eval-expression' without
+ confirmation.
+
+ (put 'eval-expression 'disabled nil)
+
+\1f
+File: xemacs.info, Node: Terminal Init, Prev: Init Examples, Up: Init File
+
+Terminal-Specific Initialization
+--------------------------------
+
+ Each terminal type can have a Lisp library to be loaded into Emacs
+when it is run on that type of terminal. For a terminal type named
+TERMTYPE, the library is called `term/TERMTYPE' and it is found by
+searching the directories `load-path' as usual and trying the suffixes
+`.elc' and `.el'. Normally it appears in the subdirectory `term' of
+the directory where most Emacs libraries are kept.
+
+ The usual purpose of the terminal-specific library is to define the
+escape sequences used by the terminal's function keys using the library
+`keypad.el'. See the file `term/vt100.el' for an example of how this
+is done.
+
+ When the terminal type contains a hyphen, only the part of the name
+before the first hyphen is significant in choosing the library name.
+Thus, terminal types `aaa-48' and `aaa-30-rv' both use the library
+`term/aaa'. The code in the library can use `(getenv "TERM")' to find
+the full terminal type name.
+
+ The library's name is constructed by concatenating the value of the
+variable `term-file-prefix' and the terminal type. Your init file can
+prevent the loading of the terminal-specific library by setting
+`term-file-prefix' to `nil'. *Note Init File::.
+
+ The value of the variable `term-setup-hook', if not `nil', is called
+as a function of no arguments at the end of Emacs initialization, after
+both your init file and any terminal-specific library have been read.
+*Note Init File::. You can set the value in the init file to override
+part of any of the terminal-specific libraries and to define
+initializations for terminals that do not have a library.
+
+\1f
+File: xemacs.info, Node: Audible Bell, Next: Faces, Prev: Init File, Up: Customization
+
+Changing the Bell Sound
+=======================
+
+ You can now change how the audible bell sounds using the variable
+`sound-alist'.
+
+ `sound-alist''s value is an list associating symbols with, among
+other things, strings of audio-data. When `ding' is called with one of
+the symbols, the associated sound data is played instead of the
+standard beep. This only works if you are logged in on the console of a
+machine with audio hardware. To listen to a sound of the provided type,
+call the function `play-sound' with the argument SOUND. You can also
+set the volume of the sound with the optional argument VOLUME.
+
+ Each element of `sound-alist' is a list describing a sound. The
+first element of the list is the name of the sound being defined.
+Subsequent elements of the list are alternating keyword/value pairs:
+
+`sound'
+ A string of raw sound data, or the name of another sound to play.
+ The symbol `t' here means use the default X beep.
+
+`volume'
+ An integer from 0-100, defaulting to `bell-volume'.
+
+`pitch'
+ If using the default X beep, the pitch (Hz) to generate.
+
+`duration'
+ If using the default X beep, the duration (milliseconds).
+
+ For compatibility, elements of `sound-alist' may also be of the form:
+
+ ( SOUND-NAME . <SOUND> )
+ ( SOUND-NAME <VOLUME> <SOUND> )
+
+ You should probably add things to this list by calling the function
+`load-sound-file'.
+
+ Note that you can only play audio data if running on the console
+screen of a machine with audio hardware which emacs understands, which
+at this time means a Sun SparcStation, SGI, or HP9000s700.
+
+ Also note that the pitch, duration, and volume options are available
+everywhere, but most X servers ignore the `pitch' option.
+
+ The variable `bell-volume' should be an integer from 0 to 100, with
+100 being loudest, which controls how loud the sounds emacs makes
+should be. Elements of the `sound-alist' may override this value.
+This variable applies to the standard X bell sound as well as sound
+files.
+
+ If the symbol `t' is in place of a sound-string, Emacs uses the
+default X beep. This allows you to define beep-types of different
+volumes even when not running on the console.
+
+ You can add things to this list by calling the function
+`load-sound-file', which reads in an audio-file and adds its data to
+the sound-alist. You can specify the sound with the SOUND-NAME argument
+and the file into which the sounds are loaded with the FILENAME
+argument. The optional VOLUME argument sets the volume.
+
+ `load-sound-file (FILENAME SOUND-NAME &optional VOLUME)'
+
+ To load and install some sound files as beep-types, use the function
+`load-default-sounds' (note that this only works if you are on display
+0 of a machine with audio hardware).
+
+ The following beep-types are used by Emacs itself. Other Lisp
+packages may use other beep types, but these are the ones that the C
+kernel of Emacs uses.
+
+`auto-save-error'
+ An auto-save does not succeed
+
+`command-error'
+ The Emacs command loop catches an error
+
+`undefined-key'
+ You type a key that is undefined
+
+`undefined-click'
+ You use an undefined mouse-click combination
+
+`no-completion'
+ Completion was not possible
+
+`y-or-n-p'
+ You type something other than the required `y' or `n'
+
+`yes-or-no-p'
+ You type something other than `yes' or `no'
+
+\1f
+File: xemacs.info, Node: Faces, Next: Frame Components, Prev: Audible Bell, Up: Customization
+
+Faces
+=====
+
+ XEmacs has objects called extents and faces. An "extent" is a
+region of text and a "face" is a collection of textual attributes, such
+as fonts and colors. Every extent is displayed in some face;
+therefore, changing the properties of a face immediately updates the
+display of all associated extents. Faces can be frame-local: you can
+have a region of text that displays with completely different
+attributes when its buffer is viewed from a different X window.
+
+ The display attributes of faces may be specified either in Lisp or
+through the X resource manager.
+
+Customizing Faces
+-----------------
+
+ You can change the face of an extent with the functions in this
+section. All the functions prompt for a FACE as an argument; use
+completion for a list of possible values.
+
+`M-x invert-face'
+ Swap the foreground and background colors of the given FACE.
+
+`M-x make-face-bold'
+ Make the font of the given FACE bold. When called from a program,
+ returns `nil' if this is not possible.
+
+`M-x make-face-bold-italic'
+ Make the font of the given FACE bold italic. When called from a
+ program, returns `nil' if not possible.
+
+`M-x make-face-italic'
+ Make the font of the given FACE italic. When called from a
+ program, returns `nil' if not possible.
+
+`M-x make-face-unbold'
+ Make the font of the given FACE non-bold. When called from a
+ program, returns `nil' if not possible.
+
+`M-x make-face-unitalic'
+ Make the font of the given FACE non-italic. When called from a
+ program, returns `nil' if not possible.
+
+`M-x make-face-larger'
+ Make the font of the given FACE a little larger. When called from
+ a program, returns `nil' if not possible.
+
+`M-x make-face-smaller'
+ Make the font of the given FACE a little smaller. When called
+ from a program, returns `nil' if not possible.
+
+`M-x set-face-background'
+ Change the background color of the given FACE.
+
+`M-x set-face-background-pixmap'
+ Change the background pixmap of the given FACE.
+
+`M-x set-face-font'
+ Change the font of the given FACE.
+
+`M-x set-face-foreground'
+ Change the foreground color of the given FACE.
+
+`M-x set-face-underline-p'
+ Change whether the given FACE is underlined.
+
+ You can exchange the foreground and background color of the selected
+FACE with the function `invert-face'. If the face does not specify both
+foreground and background, then its foreground and background are set
+to the background and foreground of the default face. When calling
+this from a program, you can supply the optional argument FRAME to
+specify which frame is affected; otherwise, all frames are affected.
+
+ You can set the background color of the specified FACE with the
+function `set-face-background'. The argument `color' should be a
+string, the name of a color. When called from a program, if the
+optional FRAME argument is provided, the face is changed only in that
+frame; otherwise, it is changed in all frames.
+
+ You can set the background pixmap of the specified FACE with the
+function `set-face-background-pixmap'. The pixmap argument NAME should
+be a string, the name of a file of pixmap data. The directories listed
+in the `x-bitmap-file-path' variable are searched. The bitmap may also
+be a list of the form `(WIDTH HEIGHT DATA)', where WIDTH and HEIGHT are
+the size in pixels, and DATA is a string containing the raw bits of the
+bitmap. If the optional FRAME argument is provided, the face is
+changed only in that frame; otherwise, it is changed in all frames.
+
+ The variable `x-bitmap-file-path' takes as a value a list of the
+directories in which X bitmap files may be found. If the value is
+`nil', the list is initialized from the `*bitmapFilePath' resource.
+
+ If the environment variable XBMLANGPATH is set, then it is consulted
+before the `x-bitmap-file-path' variable.
+
+ You can set the font of the specified FACE with the function
+`set-face-font'. The FONT argument should be a string, the name of a
+font. When called from a program, if the optional FRAME argument is
+provided, the face is changed only in that frame; otherwise, it is
+changed in all frames.
+
+ You can set the foreground color of the specified FACE with the
+function `set-face-foreground'. The argument COLOR should be a string,
+the name of a color. If the optional FRAME argument is provided, the
+face is changed only in that frame; otherwise, it is changed in all
+frames.
+
+ You can set underline the specified FACE with the function
+`set-face-underline-p'. The argument UNDERLINE-P can be used to make
+underlining an attribute of the face or not. If the optional FRAME
+argument is provided, the face is changed only in that frame;
+otherwise, it is changed in all frames.
+
+\1f
+File: xemacs.info, Node: Frame Components, Next: X Resources, Prev: Faces, Up: Customization
+
+Frame Components
+================
+
+ You can control the presence and position of most frame components,
+such as the menubar, toolbars, and gutters.
+
+ This section is not written yet. Try the Lisp Reference Manual:
+*Note Menubar: (lispref)Menubar, *Note Toolbar Intro: (lispref)Toolbar
+Intro, and *Note Gutter Intro: (lispref)Gutter Intro.
+
+\1f
+File: xemacs.info, Node: X Resources, Prev: Frame Components, Up: Customization
+
+X Resources
+===========
+
+ Historically, XEmacs has used the X resource application class
+`Emacs' for its resources. Unfortunately, GNU Emacs uses the same
+application class, and resources are not compatible between the two
+Emacsen. This sharing of the application class often leads to trouble
+if you want to run both variants.
+
+ Starting with XEmacs 21, XEmacs uses the class `XEmacs' if it finds
+any XEmacs resources in the resource database when the X connection is
+initialized. Otherwise, it will use the class `Emacs' for backwards
+compatibility. The variable X-EMACS-APPLICATION-CLASS may be consulted
+to determine the application class being used.
+
+ The examples in this section assume the application class is `Emacs'.
+
+ The Emacs resources are generally set per-frame. Each Emacs frame
+can have its own name or the same name as another, depending on the
+name passed to the `make-frame' function.
+
+ You can specify resources for all frames with the syntax:
+
+ Emacs*parameter: value
+
+or
+
+ Emacs*EmacsFrame.parameter:value
+
+You can specify resources for a particular frame with the syntax:
+
+ Emacs*FRAME-NAME.parameter: value
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Geometry Resources:: Controlling the size and position of frames.
+* Iconic Resources:: Controlling whether frames come up iconic.
+* Resource List:: List of resources settable on a frame or device.
+* Face Resources:: Controlling faces using resources.
+* Widgets:: The widget hierarchy for XEmacs.
+* Menubar Resources:: Specifying resources for the menubar.
+
+\1f
+File: xemacs.info, Node: Geometry Resources, Next: Iconic Resources, Up: X Resources
+
+Geometry Resources
+------------------
+
+ To make the default size of all Emacs frames be 80 columns by 55
+lines, do this:
+
+ Emacs*EmacsFrame.geometry: 80x55
+
+To set the geometry of a particular frame named `fred', do this:
+
+ Emacs*fred.geometry: 80x55
+
+Important! Do not use the following syntax:
+
+ Emacs*geometry: 80x55
+
+You should never use `*geometry' with any X application. It does not
+say "make the geometry of Emacs be 80 columns by 55 lines." It really
+says, "make Emacs and all subwindows thereof be 80x55 in whatever units
+they care to measure in." In particular, that is both telling the
+Emacs text pane to be 80x55 in characters, and telling the menubar pane
+to be 80x55 pixels, which is surely not what you want.
+
+ As a special case, this geometry specification also works (and sets
+the default size of all Emacs frames to 80 columns by 55 lines):
+
+ Emacs.geometry: 80x55
+
+since that is the syntax used with most other applications (since most
+other applications have only one top-level window, unlike Emacs). In
+general, however, the top-level shell (the unmapped ApplicationShell
+widget named `Emacs' that is the parent of the shell widgets that
+actually manage the individual frames) does not have any interesting
+resources on it, and you should set the resources on the frames instead.
+
+ The `-geometry' command-line argument sets only the geometry of the
+initial frame created by Emacs.
+
+ A more complete explanation of geometry-handling is
+
+ * The `-geometry' command-line option sets the `Emacs.geometry'
+ resource, that is, the geometry of the ApplicationShell.
+
+ * For the first frame created, the size of the frame is taken from
+ the ApplicationShell if it is specified, otherwise from the
+ geometry of the frame.
+
+ * For subsequent frames, the order is reversed: First the frame, and
+ then the ApplicationShell.
+
+ * For the first frame created, the position of the frame is taken
+ from the ApplicationShell (`Emacs.geometry') if it is specified,
+ otherwise from the geometry of the frame.
+
+ * For subsequent frames, the position is taken only from the frame,
+ and never from the ApplicationShell.
+
+ This is rather complicated, but it does seem to provide the most
+intuitive behavior with respect to the default sizes and positions of
+frames created in various ways.
+
+\1f
+File: xemacs.info, Node: Iconic Resources, Next: Resource List, Prev: Geometry Resources, Up: X Resources
+
+Iconic Resources
+----------------
+
+ Analogous to `-geometry', the `-iconic' command-line option sets the
+iconic flag of the ApplicationShell (`Emacs.iconic') and always applies
+to the first frame created regardless of its name. However, it is
+possible to set the iconic flag on particular frames (by name) by using
+the `Emacs*FRAME-NAME.iconic' resource.
+
+\1f
+File: xemacs.info, Node: Resource List, Next: Face Resources, Prev: Iconic Resources, Up: X Resources
+
+Resource List
+-------------
+
+ Emacs frames accept the following resources:
+
+`geometry' (class `Geometry'): string
+ Initial geometry for the frame. *Note Geometry Resources::, for a
+ complete discussion of how this works.
+
+`iconic' (class `Iconic'): boolean
+ Whether this frame should appear in the iconified state.
+
+`internalBorderWidth' (class `InternalBorderWidth'): int
+ How many blank pixels to leave between the text and the edge of the
+ window.
+
+`interline' (class `Interline'): int
+ How many pixels to leave between each line (may not be
+ implemented).
+
+`menubar' (class `Menubar'): boolean
+ Whether newly-created frames should initially have a menubar. Set
+ to true by default.
+
+`initiallyUnmapped' (class `InitiallyUnmapped'): boolean
+ Whether XEmacs should leave the initial frame unmapped when it
+ starts up. This is useful if you are starting XEmacs as a server
+ (e.g. in conjunction with gnuserv or the external client widget).
+ You can also control this with the `-unmapped' command-line option.
+
+`barCursor' (class `BarColor'): boolean
+ Whether the cursor should be displayed as a bar, or the
+ traditional box.
+
+`cursorColor' (class `CursorColor'): color-name
+ The color of the text cursor.
+
+`scrollBarWidth' (class `ScrollBarWidth'): integer
+ How wide the vertical scrollbars should be, in pixels; 0 means no
+ vertical scrollbars. You can also use a resource specification of
+ the form `*scrollbar.width', or the usual toolkit scrollbar
+ resources: `*XmScrollBar.width' (Motif), `*XlwScrollBar.width'
+ (Lucid), or `*Scrollbar.thickness' (Athena). We don't recommend
+ that you use the toolkit resources, though, because they're
+ dependent on how exactly your particular build of XEmacs was
+ configured.
+
+`scrollBarHeight' (class `ScrollBarHeight'): integer
+ How high the horizontal scrollbars should be, in pixels; 0 means no
+ horizontal scrollbars. You can also use a resource specification
+ of the form `*scrollbar.height', or the usual toolkit scrollbar
+ resources: `*XmScrollBar.height' (Motif), `*XlwScrollBar.height'
+ (Lucid), or `*Scrollbar.thickness' (Athena). We don't recommend
+ that you use the toolkit resources, though, because they're
+ dependent on how exactly your particular build of XEmacs was
+ configured.
+
+`scrollBarPlacement' (class `ScrollBarPlacement'): string
+ Where the horizontal and vertical scrollbars should be positioned.
+ This should be one of the four strings `BOTTOM_LEFT',
+ `BOTTOM_RIGHT', `TOP_LEFT', and `TOP_RIGHT'. Default is
+ `BOTTOM_RIGHT' for the Motif and Lucid scrollbars and
+ `BOTTOM_LEFT' for the Athena scrollbars.
+
+`topToolBarHeight' (class `TopToolBarHeight'): integer
+`bottomToolBarHeight' (class `BottomToolBarHeight'): integer
+`leftToolBarWidth' (class `LeftToolBarWidth'): integer
+`rightToolBarWidth' (class `RightToolBarWidth'): integer
+ Height and width of the four possible toolbars.
+
+`topToolBarShadowColor' (class `TopToolBarShadowColor'): color-name
+`bottomToolBarShadowColor' (class `BottomToolBarShadowColor'): color-name
+ Color of the top and bottom shadows for the toolbars. NOTE: These
+ resources do _not_ have anything to do with the top and bottom
+ toolbars (i.e. the toolbars at the top and bottom of the frame)!
+ Rather, they affect the top and bottom shadows around the edges of
+ all four kinds of toolbars.
+
+`topToolBarShadowPixmap' (class `TopToolBarShadowPixmap'): pixmap-name
+`bottomToolBarShadowPixmap' (class `BottomToolBarShadowPixmap'): pixmap-name
+ Pixmap of the top and bottom shadows for the toolbars. If set,
+ these resources override the corresponding color resources. NOTE:
+ These resources do _not_ have anything to do with the top and
+ bottom toolbars (i.e. the toolbars at the top and bottom of the
+ frame)! Rather, they affect the top and bottom shadows around the
+ edges of all four kinds of toolbars.
+
+`toolBarShadowThickness' (class `ToolBarShadowThickness'): integer
+ Thickness of the shadows around the toolbars, in pixels.
+
+`visualBell' (class `VisualBell'): boolean
+ Whether XEmacs should flash the screen rather than making an
+ audible beep.
+
+`bellVolume' (class `BellVolume'): integer
+ Volume of the audible beep.
+
+`useBackingStore' (class `UseBackingStore'): boolean
+ Whether XEmacs should set the backing-store attribute of the X
+ windows it creates. This increases the memory usage of the X
+ server but decreases the amount of X traffic necessary to update
+ the screen, and is useful when the connection to the X server goes
+ over a low-bandwidth line such as a modem connection.
+
+ Emacs devices accept the following resources:
+
+`textPointer' (class `Cursor'): cursor-name
+ The cursor to use when the mouse is over text. This resource is
+ used to initialize the variable `x-pointer-shape'.
+
+`selectionPointer' (class `Cursor'): cursor-name
+ The cursor to use when the mouse is over a selectable text region
+ (an extent with the `highlight' property; for example, an Info
+ cross-reference). This resource is used to initialize the variable
+ `x-selection-pointer-shape'.
+
+`spacePointer' (class `Cursor'): cursor-name
+ The cursor to use when the mouse is over a blank space in a buffer
+ (that is, after the end of a line or after the end-of-file). This
+ resource is used to initialize the variable
+ `x-nontext-pointer-shape'.
+
+`modeLinePointer' (class `Cursor'): cursor-name
+ The cursor to use when the mouse is over a modeline. This
+ resource is used to initialize the variable `x-mode-pointer-shape'.
+
+`gcPointer' (class `Cursor'): cursor-name
+ The cursor to display when a garbage-collection is in progress.
+ This resource is used to initialize the variable
+ `x-gc-pointer-shape'.
+
+`scrollbarPointer' (class `Cursor'): cursor-name
+ The cursor to use when the mouse is over the scrollbar. This
+ resource is used to initialize the variable
+ `x-scrollbar-pointer-shape'.
+
+`pointerColor' (class `Foreground'): color-name
+`pointerBackground' (class `Background'): color-name
+ The foreground and background colors of the mouse cursor. These
+ resources are used to initialize the variables
+ `x-pointer-foreground-color' and `x-pointer-background-color'.
+
+\1f
+File: xemacs.info, Node: Face Resources, Next: Widgets, Prev: Resource List, Up: X Resources
+
+Face Resources
+--------------
+
+ The attributes of faces are also per-frame. They can be specified as:
+
+ Emacs.FACE_NAME.parameter: value
+
+or
+
+ Emacs*FRAME_NAME.FACE_NAME.parameter: value
+
+Faces accept the following resources:
+
+`attributeFont' (class `AttributeFont'): font-name
+ The font of this face.
+
+`attributeForeground' (class `AttributeForeground'): color-name
+`attributeBackground' (class `AttributeBackground'): color-name
+ The foreground and background colors of this face.
+
+`attributeBackgroundPixmap' (class `AttributeBackgroundPixmap'): file-name
+ The name of an XBM file (or XPM file, if your version of Emacs
+ supports XPM), to use as a background stipple.
+
+`attributeUnderline' (class `AttributeUnderline'): boolean
+ Whether text in this face should be underlined.
+
+ All text is displayed in some face, defaulting to the face named
+`default'. To set the font of normal text, use
+`Emacs*default.attributeFont'. To set it in the frame named `fred', use
+`Emacs*fred.default.attributeFont'.
+
+ These are the names of the predefined faces:
+
+`default'
+ Everything inherits from this.
+
+`bold'
+ If this is not specified in the resource database, Emacs tries to
+ find a bold version of the font of the default face.
+
+`italic'
+ If this is not specified in the resource database, Emacs tries to
+ find an italic version of the font of the default face.
+
+`bold-italic'
+ If this is not specified in the resource database, Emacs tries to
+ find a bold-italic version of the font of the default face.
+
+`modeline'
+ This is the face that the modeline is displayed in. If not
+ specified in the resource database, it is determined from the
+ default face by reversing the foreground and background colors.
+
+`highlight'
+ This is the face that highlighted extents (for example, Info
+ cross-references and possible completions, when the mouse passes
+ over them) are displayed in.
+
+`left-margin'
+`right-margin'
+ These are the faces that the left and right annotation margins are
+ displayed in.
+
+`zmacs-region'
+ This is the face that mouse selections are displayed in.
+
+`isearch'
+ This is the face that the matched text being searched for is
+ displayed in.
+
+`info-node'
+ This is the face of info menu items. If unspecified, it is copied
+ from `bold-italic'.
+
+`info-xref'
+ This is the face of info cross-references. If unspecified, it is
+ copied from `bold'. (Note that, when the mouse passes over a
+ cross-reference, the cross-reference's face is determined from a
+ combination of the `info-xref' and `highlight' faces.)
+
+ Other packages might define their own faces; to see a list of all
+faces, use any of the interactive face-manipulation commands such as
+`set-face-font' and type `?' when you are prompted for the name of a
+face.
+
+ If the `bold', `italic', and `bold-italic' faces are not specified
+in the resource database, then XEmacs attempts to derive them from the
+font of the default face. It can only succeed at this if you have
+specified the default font using the XLFD (X Logical Font Description)
+format, which looks like
+
+ *-courier-medium-r-*-*-*-120-*-*-*-*-*-*
+
+If you use any of the other, less strict font name formats, some of
+which look like
+
+ lucidasanstypewriter-12
+ fixed
+ 9x13
+
+ then XEmacs won't be able to guess the names of the bold and italic
+versions. All X fonts can be referred to via XLFD-style names, so you
+should use those forms. See the man pages for `X(1)', `xlsfonts(1)',
+and `xfontsel(1)'.
+
+\1f
+File: xemacs.info, Node: Widgets, Next: Menubar Resources, Prev: Face Resources, Up: X Resources
+
+Widgets
+-------
+
+ There are several structural widgets between the terminal EmacsFrame
+widget and the top level ApplicationShell; the exact names and types of
+these widgets change from release to release (for example, they changed
+between 19.8 and 19.9, 19.9 and 19.10, and 19.10 and 19.12) and are
+subject to further change in the future, so you should avoid mentioning
+them in your resource database. The above-mentioned syntaxes should be
+forward- compatible. As of 19.13, the exact widget hierarchy is as
+follows:
+
+ INVOCATION-NAME "shell" "container" FRAME-NAME
+ x-emacs-application-class "EmacsShell" "EmacsManager" "EmacsFrame"
+
+ where INVOCATION-NAME is the terminal component of the name of the
+XEmacs executable (usually `xemacs'), and `x-emacs-application-class'
+is generally `Emacs'.
+
+\1f
+File: xemacs.info, Node: Menubar Resources, Prev: Widgets, Up: X Resources
+
+Menubar Resources
+-----------------
+
+ As the menubar is implemented as a widget which is not a part of
+XEmacs proper, it does not use the face mechanism for specifying fonts
+and colors: It uses whatever resources are appropriate to the type of
+widget which is used to implement it.
+
+ If Emacs was compiled to use only the Lucid Motif-lookalike menu
+widgets, then one way to specify the font of the menubar would be
+
+ Emacs*menubar*font: *-courier-medium-r-*-*-*-120-*-*-*-*-*-*
+
+ If both the Lucid Motif-lookalike menu widgets and X Font Sets are
+configured to allow multilingual menubars, then one uses
+
+ *menubar*FontSet: -*-helvetica-bold-r-*-*-*-120-*-*-*-*-iso8859-*, \
+ -*-*-*-*-*-*-*-120-*-jisx0208.1983-0
+
+ That would specify fonts for a Japanese menubar. Specifying only one
+XLFD is acceptable; specifying more than one for a given registry
+(language) is also allowed. When X Font Sets are configured, some .font
+resources (eg, menubars) are ignored in favor of the corresponding
+.fontSet resources.
+
+ If the Motif library is being used, then one would have to use
+
+ Emacs*menubar*fontList: *-courier-medium-r-*-*-*-120-*-*-*-*-*-*
+
+ because the Motif library uses the `fontList' resource name instead
+of `font', which has subtly different semantics.
+
+ The same is true of the scrollbars: They accept whichever resources
+are appropriate for the toolkit in use.
+
+\1f
+File: xemacs.info, Node: Quitting, Next: Lossage, Prev: Customization, Up: Top
+
+Quitting and Aborting
+=====================
+
+`C-g'
+ Quit. Cancel running or partially typed command.
+
+`C-]'
+ Abort innermost recursive editing level and cancel the command
+ which invoked it (`abort-recursive-edit').
+
+`M-x top-level'
+ Abort all recursive editing levels that are currently executing.
+
+`C-x u'
+ Cancel an already-executed command, usually (`undo').
+
+ There are two ways of cancelling commands which are not finished
+executing: "quitting" with `C-g', and "aborting" with `C-]' or `M-x
+top-level'. Quitting is cancelling a partially typed command or one
+which is already running. Aborting is getting out of a recursive
+editing level and cancelling the command that invoked the recursive
+edit.
+
+ Quitting with `C-g' is used for getting rid of a partially typed
+command or a numeric argument that you don't want. It also stops a
+running command in the middle in a relatively safe way, so you can use
+it if you accidentally start executing a command that takes a long
+time. In particular, it is safe to quit out of killing; either your
+text will ALL still be there, or it will ALL be in the kill ring (or
+maybe both). Quitting an incremental search does special things
+documented under searching; in general, it may take two successive
+`C-g' characters to get out of a search. `C-g' works by setting the
+variable `quit-flag' to `t' the instant `C-g' is typed; Emacs Lisp
+checks this variable frequently and quits if it is non-`nil'. `C-g' is
+only actually executed as a command if it is typed while Emacs is
+waiting for input.
+
+ If you quit twice in a row before the first `C-g' is recognized, you
+activate the "emergency escape" feature and return to the shell. *Note
+Emergency Escape::.
+
+ You can use `C-]' (`abort-recursive-edit') to get out of a recursive
+editing level and cancel the command which invoked it. Quitting with
+`C-g' does not do this, and could not do this because it is used to
+cancel a partially typed command within the recursive editing level.
+Both operations are useful. For example, if you are in the Emacs
+debugger (*note Lisp Debug::) and have typed `C-u 8' to enter a numeric
+argument, you can cancel that argument with `C-g' and remain in the
+debugger.
+
+ The command `M-x top-level' is equivalent to "enough" `C-]' commands
+to get you out of all the levels of recursive edits that you are in.
+`C-]' only gets you out one level at a time, but `M-x top-level' goes
+out all levels at once. Both `C-]' and `M-x top-level' are like all
+other commands and unlike `C-g' in that they are effective only when
+Emacs is ready for a command. `C-]' is an ordinary key and has its
+meaning only because of its binding in the keymap. *Note Recursive
+Edit::.
+
+ `C-x u' (`undo') is not strictly speaking a way of cancelling a
+command, but you can think of it as cancelling a command already
+finished executing. *Note Undo::.
+
+\1f
+File: xemacs.info, Node: Lossage, Next: Bugs, Prev: Quitting, Up: Top
+
+Dealing With Emacs Trouble
+==========================
+
+ This section describes various conditions in which Emacs fails to
+work, and how to recognize them and correct them.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Stuck Recursive:: `[...]' in mode line around the parentheses.
+* Screen Garbled:: Garbage on the screen.
+* Text Garbled:: Garbage in the text.
+* Unasked-for Search:: Spontaneous entry to incremental search.
+* Emergency Escape:: Emergency escape---
+ What to do if Emacs stops responding.
+* Total Frustration:: When you are at your wits' end.
+
+\1f
+File: xemacs.info, Node: Stuck Recursive, Next: Screen Garbled, Prev: Lossage, Up: Lossage
+
+Recursive Editing Levels
+------------------------
+
+ Recursive editing levels are important and useful features of Emacs,
+but they can seem like malfunctions to the user who does not understand
+them.
+
+ If the mode line has square brackets `[...]' around the parentheses
+that contain the names of the major and minor modes, you have entered a
+recursive editing level. If you did not do this on purpose, or if you
+don't understand what that means, you should just get out of the
+recursive editing level. To do so, type `M-x top-level'. This is
+called getting back to top level. *Note Recursive Edit::.
projects / chise / xemacs-chise.git / blobdiff