+++ /dev/null
-This is Info file ../../info/xemacs.info, produced by Makeinfo version
-1.68 from the input file xemacs.texi.
-
-INFO-DIR-SECTION XEmacs Editor
-START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
-* XEmacs: (xemacs). XEmacs Editor.
-END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
-
- This file documents the XEmacs editor.
-
- Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1988 Richard M. Stallman. Copyright (C)
-1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 Lucid, Inc. Copyright (C) 1993, 1994 Sun
-Microsystems, Inc. Copyright (C) 1995 Amdahl Corporation.
-
- Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
-manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
-preserved on all copies.
-
- Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of
-this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also
-that the sections entitled "The GNU Manifesto", "Distribution" and "GNU
-General Public License" are included exactly as in the original, and
-provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the
-terms of a permission notice identical to this one.
-
- Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
-manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified
-versions, except that the sections entitled "The GNU Manifesto",
-"Distribution" and "GNU General Public License" may be included in a
-translation approved by the author instead of in the original English.
-
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: Change Log, Next: Tags, Prev: Documentation, Up: Programs
-
-Change Logs
-===========
-
- The Emacs command `M-x add-change-log-entry' helps you keep a record
-of when and why you have changed a program. It assumes that you have a
-file in which you write a chronological sequence of entries describing
-individual changes. The default is to store the change entries in a
-file called `ChangeLog' in the same directory as the file you are
-editing. The same `ChangeLog' file therefore records changes for all
-the files in a directory.
-
- A change log entry starts with a header line that contains your name
-and the current date. Except for these header lines, every line in the
-change log starts with a tab. One entry can describe several changes;
-each change starts with a line starting with a tab and a star. `M-x
-add-change-log-entry' visits the change log file and creates a new entry
-unless the most recent entry is for today's date and your name. In
-either case, it adds a new line to start the description of another
-change just after the header line of the entry. When `M-x
-add-change-log-entry' is finished, all is prepared for you to edit in
-the description of what you changed and how. You must then save the
-change log file yourself.
-
- The change log file is always visited in Indented Text mode, which
-means that <LFD> and auto-filling indent each new line like the previous
-line. This is convenient for entering the contents of an entry, which
-must be indented. *Note Text Mode::.
-
- Here is an example of the formatting conventions used in the change
-log for Emacs:
-
- Wed Jun 26 19:29:32 1985 Richard M. Stallman (rms at mit-prep)
-
- * xdisp.c (try_window_id):
- If C-k is done at end of next-to-last line,
- this fn updates window_end_vpos and cannot leave
- window_end_pos nonnegative (it is zero, in fact).
- If display is preempted before lines are output,
- this is inconsistent. Fix by setting
- blank_end_of_window to nonzero.
-
- Tue Jun 25 05:25:33 1985 Richard M. Stallman (rms at mit-prep)
-
- * cmds.c (Fnewline):
- Call the auto fill hook if appropriate.
-
- * xdisp.c (try_window_id):
- If point is found by compute_motion after xp, record that
- permanently. If display_text_line sets point position wrong
- (case where line is killed, point is at eob and that line is
- not displayed), set it again in final compute_motion.
-
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: Tags, Next: Fortran, Prev: Change Log, Up: Programs
-
-Tags Tables
-===========
-
- A "tags table" is a description of how a multi-file program is
-broken up into files. It lists the names of the component files and the
-names and positions of the functions (or other named subunits) in each
-file. Grouping the related files makes it possible to search or replace
-through all the files with one command. Recording the function names
-and positions makes possible the `M-.' command which finds the
-definition of a function by looking up which of the files it is in.
-
- Tags tables are stored in files called "tags table files". The
-conventional name for a tags table file is `TAGS'.
-
- Each entry in the tags table records the name of one tag, the name
-of the file that the tag is defined in (implicitly), and the position
-in that file of the tag's definition.
-
- Just what names from the described files are recorded in the tags
-table depends on the programming language of the described file. They
-normally include all functions and subroutines, and may also include
-global variables, data types, and anything else convenient. Each name
-recorded is called a "tag".
-
-* Menu:
-
-* Tag Syntax:: Tag syntax for various types of code and text files.
-* Create Tags Table:: Creating a tags table with `etags'.
-* Select Tags Table:: How to visit a tags table.
-* Find Tag:: Commands to find the definition of a specific tag.
-* Tags Search:: Using a tags table for searching and replacing.
-* List Tags:: Listing and finding tags defined in a file.
-
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: Tag Syntax, Next: Create Tags Table, Up: Tags
-
-Source File Tag Syntax
-----------------------
-
- Here is how tag syntax is defined for the most popular languages:
-
- * In C code, any C function or typedef is a tag, and so are
- definitions of `struct', `union' and `enum'. `#define' macro
- definitions and `enum' constants are also tags, unless you specify
- `--no-defines' when making the tags table. Similarly, global
- variables are tags, unless you specify `--no-globals'. Use of
- `--no-globals' and `--no-defines' can make the tags table file
- much smaller.
-
- * In C++ code, in addition to all the tag constructs of C code,
- member functions are also recognized, and optionally member
- variables if you use the `--members' option. Tags for variables
- and functions in classes are named `CLASS::VARIABLE' and
- `CLASS::FUNCTION'.
-
- * In Java code, tags include all the constructs recognized in C++,
- plus the `extends' and `implements' constructs. Tags for variables
- and functions in classes are named `CLASS.VARIABLE' and
- `CLASS.FUNCTION'.
-
- * In LaTeX text, the argument of any of the commands `\chapter',
- `\section', `\subsection', `\subsubsection', `\eqno', `\label',
- `\ref', `\cite', `\bibitem', `\part', `\appendix', `\entry', or
- `\index', is a tag.
-
- Other commands can make tags as well, if you specify them in the
- environment variable `TEXTAGS' before invoking `etags'. The value
- of this environment variable should be a colon-separated list of
- commands names. For example,
-
- TEXTAGS="def:newcommand:newenvironment"
- export TEXTAGS
-
- specifies (using Bourne shell syntax) that the commands `\def',
- `\newcommand' and `\newenvironment' also define tags.
-
- * In Lisp code, any function defined with `defun', any variable
- defined with `defvar' or `defconst', and in general the first
- argument of any expression that starts with `(def' in column zero,
- is a tag.
-
- * In Scheme code, tags include anything defined with `def' or with a
- construct whose name starts with `def'. They also include
- variables set with `set!' at top level in the file.
-
- Several other languages are also supported:
-
- * In assembler code, labels appearing at the beginning of a line,
- followed by a colon, are tags.
-
- * In Bison or Yacc input files, each rule defines as a tag the
- nonterminal it constructs. The portions of the file that contain
- C code are parsed as C code.
-
- * In Cobol code, paragraphs names are the tags, i.e. any word
- starting in column 8 and followed by a full stop.
-
- * In Erlang code, the tags are the functions, records, and macros
- defined in the file.
-
- * In Fortran code, functions and subroutines are tags.
-
- * In Objective C code, tags include Objective C definitions for
- classes, class categories, methods and protocols.
-
- * In Pascal code, the tags are the functions and procedures defined
- in the file.
-
- * In Perl code, the tags are the procedures defined by the `sub'
- keyword.
-
- * In Postscript code, the tags are the functions.
-
- * In Prolog code, a tag name appears at the left margin.
-
- You can also generate tags based on regexp matching (*note Create
-Tags Table::.) to handle other formats and languages.
-
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: Create Tags Table, Next: Select Tags Table, Prev: Tag Syntax, Up: Tags
-
-Creating Tags Tables
---------------------
-
- The `etags' program is used to create a tags table file. It knows
-the syntax of several languages, as described in *Note Tag Syntax::.
-Here is how to run `etags':
-
- etags INPUTFILES...
-
-The `etags' program reads the specified files, and writes a tags table
-named `TAGS' in the current working directory. `etags' recognizes the
-language used in an input file based on its file name and contents.
-You can specify the language with the `--language=NAME' option,
-described below.
-
- If the tags table data become outdated due to changes in the files
-described in the table, the way to update the tags table is the same
-way it was made in the first place. It is not necessary to do this
-often.
-
- If the tags table fails to record a tag, or records it for the wrong
-file, then Emacs cannot possibly find its definition. However, if the
-position recorded in the tags table becomes a little bit wrong (due to
-some editing in the file that the tag definition is in), the only
-consequence is a slight delay in finding the tag. Even if the stored
-position is very wrong, Emacs will still find the tag, but it must
-search the entire file for it.
-
- So you should update a tags table when you define new tags that you
-want to have listed, or when you move tag definitions from one file to
-another, or when changes become substantial. Normally there is no need
-to update the tags table after each edit, or even every day.
-
- One tags table can effectively include another. Specify the included
-tags file name with the `--include=FILE' option when creating the file
-that is to include it. The latter file then acts as if it contained
-all the files specified in the included file, as well as the files it
-directly contains.
-
- If you specify the source files with relative file names when you run
-`etags', the tags file will contain file names relative to the
-directory where the tags file was initially written. This way, you can
-move an entire directory tree containing both the tags file and the
-source files, and the tags file will still refer correctly to the source
-files.
-
- If you specify absolute file names as arguments to `etags', then the
-tags file will contain absolute file names. This way, the tags file
-will still refer to the same files even if you move it, as long as the
-source files remain in the same place. Absolute file names start with
-`/', or with `DEVICE:/' on MS-DOS and Windows.
-
- When you want to make a tags table from a great number of files, you
-may have problems listing them on the command line, because some systems
-have a limit on its length. The simplest way to circumvent this limit
-is to tell `etags' to read the file names from its standard input, by
-typing a dash in place of the file names, like this:
-
- find . -name "*.[chCH]" -print | etags -
-
- Use the option `--language=NAME' to specify the language explicitly.
-You can intermix these options with file names; each one applies to
-the file names that follow it. Specify `--language=auto' to tell
-`etags' to resume guessing the language from the file names and file
-contents. Specify `--language=none' to turn off language-specific
-processing entirely; then `etags' recognizes tags by regexp matching
-alone. `etags --help' prints the list of the languages `etags' knows,
-and the file name rules for guessing the language.
-
- The `--regex' option provides a general way of recognizing tags
-based on regexp matching. You can freely intermix it with file names.
-Each `--regex' option adds to the preceding ones, and applies only to
-the following files. The syntax is:
-
- --regex=/TAGREGEXP[/NAMEREGEXP]/
-
-where TAGREGEXP is used to match the lines to tag. It is always
-anchored, that is, it behaves as if preceded by `^'. If you want to
-account for indentation, just match any initial number of blanks by
-beginning your regular expression with `[ \t]*'. In the regular
-expressions, `\' quotes the next character, and `\t' stands for the tab
-character. Note that `etags' does not handle the other C escape
-sequences for special characters.
-
- The syntax of regular expressions in `etags' is the same as in
-Emacs, augmented with the "interval operator", which works as in `grep'
-and `ed'. The syntax of an interval operator is `\{M,N\}', and its
-meaning is to match the preceding expression at least M times and up to
-N times.
-
- You should not match more characters with TAGREGEXP than that needed
-to recognize what you want to tag. If the match is such that more
-characters than needed are unavoidably matched by TAGREGEXP, you may
-find useful to add a NAMEREGEXP, in order to narrow the tag scope. You
-can find some examples below.
-
- The `-R' option deletes all the regexps defined with `--regex'
-options. It applies to the file names following it, as you can see
-from the following example:
-
- etags --regex=/REG1/ voo.doo --regex=/REG2/ \
- bar.ber -R --lang=lisp los.er
-
-Here `etags' chooses the parsing language for `voo.doo' and `bar.ber'
-according to their contents. `etags' also uses REG1 to recognize
-additional tags in `voo.doo', and both REG1 and REG2 to recognize
-additional tags in `bar.ber'. `etags' uses the Lisp tags rules, and no
-regexp matching, to recognize tags in `los.er'.
-
- Here are some more examples. The regexps are quoted to protect them
-from shell interpretation.
-
-Tag the `DEFVAR' macros in the emacs source files:
-
- --regex='/[ \t]*DEFVAR_[A-Z_ \t(]+"\([^"]+\)"/'
-
-Tag VHDL files (this example is a single long line, broken here for
-formatting reasons):
-
- --language=none
- --regex='/[ \t]*\(ARCHITECTURE\|CONFIGURATION\) +[^ ]* +OF/'
- --regex='/[ \t]*\(ATTRIBUTE\|ENTITY\|FUNCTION\|PACKAGE\
- \( BODY\)?\|PROCEDURE\|PROCESS\|TYPE\)[ \t]+\([^ \t(]+\)/\3/'
-
-Tag TCL files (this last example shows the usage of a NAMEREGEXP):
-
- --lang=none --regex='/proc[ \t]+\([^ \t]+\)/\1/'
-
- For a list of the other available `etags' options, execute `etags
---help'.
-
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: Select Tags Table, Next: Find Tag, Prev: Create Tags Table, Up: Tags
-
-Selecting a Tags Table
-----------------------
-
- At any time Emacs has one "selected" tags table, and all the commands
-for working with tags tables use the selected one. To select a tags
-table, use the variable `tag-table-alist'.
-
- The value of `tag-table-alist' is a list that determines which
-`TAGS' files should be active for a given buffer. This is not really
-an association list, in that all elements are checked. The car of each
-element of this list is a pattern against which the buffers file name
-is compared; if it matches, then the cdr of the list should be the name
-of the tags table to use. If more than one element of this list
-matches the buffers file name, all of the associated tags tables are
-used. Earlier ones are searched first.
-
- If the car of elements of this list are strings, they are treated as
-regular-expressions against which the file is compared (like the
-`auto-mode-alist'). If they are not strings, they are evaluated. If
-they evaluate to non-`nil', the current buffer is considered to match.
-
- If the cdr of the elements of this list are strings, they are
-assumed to name a tags file. If they name a directory, the string
-`tags' is appended to them to get the file name. If they are not
-strings, they are evaluated and must return an appropriate string.
-
- For example:
-
- (setq tag-table-alist
- '(("/usr/src/public/perl/" . "/usr/src/public/perl/perl-3.0/")
- ("\\.el$" . "/usr/local/emacs/src/")
- ("/jbw/gnu/" . "/usr15/degree/stud/jbw/gnu/")
- ("" . "/usr/local/emacs/src/")
- ))
-
- The example defines the tags table alist in the following way:
-
- * Anything in the directory `/usr/src/public/perl/' should use the
- `TAGS' file `/usr/src/public/perl/perl-3.0/TAGS'.
-
- * Files ending in `.el' should use the `TAGS' file
- `/usr/local/emacs/src/TAGS'.
-
- * Anything in or below the directory `/jbw/gnu/' should use the
- `TAGS' file `/usr15/degree/stud/jbw/gnu/TAGS'.
-
- If you had a file called `/usr/jbw/foo.el', it would use both `TAGS'
-files,
-`/usr/local/emacs/src/TAGS' and `/usr15/degree/stud/jbw/gnu/TAGS' (in
-that order), because it matches both patterns.
-
- If the buffer-local variable `buffer-tag-table' is set, it names a
-tags table that is searched before all others when `find-tag' is
-executed from this buffer.
-
- If there is a file called `TAGS' in the same directory as the file
-in question, then that tags file will always be used as well (after the
-`buffer-tag-table' but before the tables specified by this list).
-
- If the variable `tags-file-name' is set, the `TAGS' file it names
-will apply to all buffers (for backwards compatibility.) It is searched
-first.
-
- If the value of the variable `tags-always-build-completion-table' is
-`t', the tags file will always be added to the completion table without
-asking first, regardless of the size of the tags file.
-
- The function `M-x visit-tags-table', is largely made obsolete by the
-variable `tag-table-alist', tells tags commands to use the tags table
-file FILE first. The FILE should be the name of a file created with
-the `etags' program. A directory name is also acceptable; it means the
-file `TAGS' in that directory. The function only stores the file name
-you provide in the variable `tags-file-name'. Emacs does not actually
-read in the tags table contents until you try to use them. You can set
-the variable explicitly instead of using `visit-tags-table'. The value
-of the variable `tags-file-name' is the name of the tags table used by
-all buffers. This is for backward compatibility, and is largely
-supplanted by the variable `tag-table-alist'.
-
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: Find Tag, Next: Tags Search, Prev: Select Tags Table, Up: Tags
-
-Finding a Tag
--------------
-
- The most important thing that a tags table enables you to do is to
-find the definition of a specific tag.
-
-`M-. TAG &OPTIONAL OTHER-WINDOW'
- Find first definition of TAG (`find-tag').
-
-`C-u M-.'
- Find next alternate definition of last tag specified.
-
-`C-x 4 . TAG'
- Find first definition of TAG, but display it in another window
- (`find-tag-other-window').
-
- `M-.' (`find-tag') is the command to find the definition of a
-specified tag. It searches through the tags table for that tag, as a
-string, then uses the tags table information to determine the file in
-which the definition is used and the approximate character position of
-the definition in the file. Then `find-tag' visits the file, moves
-point to the approximate character position, and starts searching
-ever-increasing distances away for the text that should appear at the
-beginning of the definition.
-
- If an empty argument is given (by typing <RET>), the sexp in the
-buffer before or around point is used as the name of the tag to find.
-*Note Lists::, for information on sexps.
-
- The argument to `find-tag' need not be the whole tag name; it can be
-a substring of a tag name. However, there can be many tag names
-containing the substring you specify. Since `find-tag' works by
-searching the text of the tags table, it finds the first tag in the
-table that the specified substring appears in. To find other tags that
-match the substring, give `find-tag' a numeric argument, as in `C-u
-M-.'. This does not read a tag name, but continues searching the tag
-table's text for another tag containing the same substring last used.
-If your keyboard has a real <META> key, `M-0 M-.' is an easier
-alternative to `C-u M-.'.
-
- If the optional second argument OTHER-WINDOW is non-`nil', it uses
-another window to display the tag. Multiple active tags tables and
-completion are supported.
-
- Variables of note include the following:
-
-`tag-table-alist'
- Controls which tables apply to which buffers.
-
-`tags-file-name'
- Stores a default tags table.
-
-`tags-build-completion-table'
- Controls completion behavior.
-
-`buffer-tag-table'
- Specifies a buffer-local table.
-
-`make-tags-files-invisible'
- Sets whether tags tables should be very hidden.
-
-`tag-mark-stack-max'
- Specifies how many tags-based hops to remember.
-
- Like most commands that can switch buffers, `find-tag' has another
-similar command that displays the new buffer in another window. `C-x 4
-.' invokes the function `find-tag-other-window'. (This key sequence
-ends with a period.)
-
- Emacs comes with a tags table file `TAGS' (in the directory
-containing Lisp libraries) that includes all the Lisp libraries and all
-the C sources of Emacs. By specifying this file with `visit-tags-table'
-and then using `M-.' you can quickly look at the source of any Emacs
-function.
-
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: Tags Search, Next: List Tags, Prev: Find Tag, Up: Tags
-
-Searching and Replacing with Tags Tables
-----------------------------------------
-
- The commands in this section visit and search all the files listed
-in the selected tags table, one by one. For these commands, the tags
-table serves only to specify a sequence of files to search. A related
-command is `M-x grep' (*note Compilation::.).
-
-`M-x tags-search <RET> REGEXP <RET>'
- Search for REGEXP through the files in the selected tags table.
-
-`M-x tags-query-replace <RET> REGEXP <RET> REPLACEMENT <RET>'
- Perform a `query-replace-regexp' on each file in the selected tags
- table.
-
-`M-,'
- Restart one of the commands above, from the current location of
- point (`tags-loop-continue').
-
- `M-x tags-search' reads a regexp using the minibuffer, then searches
-for matches in all the files in the selected tags table, one file at a
-time. It displays the name of the file being searched so you can
-follow its progress. As soon as it finds an occurrence, `tags-search'
-returns.
-
- Having found one match, you probably want to find all the rest. To
-find one more match, type `M-,' (`tags-loop-continue') to resume the
-`tags-search'. This searches the rest of the current buffer, followed
-by the remaining files of the tags table.
-
- `M-x tags-query-replace' performs a single `query-replace-regexp'
-through all the files in the tags table. It reads a regexp to search
-for and a string to replace with, just like ordinary `M-x
-query-replace-regexp'. It searches much like `M-x tags-search', but
-repeatedly, processing matches according to your input. *Note
-Replace::, for more information on query replace.
-
- It is possible to get through all the files in the tags table with a
-single invocation of `M-x tags-query-replace'. But often it is useful
-to exit temporarily, which you can do with any input event that has no
-special query replace meaning. You can resume the query replace
-subsequently by typing `M-,'; this command resumes the last tags search
-or replace command that you did.
-
- The commands in this section carry out much broader searches than the
-`find-tag' family. The `find-tag' commands search only for definitions
-of tags that match your substring or regexp. The commands
-`tags-search' and `tags-query-replace' find every occurrence of the
-regexp, as ordinary search commands and replace commands do in the
-current buffer.
-
- These commands create buffers only temporarily for the files that
-they have to search (those which are not already visited in Emacs
-buffers). Buffers in which no match is found are quickly killed; the
-others continue to exist.
-
- It may have struck you that `tags-search' is a lot like `grep'. You
-can also run `grep' itself as an inferior of Emacs and have Emacs show
-you the matching lines one by one. This works much like running a
-compilation; finding the source locations of the `grep' matches works
-like finding the compilation errors. *Note Compilation::.
-
- If you wish to process all the files in a selected tags table, but
-`M-x tags-search' and `M-x tags-query-replace' are not giving you the
-desired result, you can use `M-x next-file'.
-
-`C-u M-x next-file'
- With a numeric argument, regardless of its value, visit the first
- file in the tags table and prepare to advance sequentially by
- files.
-
-`M-x next-file'
- Visit the next file in the selected tags table.
-
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: List Tags, Prev: Tags Search, Up: Tags
-
-Tags Table Inquiries
---------------------
-
-`M-x list-tags'
- Display a list of the tags defined in a specific program file.
-
-`M-x tags-apropos'
- Display a list of all tags matching a specified regexp.
-
- `M-x list-tags' reads the name of one of the files described by the
-selected tags table, and displays a list of all the tags defined in that
-file. The "file name" argument is really just a string to compare
-against the names recorded in the tags table; it is read as a string
-rather than a file name. Therefore, completion and defaulting are not
-available, and you must enter the string the same way it appears in the
-tag table. Do not include a directory as part of the file name unless
-the file name recorded in the tags table contains that directory.
-
- `M-x tags-apropos' is like `apropos' for tags. It reads a regexp,
-then finds all the tags in the selected tags table whose entries match
-that regexp, and displays the tag names found.
-
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: Fortran, Next: Asm Mode, Prev: Tags, Up: Programs
-
-Fortran Mode
-============
-
- Fortran mode provides special motion commands for Fortran statements
-and subprograms, and indentation commands that understand Fortran
-conventions of nesting, line numbers, and continuation statements.
-
- Special commands for comments are provided because Fortran comments
-are unlike those of other languages.
-
- Built-in abbrevs optionally save typing when you insert Fortran
-keywords.
-
- Use `M-x fortran-mode' to switch to this major mode. Doing so calls
-the value of `fortran-mode-hook' as a function of no arguments if that
-variable has a non-`nil' value.
-
-* Menu:
-
-* Motion: Fortran Motion. Moving point by statements or subprograms.
-* Indent: Fortran Indent. Indentation commands for Fortran.
-* Comments: Fortran Comments. Inserting and aligning comments.
-* Columns: Fortran Columns. Measuring columns for valid Fortran.
-* Abbrev: Fortran Abbrev. Built-in abbrevs for Fortran keywords.
-
- Fortran mode was contributed by Michael Prange.
-
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: Fortran Motion, Next: Fortran Indent, Prev: Fortran, Up: Fortran
-
-Motion Commands
----------------
-
- Fortran mode provides special commands to move by subprograms
-(functions and subroutines) and by statements. There is also a command
-to put the region around one subprogram, which is convenient for
-killing it or moving it.
-
-`C-M-a'
- Move to beginning of subprogram
- (`beginning-of-fortran-subprogram').
-
-`C-M-e'
- Move to end of subprogram (`end-of-fortran-subprogram').
-
-`C-M-h'
- Put point at beginning of subprogram and mark at end
- (`mark-fortran-subprogram').
-
-`C-c C-n'
- Move to beginning of current or next statement (`fortran-next-
- statement').
-
-`C-c C-p'
- Move to beginning of current or previous statement (`fortran-
- previous-statement').
-
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: Fortran Indent, Next: Fortran Comments, Prev: Fortran Motion, Up: Fortran
-
-Fortran Indentation
--------------------
-
- Special commands and features are available for indenting Fortran
-code. They make sure various syntactic entities (line numbers, comment
-line indicators, and continuation line flags) appear in the columns
-that are required for standard Fortran.
-
-* Menu:
-
-* Commands: ForIndent Commands. Commands for indenting Fortran.
-* Numbers: ForIndent Num. How line numbers auto-indent.
-* Conv: ForIndent Conv. Conventions you must obey to avoid trouble.
-* Vars: ForIndent Vars. Variables controlling Fortran indent style.
-
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: ForIndent Commands, Next: ForIndent Num, Prev: Fortran Indent, Up: Fortran Indent
-
-Fortran Indentation Commands
-............................
-
-`<TAB>'
- Indent the current line (`fortran-indent-line').
-
-`M-<LFD>'
- Break the current line and set up a continuation line.
-
-`C-M-q'
- Indent all the lines of the subprogram point is in
- (`fortran-indent-subprogram').
-
- <TAB> is redefined by Fortran mode to reindent the current line for
-Fortran (`fortran-indent-line'). Line numbers and continuation markers
-are indented to their required columns, and the body of the statement
-is independently indented, based on its nesting in the program.
-
- The key `C-M-q' is redefined as `fortran-indent-subprogram', a
-command that reindents all the lines of the Fortran subprogram
-(function or subroutine) containing point.
-
- The key `M-<LFD>' is redefined as `fortran-split-line', a command to
-split a line in the appropriate fashion for Fortran. In a non-comment
-line, the second half becomes a continuation line and is indented
-accordingly. In a comment line, both halves become separate comment
-lines.
-
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: ForIndent Num, Next: ForIndent Conv, Prev: ForIndent Commands, Up: Fortran Indent
-
-Line Numbers and Continuation
-.............................
-
- If a number is the first non-whitespace in the line, it is assumed
-to be a line number and is moved to columns 0 through 4. (Columns are
-always counted from 0 in XEmacs.) If the text on the line starts with
-the conventional Fortran continuation marker `$', it is moved to column
-5. If the text begins with any non whitespace character in column 5,
-it is assumed to be an unconventional continuation marker and remains
-in column 5.
-
- Line numbers of four digits or less are normally indented one space.
-This amount is controlled by the variable `fortran-line-number-indent',
-which is the maximum indentation a line number can have. Line numbers
-are indented to right-justify them to end in column 4 unless that would
-require more than the maximum indentation. The default value of the
-variable is 1.
-
- Simply inserting a line number is enough to indent it according to
-these rules. As each digit is inserted, the indentation is recomputed.
-To turn off this feature, set the variable
-`fortran-electric-line-number' to `nil'. Then inserting line numbers
-is like inserting anything else.
-
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: ForIndent Conv, Next: ForIndent Vars, Prev: ForIndent Num, Up: Fortran Indent
-
-Syntactic Conventions
-.....................
-
- Fortran mode assumes that you follow certain conventions that
-simplify the task of understanding a Fortran program well enough to
-indent it properly:
-
- * Two nested `do' loops never share a `continue' statement.
-
- * The same character appears in column 5 of all continuation lines.
- It is the value of the variable `fortran-continuation-char'. By
- default, this character is `$'.
-
-If you fail to follow these conventions, the indentation commands may
-indent some lines unaesthetically. However, a correct Fortran program
-will retain its meaning when reindented even if the conventions are not
-followed.
-
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: ForIndent Vars, Prev: ForIndent Conv, Up: Fortran Indent
-
-Variables for Fortran Indentation
-.................................
-
- Several additional variables control how Fortran indentation works.
-
-`fortran-do-indent'
- Extra indentation within each level of `do' statement (the default
- is 3).
-
-`fortran-if-indent'
- Extra indentation within each level of `if' statement (the default
- is 3).
-
-`fortran-continuation-indent'
- Extra indentation for bodies of continuation lines (the default is
- 5).
-
-`fortran-check-all-num-for-matching-do'
- If this is `nil', indentation assumes that each `do' statement
- ends on a `continue' statement. Therefore, when computing
- indentation for a statement other than `continue', it can save
- time by not checking for a `do' statement ending there. If this
- is non-`nil', indenting any numbered statement must check for a
- `do' that ends there. The default is `nil'.
-
-`fortran-minimum-statement-indent'
- Minimum indentation for Fortran statements. For standard Fortran,
- this is 6. Statement bodies are always indented at least this
- much.
-
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: Fortran Comments, Next: Fortran Columns, Prev: Fortran Indent, Up: Fortran
-
-Comments
---------
-
- The usual Emacs comment commands assume that a comment can follow a
-line of code. In Fortran, the standard comment syntax requires an
-entire line to be just a comment. Therefore, Fortran mode replaces the
-standard Emacs comment commands and defines some new variables.
-
- Fortran mode can also handle a non-standard comment syntax where
-comments start with `!' and can follow other text. Because only some
-Fortran compilers accept this syntax, Fortran mode will not insert such
-comments unless you have specified to do so in advance by setting the
-variable `comment-start' to `"!"' (*note Variables::.).
-
-`M-;'
- Align comment or insert new comment (`fortran-comment-indent').
-
-`C-x ;'
- Applies to nonstandard `!' comments only.
-
-`C-c ;'
- Turn all lines of the region into comments, or (with arg) turn
- them back into real code (`fortran-comment-region').
-
- `M-;' in Fortran mode is redefined as the command
-`fortran-comment-indent'. Like the usual `M-;' command, it recognizes
-an existing comment and aligns its text appropriately. If there is no
-existing comment, a comment is inserted and aligned.
-
- Inserting and aligning comments is not the same in Fortran mode as in
-other modes. When a new comment must be inserted, a full-line comment
-is inserted if the current line is blank. On a non-blank line, a
-non-standard `!' comment is inserted if you previously specified you
-wanted to use them. Otherwise a full-line comment is inserted on a new
-line before the current line.
-
- Non-standard `!' comments are aligned like comments in other
-languages, but full-line comments are aligned differently. In a
-standard full-line comment, the comment delimiter itself must always
-appear in column zero. What can be aligned is the text within the
-comment. You can choose from three styles of alignment by setting the
-variable `fortran-comment-indent-style' to one of these values:
-
-`fixed'
- The text is aligned at a fixed column, which is the value of
- `fortran-comment-line-column'. This is the default.
-
-`relative'
- The text is aligned as if it were a line of code, but with an
- additional `fortran-comment-line-column' columns of indentation.
-
-`nil'
- Text in full-line columns is not moved automatically.
-
- You can also specify the character to be used to indent within
-full-line comments by setting the variable `fortran-comment-indent-char'
-to the character you want to use.
-
- Fortran mode introduces two variables `comment-line-start' and
-`comment-line-start-skip', which do for full-line comments what
-`comment-start' and `comment-start-skip' do for ordinary text-following
-comments. Normally these are set properly by Fortran mode, so you do
-not need to change them.
-
- The normal Emacs comment command `C-x ;' has not been redefined. It
-can therefore be used if you use `!' comments, but is useless in
-Fortran mode otherwise.
-
- The command `C-c ;' (`fortran-comment-region') turns all the lines
-of the region into comments by inserting the string `C$$$' at the front
-of each one. With a numeric arg, the region is turned back into live
-code by deleting `C$$$' from the front of each line. You can control
-the string used for the comments by setting the variable
-`fortran-comment-region'. Note that here we have an example of a
-command and a variable with the same name; the two uses of the name
-never conflict because in Lisp and in Emacs it is always clear from the
-context which one is referred to.
-
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: Fortran Columns, Next: Fortran Abbrev, Prev: Fortran Comments, Up: Fortran
-
-Columns
--------
-
-`C-c C-r'
- Displays a "column ruler" momentarily above the current line
- (`fortran-column-ruler').
-
-`C-c C-w'
- Splits the current window horizontally so that it is 72 columns
- wide. This may help you avoid going over that limit
- (`fortran-window-create').
-
- The command `C-c C-r' (`fortran-column-ruler') shows a column ruler
-above the current line. The comment ruler consists of two lines of
-text that show you the locations of columns with special significance
-in Fortran programs. Square brackets show the limits of the columns for
-line numbers, and curly brackets show the limits of the columns for the
-statement body. Column numbers appear above them.
-
- Note that the column numbers count from zero, as always in XEmacs.
-As a result, the numbers may not be those you are familiar with; but the
-actual positions in the line are standard Fortran.
-
- The text used to display the column ruler is the value of the
-variable `fortran-comment-ruler'. By changing this variable, you can
-change the display.
-
- For even more help, use `C-c C-w' (`fortran-window-create'), a
-command which splits the current window horizontally, resulting in a
-window 72 columns wide. When you edit in this window, you can
-immediately see when a line gets too wide to be correct Fortran.
-
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: Fortran Abbrev, Prev: Fortran Columns, Up: Fortran
-
-Fortran Keyword Abbrevs
------------------------
-
- Fortran mode provides many built-in abbrevs for common keywords and
-declarations. These are the same sort of abbrevs that you can define
-yourself. To use them, you must turn on Abbrev mode. *note Abbrevs::..
-
- The built-in abbrevs are unusual in one way: they all start with a
-semicolon. You cannot normally use semicolon in an abbrev, but Fortran
-mode makes this possible by changing the syntax of semicolon to "word
-constituent".
-
- For example, one built-in Fortran abbrev is `;c' for `continue'. If
-you insert `;c' and then insert a punctuation character such as a space
-or a newline, the `;c' changes automatically to `continue', provided
-Abbrev mode is enabled.
-
- Type `;?' or `;C-h' to display a list of all built-in Fortran
-abbrevs and what they stand for.
-
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: Asm Mode, Prev: Fortran, Up: Programs
-
-Asm Mode
-========
-
- Asm mode is a major mode for editing files of assembler code. It
-defines these commands:
-
-`<TAB>'
- `tab-to-tab-stop'.
-
-`<LFD>'
- Insert a newline and then indent using `tab-to-tab-stop'.
-
-`:'
- Insert a colon and then remove the indentation from before the
- label preceding colon. Then do `tab-to-tab-stop'.
-
-`;'
- Insert or align a comment.
-
- The variable `asm-comment-char' specifies which character starts
-comments in assembler syntax.
-
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: Running, Next: Packages, Prev: Programs, Up: Top
-
-Compiling and Testing Programs
-******************************
-
- The previous chapter discusses the Emacs commands that are useful for
-making changes in programs. This chapter deals with commands that
-assist in the larger process of developing and maintaining programs.
-
-* Menu:
-
-* Compilation:: Compiling programs in languages other than Lisp
- (C, Pascal, etc.)
-* Modes: Lisp Modes. Various modes for editing Lisp programs, with
- different facilities for running the Lisp programs.
-* Libraries: Lisp Libraries. Creating Lisp programs to run in Emacs.
-* Eval: Lisp Eval. Executing a single Lisp expression in Emacs.
-* Debug: Lisp Debug. Debugging Lisp programs running in Emacs.
-* Interaction: Lisp Interaction. Executing Lisp in an Emacs buffer.
-* External Lisp:: Communicating through Emacs with a separate Lisp.
-
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: Compilation, Next: Lisp Modes, Prev: Running, Up: Running
-
-Running "make", or Compilers Generally
-======================================
-
- Emacs can run compilers for non-interactive languages like C and
-Fortran as inferior processes, feeding the error log into an Emacs
-buffer. It can also parse the error messages and visit the files in
-which errors are found, moving point to the line where the error
-occurred.
-
-`M-x compile'
- Run a compiler asynchronously under Emacs, with error messages to
- `*compilation*' buffer.
-
-`M-x grep'
- Run `grep' asynchronously under Emacs, with matching lines listed
- in the buffer named `*compilation*'.
-
-`M-x kill-compilation'
- Kill the process made by the `M-x compile' command.
-
-`M-x kill-grep'
- Kill the running compilation or `grep' subprocess.
-
-`C-x `'
- Visit the next compiler error message or `grep' match.
-
- To run `make' or another compiler, type `M-x compile'. This command
-reads a shell command line using the minibuffer, then executes the
-specified command line in an inferior shell with output going to the
-buffer named `*compilation*'. By default, the current buffer's default
-directory is used as the working directory for the execution of the
-command; therefore, the makefile comes from this directory.
-
- When the shell command line is read, the minibuffer appears
-containing a default command line (the command you used the last time
-you typed `M-x compile'). If you type just <RET>, the same command
-line is used again. The first `M-x compile' provides `make -k' as the
-default. The default is taken from the variable `compile-command'; if
-the appropriate compilation command for a file is something other than
-`make -k', it can be useful to have the file specify a local value for
-`compile-command' (*note File Variables::.).
-
- When you start a compilation, the buffer `*compilation*' is
-displayed in another window but not selected. Its mode line displays
-the word `run' or `exit' in the parentheses to tell you whether
-compilation is finished. You do not have to keep this buffer visible;
-compilation continues in any case.
-
- To kill the compilation process, type `M-x-kill-compilation'. The
-mode line of the `*compilation*' buffer changes to say `signal' instead
-of `run'. Starting a new compilation also kills any running
-compilation, as only one can occur at any time. Starting a new
-compilation prompts for confirmation before actually killing a
-compilation that is running.
-
- To parse the compiler error messages, type `C-x `' (`next-error').
-The character following `C-x' is the grave accent, not the single
-quote. The command displays the buffer `*compilation*' in one window
-and the buffer in which the next error occurred in another window.
-Point in that buffer is moved to the line where the error was found.
-The corresponding error message is scrolled to the top of the window in
-which `*compilation*' is displayed.
-
- The first time you use `C-x `' after the start of a compilation, it
-parses all the error messages, visits all the files that have error
-messages, and creates markers pointing at the lines the error messages
-refer to. It then moves to the first error message location.
-Subsequent uses of `C-x `' advance down the data set up by the first
-use. When the preparsed error messages are exhausted, the next `C-x `'
-checks for any more error messages that have come in; this is useful if
-you start editing compiler errors while compilation is still going on.
-If no additional error messages have come in, `C-x `' reports an error.
-
- `C-u C-x `' discards the preparsed error message data and parses the
-`*compilation*' buffer again, then displays the first error. This way,
-you can process the same set of errors again.
-
- Instead of running a compiler, you can run `grep' and see the lines
-on which matches were found. To do this, type `M-x grep' with an
-argument line that contains the same arguments you would give to
-`grep': a `grep'-style regexp (usually in single quotes to quote the
-shell's special characters) followed by filenames, which may use
-wildcard characters. The output from `grep' goes in the
-`*compilation*' buffer. You can use `C-x `' to find the lines that
-match as if they were compilation errors.
-
- Note: a shell is used to run the compile command, but the shell is
-not run in interactive mode. In particular, this means that the shell
-starts up with no prompt. If you find your usual shell prompt making an
-unsightly appearance in the `*compilation*' buffer, it means you have
-made a mistake in your shell's initialization file (`.cshrc' or `.shrc'
-or ...) by setting the prompt unconditionally. The shell
-initialization file should set the prompt only if there already is a
-prompt. Here's how to do it in `csh':
-
- if ($?prompt) set prompt = ...
-
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: Lisp Modes, Next: Lisp Libraries, Prev: Compilation, Up: Running
-
-Major Modes for Lisp
-====================
-
- Emacs has four different major modes for Lisp. They are the same in
-terms of editing commands, but differ in the commands for executing Lisp
-expressions.
-
-Emacs-Lisp mode
- The mode for editing source files of programs to run in Emacs Lisp.
- This mode defines `C-M-x' to evaluate the current defun. *Note
- Lisp Libraries::.
-
-Lisp Interaction mode
- The mode for an interactive session with Emacs Lisp. It defines
- <LFD> to evaluate the sexp before point and insert its value in the
- buffer. *Note Lisp Interaction::.
-
-Lisp mode
- The mode for editing source files of programs that run in other
- dialects of Lisp than Emacs Lisp. This mode defines `C-M-x' to
- send the current defun to an inferior Lisp process. *Note
- External Lisp::.
-
-Inferior Lisp mode
- The mode for an interactive session with an inferior Lisp process.
- This mode combines the special features of Lisp mode and Shell mode
- (*note Shell Mode::.).
-
-Scheme mode
- Like Lisp mode but for Scheme programs.
-
-Inferior Scheme mode
- The mode for an interactive session with an inferior Scheme
- process.
-
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: Lisp Libraries, Next: Lisp Eval, Prev: Lisp Modes, Up: Running
-
-Libraries of Lisp Code for Emacs
-================================
-
- Lisp code for Emacs editing commands is stored in files whose names
-conventionally end in `.el'. This ending tells Emacs to edit them in
-Emacs-Lisp mode (*note Lisp Modes::.).
-
-* Menu:
-
-* Loading:: Loading libraries of Lisp code into Emacs for use.
-* Compiling Libraries:: Compiling a library makes it load and run faster.
-* Mocklisp:: Converting Mocklisp to Lisp so XEmacs can run it.
-
projects / chise / xemacs-chise.git.1 / blobdiff