-This is Info file ../../info/xemacs.info, produced by Makeinfo version
-1.68 from the input file xemacs.texi.
+This is ../info/xemacs.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.0 from
+xemacs/xemacs.texi.
INFO-DIR-SECTION XEmacs Editor
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
translation approved by the author instead of in the original English.
\1f
+File: xemacs.info, Node: Matching, Next: Comments, Prev: Grinding, Up: Programs
+
+Automatic Display of Matching Parentheses
+=========================================
+
+ The Emacs parenthesis-matching feature shows you automatically how
+parentheses match in the text. Whenever a self-inserting character that
+is a closing delimiter is typed, the cursor moves momentarily to the
+location of the matching opening delimiter, provided that is visible on
+the screen. If it is not on the screen, some text starting with that
+opening delimiter is displayed in the echo area. Either way, you see
+the grouping you are closing off.
+
+ In Lisp, automatic matching applies only to parentheses. In C, it
+also applies to braces and brackets. Emacs knows which characters to
+regard as matching delimiters based on the syntax table set by the major
+mode. *Note Syntax::.
+
+ If the opening delimiter and closing delimiter are mismatched--as in
+`[x)'--the echo area displays a warning message. The correct matches
+are specified in the syntax table.
+
+ Two variables control parenthesis matching displays.
+`blink-matching-paren' turns the feature on or off. The default is `t'
+(match display is on); `nil' turns it off.
+`blink-matching-paren-distance' specifies how many characters back
+Emacs searches to find a matching opening delimiter. If the match is
+not found in the specified region, scanning stops, and nothing is
+displayed. This prevents wasting lots of time scanning when there is no
+match. The default is 4000.
+
+\1f
+File: xemacs.info, Node: Comments, Next: Balanced Editing, Prev: Matching, Up: Programs
+
+Manipulating Comments
+=====================
+
+ The comment commands insert, kill and align comments.
+
+`M-;'
+ Insert or align comment (`indent-for-comment').
+
+`C-x ;'
+ Set comment column (`set-comment-column').
+
+`C-u - C-x ;'
+ Kill comment on current line (`kill-comment').
+
+`M-<LFD>'
+ Like <RET> followed by inserting and aligning a comment
+ (`indent-new-comment-line').
+
+ The command that creates a comment is `Meta-;'
+(`indent-for-comment'). If there is no comment already on the line, a
+new comment is created and aligned at a specific column called the
+"comment column". Emacs creates the comment by inserting the string at
+the value of `comment-start'; see below. Point is left after that
+string. If the text of the line extends past the comment column,
+indentation is done to a suitable boundary (usually, at least one space
+is inserted). If the major mode has specified a string to terminate
+comments, that string is inserted after point, to keep the syntax valid.
+
+ You can also use `Meta-;' to align an existing comment. If a line
+already contains the string that starts comments, `M-;' just moves
+point after it and re-indents it to the conventional place. Exception:
+comments starting in column 0 are not moved.
+
+ Some major modes have special rules for indenting certain kinds of
+comments in certain contexts. For example, in Lisp code, comments which
+start with two semicolons are indented as if they were lines of code,
+instead of at the comment column. Comments which start with three
+semicolons are supposed to start at the left margin. Emacs understands
+these conventions by indenting a double-semicolon comment using <TAB>
+and by not changing the indentation of a triple-semicolon comment at
+all.
+
+ ;; This function is just an example.
+ ;;; Here either two or three semicolons are appropriate.
+ (defun foo (x)
+ ;;; And now, the first part of the function:
+ ;; The following line adds one.
+ (1+ x)) ; This line adds one.
+
+ In C code, a comment preceded on its line by nothing but whitespace
+is indented like a line of code.
+
+ Even when an existing comment is properly aligned, `M-;' is still
+useful for moving directly to the start of the comment.
+
+ `C-u - C-x ;' (`kill-comment') kills the comment on the current
+line, if there is one. The indentation before the start of the comment
+is killed as well. If there does not appear to be a comment in the
+line, nothing happens. To reinsert the comment on another line, move
+to the end of that line, type first `C-y', and then `M-;' to realign
+the comment. Note that `C-u - C-x ;' is not a distinct key; it is `C-x
+;' (`set-comment-column') with a negative argument. That command is
+programmed to call `kill-comment' when called with a negative argument.
+However, `kill-comment' is a valid command which you could bind
+directly to a key if you wanted to.
+
+Multiple Lines of Comments
+--------------------------
+
+ If you are typing a comment and want to continue it on another line,
+use the command `Meta-<LFD>' (`indent-new-comment-line'), which
+terminates the comment you are typing, creates a new blank line
+afterward, and begins a new comment indented under the old one. If
+Auto Fill mode is on and you go past the fill column while typing, the
+comment is continued in just this fashion. If point is not at the end
+of the line when you type `M-<LFD>', the text on the rest of the line
+becomes part of the new comment line.
+
+Options Controlling Comments
+----------------------------
+
+ The comment column is stored in the variable `comment-column'. You
+can explicitly set it to a number. Alternatively, the command `C-x ;'
+(`set-comment-column') sets the comment column to the column point is
+at. `C-u C-x ;' sets the comment column to match the last comment
+before point in the buffer, and then calls `Meta-;' to align the
+current line's comment under the previous one. Note that `C-u - C-x ;'
+runs the function `kill-comment' as described above.
+
+ `comment-column' is a per-buffer variable; altering the variable
+affects only the current buffer. You can also change the default value.
+*Note Locals::. Many major modes initialize this variable for the
+current buffer.
+
+ The comment commands recognize comments based on the regular
+expression that is the value of the variable `comment-start-skip'.
+This regexp should not match the null string. It may match more than
+the comment starting delimiter in the strictest sense of the word; for
+example, in C mode the value of the variable is `"/\\*+ *"', which
+matches extra stars and spaces after the `/*' itself. (Note that `\\'
+is needed in Lisp syntax to include a `\' in the string, which is needed
+to deny the first star its special meaning in regexp syntax. *Note
+Regexps::.)
+
+ When a comment command makes a new comment, it inserts the value of
+`comment-start' to begin it. The value of `comment-end' is inserted
+after point and will follow the text you will insert into the comment.
+In C mode, `comment-start' has the value `"/* "' and `comment-end' has
+the value `" */"'.
+
+ `comment-multi-line' controls how `M-<LFD>'
+(`indent-new-comment-line') behaves when used inside a comment. If
+`comment-multi-line' is `nil', as it normally is, then `M-<LFD>'
+terminates the comment on the starting line and starts a new comment on
+the new following line. If `comment-multi-line' is not `nil', then
+`M-<LFD>' sets up the new following line as part of the same comment
+that was found on the starting line. This is done by not inserting a
+terminator on the old line and not inserting a starter on the new line.
+In languages where multi-line comments are legal, the value you choose
+for this variable is a matter of taste.
+
+ The variable `comment-indent-hook' should contain a function that is
+called to compute the indentation for a newly inserted comment or for
+aligning an existing comment. Major modes set this variable
+differently. The function is called with no arguments, but with point
+at the beginning of the comment, or at the end of a line if a new
+comment is to be inserted. The function should return the column in
+which the comment ought to start. For example, in Lisp mode, the
+indent hook function bases its decision on the number of semicolons
+that begin an existing comment and on the code in the preceding lines.
+
+\1f
+File: xemacs.info, Node: Balanced Editing, Next: Lisp Completion, Prev: Comments, Up: Programs
+
+Editing Without Unbalanced Parentheses
+======================================
+
+`M-('
+ Put parentheses around next sexp(s) (`insert-parentheses').
+
+`M-)'
+ Move past next close parenthesis and re-indent
+ (`move-over-close-and-reindent').
+
+ The commands `M-(' (`insert-parentheses') and `M-)'
+(`move-over-close-and-reindent') are designed to facilitate a style of
+editing which keeps parentheses balanced at all times. `M-(' inserts a
+pair of parentheses, either together as in `()', or, if given an
+argument, around the next several sexps, and leaves point after the open
+parenthesis. Instead of typing `( F O O )', you can type `M-( F O O',
+which has the same effect except for leaving the cursor before the
+close parenthesis. You can then type `M-)', which moves past the close
+parenthesis, deletes any indentation preceding it (in this example
+there is none), and indents with <LFD> after it.
+
+\1f
+File: xemacs.info, Node: Lisp Completion, Next: Documentation, Prev: Balanced Editing, Up: Programs
+
+Completion for Lisp Symbols
+===========================
+
+ Completion usually happens in the minibuffer. An exception is
+completion for Lisp symbol names, which is available in all buffers.
+
+ The command `M-<TAB>' (`lisp-complete-symbol') takes the partial
+Lisp symbol before point to be an abbreviation, and compares it against
+all non-trivial Lisp symbols currently known to Emacs. Any additional
+characters that they all have in common are inserted at point.
+Non-trivial symbols are those that have function definitions, values, or
+properties.
+
+ If there is an open-parenthesis immediately before the beginning of
+the partial symbol, only symbols with function definitions are
+considered as completions.
+
+ If the partial name in the buffer has more than one possible
+completion and they have no additional characters in common, a list of
+all possible completions is displayed in another window.
+
+\1f
+File: xemacs.info, Node: Documentation, Next: Change Log, Prev: Lisp Completion, Up: Programs
+
+Documentation Commands
+======================
+
+ As you edit Lisp code to be run in Emacs, you can use the commands
+`C-h f' (`describe-function') and `C-h v' (`describe-variable') to
+print documentation of functions and variables you want to call. These
+commands use the minibuffer to read the name of a function or variable
+to document, and display the documentation in a window.
+
+ For extra convenience, these commands provide default arguments
+based on the code in the neighborhood of point. `C-h f' sets the
+default to the function called in the innermost list containing point.
+`C-h v' uses the symbol name around or adjacent to point as its default.
+
+ The `M-x manual-entry' command gives you access to documentation on
+Unix commands, system calls, and libraries. The command reads a topic
+as an argument, and displays the Unix manual page for that topic.
+`manual-entry' always searches all 8 sections of the manual and
+concatenates all the entries it finds. For example, the topic
+`termcap' finds the description of the termcap library from section 3,
+followed by the description of the termcap data base from section 5.
+
+\1f
File: xemacs.info, Node: Change Log, Next: Tags, Prev: Documentation, Up: Programs
Change Logs
names and positions of the functions (or other named subunits) in each
file. Grouping the related files makes it possible to search or replace
through all the files with one command. Recording the function names
-and positions makes possible the `M-.' command which finds the
+and positions makes possible the `M-.' command which finds the
definition of a function by looking up which of the files it is in.
Tags tables are stored in files called "tags table files". The
* Tag Syntax:: Tag syntax for various types of code and text files.
* Create Tags Table:: Creating a tags table with `etags'.
+* Etags Regexps:: Create arbitrary tags using regular expressions.
* Select Tags Table:: How to visit a tags table.
* Find Tag:: Commands to find the definition of a specific tag.
* Tags Search:: Using a tags table for searching and replacing.
* List Tags:: Listing and finding tags defined in a file.
\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: Tag Syntax, Next: Create Tags Table, Up: Tags
+File: xemacs.info, Node: Tag Syntax, Next: Create Tags Table, Prev: Tags, Up: Tags
Source File Tag Syntax
----------------------
Here is how tag syntax is defined for the most popular languages:
* In C code, any C function or typedef is a tag, and so are
- definitions of `struct', `union' and `enum'. `#define' macro
- definitions and `enum' constants are also tags, unless you specify
- `--no-defines' when making the tags table. Similarly, global
- variables are tags, unless you specify `--no-globals'. Use of
- `--no-globals' and `--no-defines' can make the tags table file
- much smaller.
+ definitions of `struct', `union' and `enum'. You can tag function
+ declarations and external variables in addition to function
+ definitions by giving the `--declarations' option to `etags'.
+ `#define' macro definitions and `enum' constants are also tags,
+ unless you specify `--no-defines' when making the tags table.
+ Similarly, global variables are tags, unless you specify
+ `--no-globals'. Use of `--no-globals' and `--no-defines' can make
+ the tags table file much smaller.
* In C++ code, in addition to all the tag constructs of C code,
member functions are also recognized, and optionally member
variables if you use the `--members' option. Tags for variables
and functions in classes are named `CLASS::VARIABLE' and
- `CLASS::FUNCTION'.
+ `CLASS::FUNCTION'. `operator' functions tags are named, for
+ example `operator+'.
* In Java code, tags include all the constructs recognized in C++,
- plus the `extends' and `implements' constructs. Tags for variables
- and functions in classes are named `CLASS.VARIABLE' and
- `CLASS.FUNCTION'.
+ plus the `interface', `extends' and `implements' constructs. Tags
+ for variables and functions in classes are named `CLASS.VARIABLE'
+ and `CLASS.FUNCTION'.
* In LaTeX text, the argument of any of the commands `\chapter',
`\section', `\subsection', `\subsubsection', `\eqno', `\label',
Other commands can make tags as well, if you specify them in the
environment variable `TEXTAGS' before invoking `etags'. The value
of this environment variable should be a colon-separated list of
- commands names. For example,
+ command names. For example,
TEXTAGS="def:newcommand:newenvironment"
export TEXTAGS
Several other languages are also supported:
+ * In Ada code, functions, procedures, packages, tasks, and types are
+ tags. Use the `--packages-only' option to create tags for packages
+ only.
+
* In assembler code, labels appearing at the beginning of a line,
followed by a colon, are tags.
nonterminal it constructs. The portions of the file that contain
C code are parsed as C code.
- * In Cobol code, paragraphs names are the tags, i.e. any word
- starting in column 8 and followed by a full stop.
+ * In Cobol code, tags are paragraph names; that is, any word
+ starting in column 8 and followed by a period.
* In Erlang code, the tags are the functions, records, and macros
defined in the file.
- * In Fortran code, functions and subroutines are tags.
+ * In Fortran code, functions, subroutines and blockdata are tags.
* In Objective C code, tags include Objective C definitions for
- classes, class categories, methods and protocols.
+ classes, class categories, methods, and protocols.
* In Pascal code, the tags are the functions and procedures defined
in the file.
- * In Perl code, the tags are the procedures defined by the `sub'
- keyword.
+ * In Perl code, the tags are the procedures defined by the `sub',
+ `my' and `local' keywords. Use `--globals' if you want to tag
+ global variables.
* In Postscript code, the tags are the functions.
* In Prolog code, a tag name appears at the left margin.
- You can also generate tags based on regexp matching (*note Create
-Tags Table::.) to handle other formats and languages.
+ * In Python code, `def' or `class' at the beginning of a line
+ generate a tag.
+
+ You can also generate tags based on regexp matching (*note Etags
+Regexps::) to handle other formats and languages.
\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: Create Tags Table, Next: Select Tags Table, Prev: Tag Syntax, Up: Tags
+File: xemacs.info, Node: Create Tags Table, Next: Etags Regexps, Prev: Tag Syntax, Up: Tags
Creating Tags Tables
--------------------
etags INPUTFILES...
The `etags' program reads the specified files, and writes a tags table
-named `TAGS' in the current working directory. `etags' recognizes the
-language used in an input file based on its file name and contents.
-You can specify the language with the `--language=NAME' option,
-described below.
+named `TAGS' in the current working directory. You can intermix
+compressed and plain text source file names. `etags' knows about the
+most common compression formats, and does the right thing. So you can
+compress all your source files and have `etags' look for compressed
+versions of its file name arguments, if it does not find uncompressed
+versions. Under MS-DOS, `etags' also looks for file names like
+`mycode.cgz' if it is given `mycode.c' on the command line and
+`mycode.c' does not exist.
+
+ `etags' recognizes the language used in an input file based on its
+file name and contents. You can specify the language with the
+`--language=NAME' option, described below.
If the tags table data become outdated due to changes in the files
described in the table, the way to update the tags table is the same
tags file will contain absolute file names. This way, the tags file
will still refer to the same files even if you move it, as long as the
source files remain in the same place. Absolute file names start with
-`/', or with `DEVICE:/' on MS-DOS and Windows.
+`/', or with `DEVICE:/' on MS-DOS and MS-Windows.
When you want to make a tags table from a great number of files, you
may have problems listing them on the command line, because some systems
`etags' to resume guessing the language from the file names and file
contents. Specify `--language=none' to turn off language-specific
processing entirely; then `etags' recognizes tags by regexp matching
-alone. `etags --help' prints the list of the languages `etags' knows,
-and the file name rules for guessing the language.
+alone (*note Etags Regexps::).
+
+ `etags --help' prints the list of the languages `etags' knows, and
+the file name rules for guessing the language. It also prints a list of
+all the available `etags' options, together with a short explanation.
+
+\1f
+File: xemacs.info, Node: Etags Regexps, Next: Select Tags Table, Prev: Create Tags Table, Up: Tags
+
+Etags Regexps
+-------------
The `--regex' option provides a general way of recognizing tags
based on regexp matching. You can freely intermix it with file names.
You should not match more characters with TAGREGEXP than that needed
to recognize what you want to tag. If the match is such that more
-characters than needed are unavoidably matched by TAGREGEXP, you may
-find useful to add a NAMEREGEXP, in order to narrow the tag scope. You
-can find some examples below.
+characters than needed are unavoidably matched by TAGREGEXP (as will
+usually be the case), you should add a NAMEREGEXP, to pick out just the
+tag. This will enable Emacs to find tags more accurately and to do
+completion on tag names more reliably. You can find some examples
+below.
+
+ The option `--ignore-case-regex' (or `-c') is like `--regex', except
+that the regular expression provided will be matched without regard to
+case, which is appropriate for various programming languages.
The `-R' option deletes all the regexps defined with `--regex'
options. It applies to the file names following it, as you can see
additional tags in `bar.ber'. `etags' uses the Lisp tags rules, and no
regexp matching, to recognize tags in `los.er'.
+ A regular expression can be bound to a given language, by prepending
+it with `{lang}'. When you do this, `etags' will use the regular
+expression only for files of that language. `etags --help' prints the
+list of languages recognised by `etags'. The following example tags
+the `DEFVAR' macros in the Emacs source files. `etags' applies this
+regular expression to C files only:
+
+ --regex='{c}/[ \t]*DEFVAR_[A-Z_ \t(]+"\([^"]+\)"/'
+
+This feature is particularly useful when storing a list of regular
+expressions in a file. The following option syntax instructs `etags'
+to read two files of regular expressions. The regular expressions
+contained in the second file are matched without regard to case.
+
+ --regex=@first-file --ignore-case-regex=@second-file
+
+A regex file contains one regular expressions per line. Empty lines,
+and lines beginning with space or tab are ignored. When the first
+character in a line is `@', `etags' assumes that the rest of the line
+is the name of a file of regular expressions. This means that such
+files can be nested. All the other lines are taken to be regular
+expressions. For example, one can create a file called `emacs.tags'
+with the following contents (the first line in the file is a comment):
+
+ -- This is for GNU Emacs source files
+ {c}/[ \t]*DEFVAR_[A-Z_ \t(]+"\([^"]+\)"/\1/
+
+and then use it like this:
+
+ etags --regex=@emacs.tags *.[ch] */*.[ch]
+
Here are some more examples. The regexps are quoted to protect them
from shell interpretation.
-Tag the `DEFVAR' macros in the emacs source files:
+ * Tag Octave files:
- --regex='/[ \t]*DEFVAR_[A-Z_ \t(]+"\([^"]+\)"/'
+ etags --language=none \
+ --regex='/[ \t]*function.*=[ \t]*\([^ \t]*\)[ \t]*(/\1/' \
+ --regex='/###key \(.*\)/\1/' \
+ --regex='/[ \t]*global[ \t].*/' \
+ *.m
-Tag VHDL files (this example is a single long line, broken here for
-formatting reasons):
+ Note that tags are not generated for scripts so that you have to
+ add a line by yourself of the form `###key <script-name>' if you
+ want to jump to it.
- --language=none
- --regex='/[ \t]*\(ARCHITECTURE\|CONFIGURATION\) +[^ ]* +OF/'
- --regex='/[ \t]*\(ATTRIBUTE\|ENTITY\|FUNCTION\|PACKAGE\
- \( BODY\)?\|PROCEDURE\|PROCESS\|TYPE\)[ \t]+\([^ \t(]+\)/\3/'
+ * Tag Tcl files:
-Tag TCL files (this last example shows the usage of a NAMEREGEXP):
+ etags --language=none --regex='/proc[ \t]+\([^ \t]+\)/\1/' *.tcl
- --lang=none --regex='/proc[ \t]+\([^ \t]+\)/\1/'
+ * Tag VHDL files:
- For a list of the other available `etags' options, execute `etags
---help'.
+ --language=none \
+ --regex='/[ \t]*\(ARCHITECTURE\|CONFIGURATION\) +[^ ]* +OF/' \
+ --regex='/[ \t]*\(ATTRIBUTE\|ENTITY\|FUNCTION\|PACKAGE\
+ \( BODY\)?\|PROCEDURE\|PROCESS\|TYPE\)[ \t]+\([^ \t(]+\)/\3/'
\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: Select Tags Table, Next: Find Tag, Prev: Create Tags Table, Up: Tags
+File: xemacs.info, Node: Select Tags Table, Next: Find Tag, Prev: Etags Regexps, Up: Tags
Selecting a Tags Table
----------------------
The commands in this section visit and search all the files listed
in the selected tags table, one by one. For these commands, the tags
table serves only to specify a sequence of files to search. A related
-command is `M-x grep' (*note Compilation::.).
+command is `M-x grep' (*note Compilation::).
`M-x tags-search <RET> REGEXP <RET>'
Search for REGEXP through the files in the selected tags table.
comments start with `!' and can follow other text. Because only some
Fortran compilers accept this syntax, Fortran mode will not insert such
comments unless you have specified to do so in advance by setting the
-variable `comment-start' to `"!"' (*note Variables::.).
+variable `comment-start' to `"!"' (*note Variables::).
`M-;'
Align comment or insert new comment (`fortran-comment-indent').
never conflict because in Lisp and in Emacs it is always clear from the
context which one is referred to.
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: Fortran Columns, Next: Fortran Abbrev, Prev: Fortran Comments, Up: Fortran
-
-Columns
--------
-
-`C-c C-r'
- Displays a "column ruler" momentarily above the current line
- (`fortran-column-ruler').
-
-`C-c C-w'
- Splits the current window horizontally so that it is 72 columns
- wide. This may help you avoid going over that limit
- (`fortran-window-create').
-
- The command `C-c C-r' (`fortran-column-ruler') shows a column ruler
-above the current line. The comment ruler consists of two lines of
-text that show you the locations of columns with special significance
-in Fortran programs. Square brackets show the limits of the columns for
-line numbers, and curly brackets show the limits of the columns for the
-statement body. Column numbers appear above them.
-
- Note that the column numbers count from zero, as always in XEmacs.
-As a result, the numbers may not be those you are familiar with; but the
-actual positions in the line are standard Fortran.
-
- The text used to display the column ruler is the value of the
-variable `fortran-comment-ruler'. By changing this variable, you can
-change the display.
-
- For even more help, use `C-c C-w' (`fortran-window-create'), a
-command which splits the current window horizontally, resulting in a
-window 72 columns wide. When you edit in this window, you can
-immediately see when a line gets too wide to be correct Fortran.
-
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: Fortran Abbrev, Prev: Fortran Columns, Up: Fortran
-
-Fortran Keyword Abbrevs
------------------------
-
- Fortran mode provides many built-in abbrevs for common keywords and
-declarations. These are the same sort of abbrevs that you can define
-yourself. To use them, you must turn on Abbrev mode. *note Abbrevs::..
-
- The built-in abbrevs are unusual in one way: they all start with a
-semicolon. You cannot normally use semicolon in an abbrev, but Fortran
-mode makes this possible by changing the syntax of semicolon to "word
-constituent".
-
- For example, one built-in Fortran abbrev is `;c' for `continue'. If
-you insert `;c' and then insert a punctuation character such as a space
-or a newline, the `;c' changes automatically to `continue', provided
-Abbrev mode is enabled.
-
- Type `;?' or `;C-h' to display a list of all built-in Fortran
-abbrevs and what they stand for.
-
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: Asm Mode, Prev: Fortran, Up: Programs
-
-Asm Mode
-========
-
- Asm mode is a major mode for editing files of assembler code. It
-defines these commands:
-
-`<TAB>'
- `tab-to-tab-stop'.
-
-`<LFD>'
- Insert a newline and then indent using `tab-to-tab-stop'.
-
-`:'
- Insert a colon and then remove the indentation from before the
- label preceding colon. Then do `tab-to-tab-stop'.
-
-`;'
- Insert or align a comment.
-
- The variable `asm-comment-char' specifies which character starts
-comments in assembler syntax.
-
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: Running, Next: Packages, Prev: Programs, Up: Top
-
-Compiling and Testing Programs
-******************************
-
- The previous chapter discusses the Emacs commands that are useful for
-making changes in programs. This chapter deals with commands that
-assist in the larger process of developing and maintaining programs.
-
-* Menu:
-
-* Compilation:: Compiling programs in languages other than Lisp
- (C, Pascal, etc.)
-* Modes: Lisp Modes. Various modes for editing Lisp programs, with
- different facilities for running the Lisp programs.
-* Libraries: Lisp Libraries. Creating Lisp programs to run in Emacs.
-* Eval: Lisp Eval. Executing a single Lisp expression in Emacs.
-* Debug: Lisp Debug. Debugging Lisp programs running in Emacs.
-* Interaction: Lisp Interaction. Executing Lisp in an Emacs buffer.
-* External Lisp:: Communicating through Emacs with a separate Lisp.
-
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-File: xemacs.info, Node: Compilation, Next: Lisp Modes, Prev: Running, Up: Running
-
-Running "make", or Compilers Generally
-======================================
-
- Emacs can run compilers for non-interactive languages like C and
-Fortran as inferior processes, feeding the error log into an Emacs
-buffer. It can also parse the error messages and visit the files in
-which errors are found, moving point to the line where the error
-occurred.
-
-`M-x compile'
- Run a compiler asynchronously under Emacs, with error messages to
- `*compilation*' buffer.
-
-`M-x grep'
- Run `grep' asynchronously under Emacs, with matching lines listed
- in the buffer named `*compilation*'.
-
-`M-x kill-compilation'
- Kill the process made by the `M-x compile' command.
-
-`M-x kill-grep'
- Kill the running compilation or `grep' subprocess.
-
-`C-x `'
- Visit the next compiler error message or `grep' match.
-
- To run `make' or another compiler, type `M-x compile'. This command
-reads a shell command line using the minibuffer, then executes the
-specified command line in an inferior shell with output going to the
-buffer named `*compilation*'. By default, the current buffer's default
-directory is used as the working directory for the execution of the
-command; therefore, the makefile comes from this directory.
-
- When the shell command line is read, the minibuffer appears
-containing a default command line (the command you used the last time
-you typed `M-x compile'). If you type just <RET>, the same command
-line is used again. The first `M-x compile' provides `make -k' as the
-default. The default is taken from the variable `compile-command'; if
-the appropriate compilation command for a file is something other than
-`make -k', it can be useful to have the file specify a local value for
-`compile-command' (*note File Variables::.).
-
- When you start a compilation, the buffer `*compilation*' is
-displayed in another window but not selected. Its mode line displays
-the word `run' or `exit' in the parentheses to tell you whether
-compilation is finished. You do not have to keep this buffer visible;
-compilation continues in any case.
-
- To kill the compilation process, type `M-x-kill-compilation'. The
-mode line of the `*compilation*' buffer changes to say `signal' instead
-of `run'. Starting a new compilation also kills any running
-compilation, as only one can occur at any time. Starting a new
-compilation prompts for confirmation before actually killing a
-compilation that is running.
-
- To parse the compiler error messages, type `C-x `' (`next-error').
-The character following `C-x' is the grave accent, not the single
-quote. The command displays the buffer `*compilation*' in one window
-and the buffer in which the next error occurred in another window.
-Point in that buffer is moved to the line where the error was found.
-The corresponding error message is scrolled to the top of the window in
-which `*compilation*' is displayed.
-
- The first time you use `C-x `' after the start of a compilation, it
-parses all the error messages, visits all the files that have error
-messages, and creates markers pointing at the lines the error messages
-refer to. It then moves to the first error message location.
-Subsequent uses of `C-x `' advance down the data set up by the first
-use. When the preparsed error messages are exhausted, the next `C-x `'
-checks for any more error messages that have come in; this is useful if
-you start editing compiler errors while compilation is still going on.
-If no additional error messages have come in, `C-x `' reports an error.
-
- `C-u C-x `' discards the preparsed error message data and parses the
-`*compilation*' buffer again, then displays the first error. This way,
-you can process the same set of errors again.
-
- Instead of running a compiler, you can run `grep' and see the lines
-on which matches were found. To do this, type `M-x grep' with an
-argument line that contains the same arguments you would give to
-`grep': a `grep'-style regexp (usually in single quotes to quote the
-shell's special characters) followed by filenames, which may use
-wildcard characters. The output from `grep' goes in the
-`*compilation*' buffer. You can use `C-x `' to find the lines that
-match as if they were compilation errors.
-
- Note: a shell is used to run the compile command, but the shell is
-not run in interactive mode. In particular, this means that the shell
-starts up with no prompt. If you find your usual shell prompt making an
-unsightly appearance in the `*compilation*' buffer, it means you have
-made a mistake in your shell's initialization file (`.cshrc' or `.shrc'
-or ...) by setting the prompt unconditionally. The shell
-initialization file should set the prompt only if there already is a
-prompt. Here's how to do it in `csh':
-
- if ($?prompt) set prompt = ...
-
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-File: xemacs.info, Node: Lisp Modes, Next: Lisp Libraries, Prev: Compilation, Up: Running
-
-Major Modes for Lisp
-====================
-
- Emacs has four different major modes for Lisp. They are the same in
-terms of editing commands, but differ in the commands for executing Lisp
-expressions.
-
-Emacs-Lisp mode
- The mode for editing source files of programs to run in Emacs Lisp.
- This mode defines `C-M-x' to evaluate the current defun. *Note
- Lisp Libraries::.
-
-Lisp Interaction mode
- The mode for an interactive session with Emacs Lisp. It defines
- <LFD> to evaluate the sexp before point and insert its value in the
- buffer. *Note Lisp Interaction::.
-
-Lisp mode
- The mode for editing source files of programs that run in other
- dialects of Lisp than Emacs Lisp. This mode defines `C-M-x' to
- send the current defun to an inferior Lisp process. *Note
- External Lisp::.
-
-Inferior Lisp mode
- The mode for an interactive session with an inferior Lisp process.
- This mode combines the special features of Lisp mode and Shell mode
- (*note Shell Mode::.).
-
-Scheme mode
- Like Lisp mode but for Scheme programs.
-
-Inferior Scheme mode
- The mode for an interactive session with an inferior Scheme
- process.
-
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-File: xemacs.info, Node: Lisp Libraries, Next: Lisp Eval, Prev: Lisp Modes, Up: Running
-
-Libraries of Lisp Code for Emacs
-================================
-
- Lisp code for Emacs editing commands is stored in files whose names
-conventionally end in `.el'. This ending tells Emacs to edit them in
-Emacs-Lisp mode (*note Lisp Modes::.).
-
-* Menu:
-
-* Loading:: Loading libraries of Lisp code into Emacs for use.
-* Compiling Libraries:: Compiling a library makes it load and run faster.
-* Mocklisp:: Converting Mocklisp to Lisp so XEmacs can run it.
-
projects / chise / xemacs-chise.git / blobdiff