-This is Info file ../../info/xemacs.info, produced by Makeinfo version
-1.68 from the input file xemacs.texi.
+This is ../info/xemacs.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.0 from
+xemacs/xemacs.texi.
INFO-DIR-SECTION XEmacs Editor
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
translation approved by the author instead of in the original English.
\1f
+File: xemacs.info, Node: Minor Modes, Next: Variables, Up: Customization
+
+Minor Modes
+===========
+
+ Minor modes are options which you can use or not. For example, Auto
+Fill mode is a minor mode in which <SPC> breaks lines between words as
+you type. All the minor modes are independent of each other and of the
+selected major mode. Most minor modes inform you in the mode line when
+they are on; for example, `Fill' in the mode line means that Auto Fill
+mode is on.
+
+ Append `-mode' to the name of a minor mode to get the name of a
+command function that turns the mode on or off. Thus, the command to
+enable or disable Auto Fill mode is called `M-x auto-fill-mode'. These
+commands are usually invoked with `M-x', but you can bind keys to them
+if you wish. With no argument, the function turns the mode on if it was
+off and off if it was on. This is known as "toggling". A positive
+argument always turns the mode on, and an explicit zero argument or a
+negative argument always turns it off.
+
+ Auto Fill mode allows you to enter filled text without breaking lines
+explicitly. Emacs inserts newlines as necessary to prevent lines from
+becoming too long. *Note Filling::.
+
+ Overwrite mode causes ordinary printing characters to replace
+existing text instead of moving it to the right. For example, if point
+is in front of the `B' in `FOOBAR', and you type a `G' in Overwrite
+mode, it changes to `FOOGAR', instead of `FOOGBAR'.
+
+ Abbrev mode allows you to define abbreviations that automatically
+expand as you type them. For example, `amd' might expand to `abbrev
+mode'. *Note Abbrevs::, for full information.
+
+\1f
+File: xemacs.info, Node: Variables, Next: Keyboard Macros, Prev: Minor Modes, Up: Customization
+
+Variables
+=========
+
+ A "variable" is a Lisp symbol which has a value. Variable names can
+contain any characters, but by convention they are words separated by
+hyphens. A variable can also have a documentation string, which
+describes what kind of value it should have and how the value will be
+used.
+
+ Lisp allows any variable to have any kind of value, but most
+variables that Emacs uses require a value of a certain type. Often the
+value has to be a string or a number. Sometimes we say that a certain
+feature is turned on if a variable is "non-`nil'," meaning that if the
+variable's value is `nil', the feature is off, but the feature is on
+for any other value. The conventional value to turn on the
+feature--since you have to pick one particular value when you set the
+variable--is `t'.
+
+ Emacs uses many Lisp variables for internal recordkeeping, as any
+Lisp program must, but the most interesting variables for you are the
+ones that exist for the sake of customization. Emacs does not
+(usually) change the values of these variables; instead, you set the
+values, and thereby alter and control the behavior of certain Emacs
+commands. These variables are called "options". Most options are
+documented in this manual and appear in the Variable Index (*note
+Variable Index::).
+
+ One example of a variable which is an option is `fill-column', which
+specifies the position of the right margin (as a number of characters
+from the left margin) to be used by the fill commands (*note Filling::).
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Examining:: Examining or setting one variable's value.
+* Easy Customization:: Convenient and easy customization of variables.
+* Edit Options:: Examining or editing list of all variables' values.
+* Locals:: Per-buffer values of variables.
+* File Variables:: How files can specify variable values.
+
+\1f
+File: xemacs.info, Node: Examining, Next: Easy Customization, Up: Variables
+
+Examining and Setting Variables
+-------------------------------
+
+`C-h v'
+`M-x describe-variable'
+ Print the value and documentation of a variable.
+
+`M-x set-variable'
+ Change the value of a variable.
+
+ To examine the value of a single variable, use `C-h v'
+(`describe-variable'), which reads a variable name using the
+minibuffer, with completion. It prints both the value and the
+documentation of the variable.
+
+ C-h v fill-column <RET>
+
+prints something like:
+
+ fill-column's value is 75
+
+ Documentation:
+ *Column beyond which automatic line-wrapping should happen.
+ Automatically becomes local when set in any fashion.
+
+The star at the beginning of the documentation indicates that this
+variable is an option. `C-h v' is not restricted to options; it allows
+any variable name.
+
+ If you know which option you want to set, you can use `M-x
+set-variable' to set it. This prompts for the variable name in the
+minibuffer (with completion), and then prompts for a Lisp expression
+for the new value using the minibuffer a second time. For example,
+
+ M-x set-variable <RET> fill-column <RET> 75 <RET>
+
+sets `fill-column' to 75, as if you had executed the Lisp expression
+`(setq fill-column 75)'.
+
+ Setting variables in this way, like all means of customizing Emacs
+except where explicitly stated, affects only the current Emacs session.
+
+\1f
+File: xemacs.info, Node: Easy Customization, Next: Edit Options, Prev: Examining, Up: Variables
+
+Easy Customization Interface
+----------------------------
+
+ A convenient way to find the user option variables that you want to
+change, and then change them, is with `M-x customize'. This command
+creates a "customization buffer" with which you can browse through the
+Emacs user options in a logically organized structure, then edit and
+set their values. You can also use the customization buffer to save
+settings permanently. (Not all Emacs user options are included in this
+structure as of yet, but we are adding the rest.)
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Groups: Customization Groups.
+ How options are classified in a structure.
+* Changing an Option:: How to edit a value and set an option.
+* Face Customization:: How to edit the attributes of a face.
+* Specific Customization:: Making a customization buffer for specific
+ options, faces, or groups.
+
+\1f
+File: xemacs.info, Node: Customization Groups, Next: Changing an Option, Up: Easy Customization
+
+Customization Groups
+....................
+
+ For customization purposes, user options are organized into "groups"
+to help you find them. Groups are collected into bigger groups, all
+the way up to a master group called `Emacs'.
+
+ `M-x customize' creates a customization buffer that shows the
+top-level `Emacs' group and the second-level groups immediately under
+it. It looks like this, in part:
+
+ /- Emacs group: ---------------------------------------------------\
+ [State]: visible group members are all at standard settings.
+ Customization of the One True Editor.
+ See also [Manual].
+
+ [Open] Editing group
+ Basic text editing facilities.
+
+ [Open] External group
+ Interfacing to external utilities.
+
+ MORE SECOND-LEVEL GROUPS
+
+ \- Emacs group end ------------------------------------------------/
+
+This says that the buffer displays the contents of the `Emacs' group.
+The other groups are listed because they are its contents. But they
+are listed differently, without indentation and dashes, because _their_
+contents are not included. Each group has a single-line documentation
+string; the `Emacs' group also has a `[State]' line.
+
+ Most of the text in the customization buffer is read-only, but it
+typically includes some "editable fields" that you can edit. There are
+also "active fields"; this means a field that does something when you
+"invoke" it. To invoke an active field, either click on it with
+`Mouse-1', or move point to it and type <RET>.
+
+ For example, the phrase `[Open]' that appears in a second-level
+group is an active field. Invoking the `[Open]' field for a group
+opens up a new customization buffer, which shows that group and its
+contents. This field is a kind of hypertext link to another group.
+
+ The `Emacs' group does not include any user options itself, but
+other groups do. By examining various groups, you will eventually find
+the options and faces that belong to the feature you are interested in
+customizing. Then you can use the customization buffer to set them.
+
+ You can view the structure of customization groups on a larger scale
+with `M-x customize-browse'. This command creates a special kind of
+customization buffer which shows only the names of the groups (and
+options and faces), and their structure.
+
+ In this buffer, you can show the contents of a group by invoking
+`[+]'. When the group contents are visible, this button changes to
+`[-]'; invoking that hides the group contents.
+
+ Each group, option or face name in this buffer has an active field
+which says `[Group]', `[Option]' or `[Face]'. Invoking that active
+field creates an ordinary customization buffer showing just that group
+and its contents, just that option, or just that face. This is the way
+to set values in it.
+
+\1f
File: xemacs.info, Node: Changing an Option, Next: Face Customization, Prev: Customization Groups, Up: Easy Customization
Changing an Option
value in the usual ways.
Setting, saving and resetting a face work like the same operations
-for options (*note Changing an Option::.).
+for options (*note Changing an Option::).
A face can specify different appearances for different types of
display. For example, a face can make text red on a color display, but
customize-apropos'. You specify a regular expression as argument; then
all options, faces and groups whose names match this regular expression
are set up in the customization buffer. If you specify an empty regular
-expression, this includes *all* groups, options and faces in the
+expression, this includes _all_ groups, options and faces in the
customization buffer (but that takes a long time).
If you change option values and then decide the change was a mistake,
a matter of personal taste, not a matter of the contents of particular
files. If you want to use Auto Fill, set up major mode hooks with your
`.emacs' file to turn it on (when appropriate) for you alone (*note
-Init File::.). Don't try to use a local variable list that would
-impose your taste on everyone working with the file.
+Init File::). Don't try to use a local variable list that would impose
+your taste on everyone working with the file.
XEmacs allows you to specify local variables in the first line of a
file, in addition to specifying them in the `Local Variables' section
reads a name as an argument using the minibuffer and defines that name
to execute the macro. The macro name is a Lisp symbol, and defining it
in this way makes it a valid command name for calling with `M-x' or for
-binding a key to with `global-set-key' (*note Keymaps::.). If you
+binding a key to with `global-set-key' (*note Keymaps::). If you
specify a name that has a prior definition other than another keyboard
macro, Emacs prints an error message and nothing is changed.
same macro with the same definition it has now. You need not
understand Lisp code to do this, because `insert-kbd-macro' writes the
Lisp code for you. Then save the file. You can load the file with
-`load-file' (*note Lisp Libraries::.). If the file you save in is your
-initialization file `~/.emacs' (*note Init File::.), then the macro
-will be defined each time you run Emacs.
+`load-file' (*note Lisp Libraries::). If the file you save in is your
+initialization file `~/.emacs' (*note Init File::), then the macro will
+be defined each time you run Emacs.
If you give `insert-kbd-macro' a prefix argument, it creates
additional Lisp code to record the keys (if any) that you have bound to
* Menu:
-* Interactive Rebinding:: Changing Key Bindings Interactively
-* Programmatic Rebinding:: Changing Key Bindings Programmatically
-* Key Bindings Using Strings::Using Strings for Changing Key Bindings
+* Interactive Rebinding:: Changing Key Bindings Interactively
+* Programmatic Rebinding:: Changing Key Bindings Programmatically
+* Key Bindings Using Strings:: Using Strings for Changing Key Bindings
\1f
File: xemacs.info, Node: Interactive Rebinding, Next: Programmatic Rebinding, Up: Rebinding
control [ escape
control @ control space
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: Disabling, Prev: Rebinding, Up: Key Bindings
-
-Disabling Commands
-------------------
-
- Disabling a command marks it as requiring confirmation before it can
-be executed. The purpose of disabling a command is to prevent
-beginning users from executing it by accident and being confused.
-
- The direct mechanism for disabling a command is to have a non-`nil'
-`disabled' property on the Lisp symbol for the command. These
-properties are normally set by the user's `.emacs' file with Lisp
-expressions such as:
-
- (put 'delete-region 'disabled t)
-
- If the value of the `disabled' property is a string, that string is
-included in the message printed when the command is used:
-
- (put 'delete-region 'disabled
- "Text deleted this way cannot be yanked back!\n")
-
- You can disable a command either by editing the `.emacs' file
-directly or with the command `M-x disable-command', which edits the
-`.emacs' file for you. *Note Init File::.
-
- When you attempt to invoke a disabled command interactively in Emacs,
-a window is displayed containing the command's name, its documentation,
-and some instructions on what to do next; then Emacs asks for input
-saying whether to execute the command as requested, enable it and
-execute, or cancel it. If you decide to enable the command, you are
-asked whether to do this permanently or just for the current session.
-Enabling permanently works by automatically editing your `.emacs' file.
-You can use `M-x enable-command' at any time to enable any command
-permanently.
-
- Whether a command is disabled is independent of what key is used to
-invoke it; it also applies if the command is invoked using `M-x'.
-Disabling a command has no effect on calling it as a function from Lisp
-programs.
-
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: Syntax, Next: Init File, Prev: Key Bindings, Up: Customization
-
-The Syntax Table
-================
-
- All the Emacs commands which parse words or balance parentheses are
-controlled by the "syntax table". The syntax table specifies which
-characters are opening delimiters, which are parts of words, which are
-string quotes, and so on. Actually, each major mode has its own syntax
-table (though sometimes related major modes use the same one) which it
-installs in each buffer that uses that major mode. The syntax table
-installed in the current buffer is the one that all commands use, so we
-call it "the" syntax table. A syntax table is a Lisp object, a vector
-of length 256 whose elements are numbers.
-
-* Menu:
-
-* Entry: Syntax Entry. What the syntax table records for each character.
-* Change: Syntax Change. How to change the information.
-
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: Syntax Entry, Next: Syntax Change, Up: Syntax
-
-Information About Each Character
---------------------------------
-
- The syntax table entry for a character is a number that encodes six
-pieces of information:
-
- * The syntactic class of the character, represented as a small
- integer
-
- * The matching delimiter, for delimiter characters only (the
- matching delimiter of `(' is `)', and vice versa)
-
- * A flag saying whether the character is the first character of a
- two-character comment starting sequence
-
- * A flag saying whether the character is the second character of a
- two-character comment starting sequence
-
- * A flag saying whether the character is the first character of a
- two-character comment ending sequence
-
- * A flag saying whether the character is the second character of a
- two-character comment ending sequence
-
- The syntactic classes are stored internally as small integers, but
-are usually described to or by the user with characters. For example,
-`(' is used to specify the syntactic class of opening delimiters. Here
-is a table of syntactic classes, with the characters that specify them.
-
-` '
- The class of whitespace characters.
-
-`w'
- The class of word-constituent characters.
-
-`_'
- The class of characters that are part of symbol names but not
- words. This class is represented by `_' because the character `_'
- has this class in both C and Lisp.
-
-`.'
- The class of punctuation characters that do not fit into any other
- special class.
-
-`('
- The class of opening delimiters.
-
-`)'
- The class of closing delimiters.
-
-`''
- The class of expression-adhering characters. These characters are
- part of a symbol if found within or adjacent to one, and are part
- of a following expression if immediately preceding one, but are
- like whitespace if surrounded by whitespace.
-
-`"'
- The class of string-quote characters. They match each other in
- pairs, and the characters within the pair all lose their syntactic
- significance except for the `\' and `/' classes of escape
- characters, which can be used to include a string-quote inside the
- string.
-
-`$'
- The class of self-matching delimiters. This is intended for TeX's
- `$', which is used both to enter and leave math mode. Thus, a
- pair of matching `$' characters surround each piece of math mode
- TeX input. A pair of adjacent `$' characters act like a single
- one for purposes of matching.
-
-`/'
- The class of escape characters that always just deny the following
- character its special syntactic significance. The character after
- one of these escapes is always treated as alphabetic.
-
-`\'
- The class of C-style escape characters. In practice, these are
- treated just like `/'-class characters, because the extra
- possibilities for C escapes (such as being followed by digits)
- have no effect on where the containing expression ends.
-
-`<'
- The class of comment-starting characters. Only single-character
- comment starters (such as `;' in Lisp mode) are represented this
- way.
-
-`>'
- The class of comment-ending characters. Newline has this syntax in
- Lisp mode.
-
- The characters flagged as part of two-character comment delimiters
-can have other syntactic functions most of the time. For example, `/'
-and `*' in C code, when found separately, have nothing to do with
-comments. The comment-delimiter significance overrides when the pair of
-characters occur together in the proper order. Only the list and sexp
-commands use the syntax table to find comments; the commands
-specifically for comments have other variables that tell them where to
-find comments. Moreover, the list and sexp commands notice comments
-only if `parse-sexp-ignore-comments' is non-`nil'. This variable is set
-to `nil' in modes where comment-terminator sequences are liable to
-appear where there is no comment, for example, in Lisp mode where the
-comment terminator is a newline but not every newline ends a comment.
-
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: Syntax Change, Prev: Syntax Entry, Up: Syntax
-
-Altering Syntax Information
----------------------------
-
- It is possible to alter a character's syntax table entry by storing
-a new number in the appropriate element of the syntax table, but it
-would be hard to determine what number to use. Emacs therefore
-provides a command that allows you to specify the syntactic properties
-of a character in a convenient way.
-
- `M-x modify-syntax-entry' is the command to change a character's
-syntax. It can be used interactively and is also used by major modes
-to initialize their own syntax tables. Its first argument is the
-character to change. The second argument is a string that specifies the
-new syntax. When called from Lisp code, there is a third, optional
-argument, which specifies the syntax table in which to make the change.
-If not supplied, or if this command is called interactively, the third
-argument defaults to the current buffer's syntax table.
-
- 1. The first character in the string specifies the syntactic class.
- It is one of the characters in the previous table (*note Syntax
- Entry::.).
-
- 2. The second character is the matching delimiter. For a character
- that is not an opening or closing delimiter, this should be a
- space, and may be omitted if no following characters are needed.
-
- 3. The remaining characters are flags. The flag characters allowed
- are:
-
- `1'
- Flag this character as the first of a two-character comment
- starting sequence.
-
- `2'
- Flag this character as the second of a two-character comment
- starting sequence.
-
- `3'
- Flag this character as the first of a two-character comment
- ending sequence.
-
- `4'
- Flag this character as the second of a two-character comment
- ending sequence.
-
- Use `C-h s' (`describe-syntax') to display a description of the
-contents of the current syntax table. The description of each
-character includes both the string you have to pass to
-`modify-syntax-entry' to set up that character's current syntax, and
-some English to explain that string if necessary.
-
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