translation approved by the author instead of in the original English.
\1f
+File: xemacs.info, Node: Visiting, Next: Saving, Prev: File Names, Up: Files
+
+Visiting Files
+==============
+
+`C-x C-f'
+ Visit a file (`find-file').
+
+`C-x C-v'
+ Visit a different file instead of the one visited last
+ (`find-alternate-file').
+
+`C-x 4 C-f'
+ Visit a file, in another window (`find-file-other-window'). Don't
+ change this window.
+
+`C-x 5 C-f'
+ Visit a file, in another frame (`find-file-other-frame'). Don't
+ change this window or frame.
+
+ "Visiting" a file means copying its contents into an Emacs buffer so
+you can edit it. Emacs creates a new buffer for each file you visit.
+We say that the buffer is visiting the file that it was created to
+hold. Emacs constructs the buffer name from the file name by throwing
+away the directory and keeping just the file name. For example, a file
+named `/usr/rms/emacs.tex' is displayed in a buffer named `emacs.tex'.
+If a buffer with that name exists, a unique name is constructed by
+appending `<2>', `<3>',and so on, using the lowest number that makes a
+name that is not already in use.
+
+ Each window's mode line shows the name of the buffer that is being
+displayed in that window, so you can always tell what buffer you are
+editing.
+
+ The changes you make with Emacs are made in the Emacs buffer. They
+do not take effect in the file that you visit, or any other permanent
+place, until you "save" the buffer. Saving the buffer means that Emacs
+writes the current contents of the buffer into its visited file. *Note
+Saving::.
+
+ If a buffer contains changes that have not been saved, the buffer is
+said to be "modified". This is important because it implies that some
+changes will be lost if the buffer is not saved. The mode line displays
+two stars near the left margin if the buffer is modified.
+
+ To visit a file, use the command `C-x C-f' (`find-file'). Follow
+the command with the name of the file you wish to visit, terminated by a
+<RET>. If you are using XEmacs under X, you can also use the Open...
+command from the File menu bar item.
+
+ The file name is read using the minibuffer (*note Minibuffer::.),
+with defaulting and completion in the standard manner (*note File
+Names::.). While in the minibuffer, you can abort `C-x C-f' by typing
+`C-g'.
+
+ `C-x C-f' has completed successfully when text appears on the screen
+and a new buffer name appears in the mode line. If the specified file
+does not exist and could not be created or cannot be read, an error
+results. The error message is printed in the echo area, and includes
+the name of the file that Emacs was trying to visit.
+
+ If you visit a file that is already in Emacs, `C-x C-f' does not make
+another copy. It selects the existing buffer containing that file.
+However, before doing so, it checks that the file itself has not changed
+since you visited or saved it last. If the file has changed, Emacs
+prints a warning message. *Note Simultaneous Editing: Interlocking.
+
+ You can switch to a specific file called out in the current buffer by
+calling the function `find-this-file'. By providing a prefix argument,
+this function calls `filename-at-point' and switches to a buffer
+visiting the file FILENAME. It creates one if none already exists. You
+can use this function to edit the file mentioned in the buffer you are
+working in or to test if the file exists. You can do that by using the
+minibuffer completion after snatching the all or part of the filename.
+
+ If the variable `find-file-use-truenames''s value is non-`nil', a
+buffer's visited filename will always be traced back to the real file.
+The filename will never be a symbolic link, and there will never be a
+symbolic link anywhere in its directory path. In other words, the
+`buffer-file-name' and `buffer-file-truename' will be equal.
+
+ If the variable `find-file-compare-truenames' value is non-`nil',
+the `find-file' command will check the `buffer-file-truename' of all
+visited files when deciding whether a given file is already in a
+buffer, instead of just `buffer-file-name'. If you attempt to visit
+another file which is a hard-link or symbolic-link to a file that is
+already in a buffer, the existing buffer will be found instead of a
+newly created one.
+
+ If you want to create a file, just visit it. Emacs prints `(New
+File)' in the echo area, but in other respects behaves as if you had
+visited an existing empty file. If you make any changes and save them,
+the file is created.
+
+ If you visit a nonexistent file unintentionally (because you typed
+the wrong file name), use the `C-x C-v' (`find-alternate-file') command
+to visit the file you wanted. `C-x C-v' is similar to `C-x C-f', but
+it kills the current buffer (after first offering to save it if it is
+modified). `C-x C-v' is allowed even if the current buffer is not
+visiting a file.
+
+ If the file you specify is actually a directory, Dired is called on
+that directory (*note Dired::.). To inhibit this, set the variable
+`find-file-run-dired' to `nil'; then it is an error to try to visit a
+directory.
+
+ `C-x 4 f' (`find-file-other-window') is like `C-x C-f' except that
+the buffer containing the specified file is selected in another window.
+The window that was selected before `C-x 4 f' continues to show the
+same buffer it was already showing. If you use this command when only
+one window is being displayed, that window is split in two, with one
+window showing the same buffer as before, and the other one showing the
+newly requested file. *Note Windows::.
+
+ `C-x 5 C-f' (`find-file-other-frame') is like `C-x C-f' except that
+it creates a new frame in which the file is displayed.
+
+ Use the function `find-this-file-other-window' to edit a file
+mentioned in the buffer you are editing or to test if that file exists.
+To do this, use the minibuffer completion after snatching the part or
+all of the filename. By providing a prefix argument, the function calls
+`filename-at-point' and switches you to a buffer visiting the file
+FILENAME in another window. The function creates a buffer if none
+already exists. This function is similar to `find-file-other-window'.
+
+ There are two hook variables that allow extensions to modify the
+operation of visiting files. Visiting a file that does not exist runs
+the functions in the list `find-file-not-found-hooks'; the value of this
+variable is expected to be a list of functions which are called one by
+one until one of them returns non-`nil'. Any visiting of a file,
+whether extant or not, expects `find-file-hooks' to contain list of
+functions and calls them all, one by one. In both cases the functions
+receive no arguments. Visiting a nonexistent file runs the
+`find-file-not-found-hooks' first.
+
+\1f
+File: xemacs.info, Node: Saving, Next: Reverting, Prev: Visiting, Up: Files
+
+Saving Files
+============
+
+ "Saving" a buffer in Emacs means writing its contents back into the
+file that was visited in the buffer.
+
+`C-x C-s'
+ Save the current buffer in its visited file (`save-buffer').
+
+`C-x s'
+ Save any or all buffers in their visited files
+ (`save-some-buffers').
+
+`M-~'
+ Forget that the current buffer has been changed (`not-modified').
+
+`C-x C-w'
+ Save the current buffer in a specified file, and record that file
+ as the one visited in the buffer (`write-file').
+
+`M-x set-visited-file-name'
+ Change file the name under which the current buffer will be saved.
+
+ To save a file and make your changes permanent, type `C-x C-s'
+(`save-buffer'). After saving is finished, `C-x C-s' prints a message
+such as:
+
+ Wrote /u/rms/gnu/gnu.tasks
+
+If the selected buffer is not modified (no changes have been made in it
+since the buffer was created or last saved), Emacs does not save it
+because it would have no effect. Instead, `C-x C-s' prints a message
+in the echo area saying:
+
+ (No changes need to be saved)
+
+ The command `C-x s' (`save-some-buffers') can save any or all
+modified buffers. First it asks, for each modified buffer, whether to
+save it. The questions should be answered with `y' or `n'. `C-x C-c',
+the key that kills Emacs, invokes `save-some-buffers' and therefore
+asks the same questions.
+
+ If you have changed a buffer and do not want the changes to be saved,
+you should take some action to prevent it. Otherwise, you are liable to
+save it by mistake each time you use `save-some-buffers' or a related
+command. One thing you can do is type `M-~' (`not-modified'), which
+removes the indication that the buffer is modified. If you do this,
+none of the save commands will believe that the buffer needs to be
+saved. (`~' is often used as a mathematical symbol for `not'; thus
+`Meta-~' is `not', metafied.) You could also use
+`set-visited-file-name' (see below) to mark the buffer as visiting a
+different file name, not in use for anything important.
+
+ You can also undo all the changes made since the file was visited or
+saved, by reading the text from the file again. This is called
+"reverting". *Note Reverting::. Alternatively, you can undo all the
+changes by repeating the undo command `C-x u'; but this only works if
+you have not made more changes than the undo mechanism can remember.
+
+ `M-x set-visited-file-name' alters the name of the file that the
+current buffer is visiting. It prompts you for the new file name in the
+minibuffer. You can also use `set-visited-file-name' on a buffer that
+is not visiting a file. The buffer's name is changed to correspond to
+the file it is now visiting unless the new name is already used by a
+different buffer; in that case, the buffer name is not changed.
+`set-visited-file-name' does not save the buffer in the newly visited
+file; it just alters the records inside Emacs so that it will save the
+buffer in that file. It also marks the buffer as "modified" so that
+`C-x C-s' will save.
+
+ If you wish to mark a buffer as visiting a different file and save it
+right away, use `C-x C-w' (`write-file'). It is precisely equivalent
+to `set-visited-file-name' followed by `C-x C-s'. `C-x C-s' used on a
+buffer that is not visiting a file has the same effect as `C-x C-w';
+that is, it reads a file name, marks the buffer as visiting that file,
+and saves it there. The default file name in a buffer that is not
+visiting a file is made by combining the buffer name with the buffer's
+default directory.
+
+ If Emacs is about to save a file and sees that the date of the latest
+version on disk does not match what Emacs last read or wrote, Emacs
+notifies you of this fact, because it probably indicates a problem
+caused by simultaneous editing and requires your immediate attention.
+*Note Simultaneous Editing: Interlocking.
+
+ If the variable `require-final-newline' is non-`nil', Emacs puts a
+newline at the end of any file that doesn't already end in one, every
+time a file is saved or written.
+
+ Use the hook variable `write-file-hooks' to implement other ways to
+write files, and specify things to be done before files are written.
+The value of this variable should be a list of Lisp functions. When a
+file is to be written, the functions in the list are called, one by
+one, with no arguments. If one of them returns a non-`nil' value, Emacs
+takes this to mean that the file has been written in some suitable
+fashion; the rest of the functions are not called, and normal writing is
+not done. Use the hook variable `after-save-hook' to list all the
+functions to be called after writing out a buffer to a file.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Backup:: How Emacs saves the old version of your file.
+* Interlocking:: How Emacs protects against simultaneous editing
+ of one file by two users.
+
+\1f
+File: xemacs.info, Node: Backup, Next: Interlocking, Prev: Saving, Up: Saving
+
+Backup Files
+------------
+
+ Because Unix does not provide version numbers in file names,
+rewriting a file in Unix automatically destroys all record of what the
+file used to contain. Thus, saving a file from Emacs throws away the
+old contents of the file--or it would, except that Emacs carefully
+copies the old contents to another file, called the "backup" file,
+before actually saving. (Make sure that the variable
+`make-backup-files' is non-`nil'. Backup files are not written if this
+variable is `nil').
+
+ At your option, Emacs can keep either a single backup file or a
+series of numbered backup files for each file you edit.
+
+ Emacs makes a backup for a file only the first time a file is saved
+from one buffer. No matter how many times you save a file, its backup
+file continues to contain the contents from before the file was visited.
+Normally this means that the backup file contains the contents from
+before the current editing session; however, if you kill the buffer and
+then visit the file again, a new backup file is made by the next save.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* Names: Backup Names. How backup files are named;
+ Choosing single or numbered backup files.
+* Deletion: Backup Deletion. Emacs deletes excess numbered backups.
+* Copying: Backup Copying. Backups can be made by copying or renaming.
+
+\1f
+File: xemacs.info, Node: Backup Names, Next: Backup Deletion, Prev: Backup, Up: Backup
+
+Single or Numbered Backups
+..........................
+
+ If you choose to have a single backup file (the default), the backup
+file's name is constructed by appending `~' to the file name being
+edited; thus, the backup file for `eval.c' is `eval.c~'.
+
+ If you choose to have a series of numbered backup files, backup file
+names are made by appending `.~', the number, and another `~' to the
+original file name. Thus, the backup files of `eval.c' would be called
+`eval.c.~1~', `eval.c.~2~', and so on, through names like
+`eval.c.~259~' and beyond.
+
+ If protection stops you from writing backup files under the usual
+names, the backup file is written as `%backup%~' in your home directory.
+Only one such file can exist, so only the most recently made backup is
+available.
+
+ The choice of single backup or numbered backups is controlled by the
+variable `version-control'. Its possible values are:
+
+`t'
+ Make numbered backups.
+
+`nil'
+ Make numbered backups for files that have numbered backups already.
+ Otherwise, make single backups.
+
+`never'
+ Never make numbered backups; always make single backups.
+
+`version-control' may be set locally in an individual buffer to control
+the making of backups for that buffer's file. For example, Rmail mode
+locally sets `version-control' to `never' to make sure that there is
+only one backup for an Rmail file. *Note Locals::.
+
+\1f
+File: xemacs.info, Node: Backup Deletion, Next: Backup Copying, Prev: Backup Names, Up: Backup
+
+Automatic Deletion of Backups
+.............................
+
+ To prevent unlimited consumption of disk space, Emacs can delete
+numbered backup versions automatically. Generally Emacs keeps the
+first few backups and the latest few backups, deleting any in between.
+This happens every time a new backup is made. The two variables that
+control the deletion are `kept-old-versions' and `kept-new-versions'.
+Their values are, respectively the number of oldest (lowest-numbered)
+backups to keep and the number of newest (highest-numbered) ones to
+keep, each time a new backup is made. The values are used just after a
+new backup version is made; that newly made backup is included in the
+count in `kept-new-versions'. By default, both variables are 2.
+
+ If `trim-versions-without-asking' is non-`nil', excess middle
+versions are deleted without notification. If it is `nil', the
+default, you are asked whether the excess middle versions should really
+be deleted.
+
+ You can also use Dired's `.' (Period) command to delete old versions.
+*Note Dired::.
+
+\1f
File: xemacs.info, Node: Backup Copying, Prev: Backup Deletion, Up: Backup
Copying vs. Renaming
* Making Snapshots:: The snapshot facilities.
* Snapshot Caveats:: Things to be careful of when using snapshots.
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: Making Snapshots, Next: Snapshot Caveats, Prev: Snapshots, Up: Snapshots
-
-Making and Using Snapshots
-..........................
-
- There are two basic commands for snapshots; one makes a snapshot
-with a given name, the other retrieves a named snapshot.
-
-`C-x v s NAME <RET>'
- Define the last saved versions of every registered file in or
- under the current directory as a snapshot named NAME
- (`vc-create-snapshot').
-
-`C-x v r NAME <RET>'
- Check out all registered files at or below the current directory
- level using whatever versions correspond to the snapshot NAME
- (`vc-retrieve-snapshot').
-
- This command reports an error if any files are locked at or below
- the current directory, without changing anything; this is to avoid
- overwriting work in progress.
-
- A snapshot uses a very small amount of resources--just enough to
-record the list of file names and which version belongs to the
-snapshot. Thus, you need not hesitate to create snapshots whenever
-they are useful.
-
- You can give a snapshot name as an argument to `C-x v =' or `C-x v
-~' (*note Old Versions::.). Thus, you can use it to compare a snapshot
-against the current files, or two snapshots against each other, or a
-snapshot against a named version.
-
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: Snapshot Caveats, Prev: Making Snapshots, Up: Snapshots
-
-Snapshot Caveats
-................
-
- VC's snapshot facilities are modeled on RCS's named-configuration
-support. They use RCS's native facilities for this, so under VC
-snapshots made using RCS are visible even when you bypass VC.
-
- For SCCS, VC implements snapshots itself. The files it uses contain
-name/file/version-number triples. These snapshots are visible only
-through VC.
-
- A snapshot is a set of checked-in versions. So make sure that all
-the files are checked in and not locked when you make a snapshot.
-
- File renaming and deletion can create some difficulties with
-snapshots. This is not a VC-specific problem, but a general design
-issue in version control systems that no one has solved very well yet.
-
- If you rename a registered file, you need to rename its master along
-with it (the command `vc-rename-file' does this automatically). If you
-are using SCCS, you must also update the records of the snapshot, to
-mention the file by its new name (`vc-rename-file' does this, too). An
-old snapshot that refers to a master file that no longer exists under
-the recorded name is invalid; VC can no longer retrieve it. It would
-be beyond the scope of this manual to explain enough about RCS and SCCS
-to explain how to update the snapshots by hand.
-
- Using `vc-rename-file' makes the snapshot remain valid for
-retrieval, but it does not solve all problems. For example, some of the
-files in the program probably refer to others by name. At the very
-least, the makefile probably mentions the file that you renamed. If you
-retrieve an old snapshot, the renamed file is retrieved under its new
-name, which is not the name that the makefile expects. So the program
-won't really work as retrieved.
-
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: Version Headers, Prev: Snapshots, Up: Version Control
-
-Inserting Version Control Headers
----------------------------------
-
- Sometimes it is convenient to put version identification strings
-directly into working files. Certain special strings called "version
-headers" are replaced in each successive version by the number of that
-version.
-
- You can use the `C-x v h' command (`vc-insert-headers') to insert a
-suitable header string.
-
-`C-x v h'
- Insert headers in a file for use with your version-control system.
-
- The default header string is `\$Id\$' for RCS and `\%W\%' for SCCS.
-(The actual strings inserted do not have the backslashes in them. They
-were placed in the Info source file so that the strings don't get
-interpreted as version-control headers when the Info source files are
-maintained under version control.) You can specify other headers to
-insert by setting the variable `vc-header-alist'. Its value is a list
-of elements of the form `(PROGRAM . STRING)' where PROGRAM is `RCS' or
-`SCCS' and STRING is the string to use.
-
- Instead of a single string, you can specify a list of strings; then
-each string in the list is inserted as a separate header on a line of
-its own.
-
- It is often necessary to use "superfluous" backslashes when writing
-the strings that you put in this variable. This is to prevent the
-string in the constant from being interpreted as a header itself if the
-Emacs Lisp file containing it is maintained with version control.
-
- Each header is inserted surrounded by tabs, inside comment
-delimiters, on a new line at the start of the buffer. Normally the
-ordinary comment start and comment end strings of the current mode are
-used, but for certain modes, there are special comment delimiters for
-this purpose; the variable `vc-comment-alist' specifies them. Each
-element of this list has the form `(MODE STARTER ENDER)'.
-
- The variable `vc-static-header-alist' specifies further strings to
-add based on the name of the buffer. Its value should be a list of
-elements of the form `(REGEXP . FORMAT)'. Whenever REGEXP matches the
-buffer name, FORMAT is inserted as part of the header. A header line
-is inserted for each element that matches the buffer name, and for each
-string specified by `vc-header-alist'. The header line is made by
-processing the string from `vc-header-alist' with the format taken from
-the element. The default value for `vc-static-header-alist' is:
-
- (("\\.c$" .
- "\n#ifndef lint\nstatic char vcid[] = \"\%s\";\n\
- #endif /* lint */\n"))
-
-which specifies insertion of a string of this form:
-
-
- #ifndef lint
- static char vcid[] = "STRING";
- #endif /* lint */
-
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: ListDir, Next: Comparing Files, Prev: Version Control, Up: Files
-
-Listing a File Directory
-========================
-
- Files are organized by Unix into "directories". A "directory
-listing" is a list of all the files in a directory. Emacs provides
-directory listings in brief format (file names only) and verbose format
-(sizes, dates, and authors included).
-
-`C-x C-d DIR-OR-PATTERN'
- Print a brief directory listing (`list-directory').
-
-`C-u C-x C-d DIR-OR-PATTERN'
- Print a verbose directory listing.
-
- To print a directory listing, use `C-x C-d' (`list-directory').
-This command prompts in the minibuffer for a file name which is either
-a directory to be listed or pattern containing wildcards for the files
-to be listed. For example,
-
- C-x C-d /u2/emacs/etc <RET>
-
-lists all the files in directory `/u2/emacs/etc'. An example of
-specifying a file name pattern is:
-
- C-x C-d /u2/emacs/src/*.c <RET>
-
- Normally, `C-x C-d' prints a brief directory listing containing just
-file names. A numeric argument (regardless of value) tells it to print
-a verbose listing (like `ls -l').
-
- Emacs obtains the text of a directory listing by running `ls' in an
-inferior process. Two Emacs variables control the switches passed to
-`ls': `list-directory-brief-switches' is a string giving the switches
-to use in brief listings (`"-CF"' by default).
-`list-directory-verbose-switches' is a string giving the switches to
-use in a verbose listing (`"-l"' by default).
-
- The variable `directory-abbrev-alist' is an alist of abbreviations
-for file directories. The list consists of elements of the form `(FROM
-. TO)', each meaning to replace `FROM' with `TO' when it appears in a
-directory name. This replacement is done when setting up the default
-directory of a newly visited file. Every `FROM' string should start
-with ``^''.
-
- Use this feature when you have directories which you normally refer
-to via absolute symbolic links. Make `TO' the name of the link, and
-`FROM' the name it is linked to.
-
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: Comparing Files, Next: Dired, Prev: ListDir, Up: Files
-
-Comparing Files
-===============
-
- The command `M-x diff' compares two files, displaying the
-differences in an Emacs buffer named `*Diff*'. It works by running the
-`diff' program, using options taken from the variable `diff-switches',
-whose value should be a string.
-
- The buffer `*Diff*' has Compilation mode as its major mode, so you
-can use `C-x `' to visit successive changed locations in the two source
-files. You can also move to a particular hunk of changes and type `C-c
-C-c' to find the corresponding source location. You can also use the
-other special commands of Compilation mode: <SPC> and <DEL> for
-scrolling, and `M-p' and `M-n' for cursor motion. *Note Compilation::.
-
- The command `M-x diff-backup' compares a specified file with its most
-recent backup. If you specify the name of a backup file, `diff-backup'
-compares it with the source file that it is a backup of.
-
- The command `M-x compare-windows' compares the text in the current
-window with that in the next window. Comparison starts at point in each
-window. Point moves forward in each window, a character at a time in
-each window, until the next characters in the two windows are
-different. Then the command is finished. For more information about
-windows in Emacs, *Note Windows::.
-
- With a numeric argument, `compare-windows' ignores changes in
-whitespace. If the variable `compare-ignore-case' is non-`nil', it
-ignores differences in case as well.
-
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: Dired, Next: Misc File Ops, Prev: Comparing Files, Up: Files
-
-Dired, the Directory Editor
-===========================
-
- Dired makes it easy to delete or visit many of the files in a single
-directory at once. It creates an Emacs buffer containing a listing of
-the directory. You can use the normal Emacs commands to move around in
-this buffer and special Dired commands to operate on the files.
-
-* Menu:
-
-* Enter: Dired Enter. How to invoke Dired.
-* Edit: Dired Edit. Editing the Dired buffer.
-* Deletion: Dired Deletion. Deleting files with Dired.
-* Immed: Dired Immed. Other file operations through Dired.
-
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: Dired Enter, Next: Dired Edit, Prev: Dired, Up: Dired
-
-Entering Dired
---------------
-
- To invoke dired, type `C-x d' or `M-x dired'. The command reads a
-directory name or wildcard file name pattern as a minibuffer argument
-just like the `list-directory' command, `C-x C-d'. Where `dired'
-differs from `list-directory' is in naming the buffer after the
-directory name or the wildcard pattern used for the listing, and putting
-the buffer into Dired mode so that the special commands of Dired are
-available in it. The variable `dired-listing-switches' is a string
-used as an argument to `ls' in making the directory; this string must
-contain `-l'.
-
- To display the Dired buffer in another window rather than in the
-selected window, use `C-x 4 d' (`dired-other-window)' instead of `C-x
-d'.
-
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: Dired Edit, Next: Dired Deletion, Prev: Dired Enter, Up: Dired
-
-Editing in Dired
-----------------
-
- Once the Dired buffer exists, you can switch freely between it and
-other Emacs buffers. Whenever the Dired buffer is selected, certain
-special commands are provided that operate on files that are listed.
-The Dired buffer is "read-only", and inserting text in it is not
-useful, so ordinary printing characters such as `d' and `x' are used
-for Dired commands. Most Dired commands operate on the file described
-by the line that point is on. Some commands perform operations
-immediately; others "flag" a file to be operated on later.
-
- Most Dired commands that operate on the current line's file also
-treat a numeric argument as a repeat count, meaning to act on the files
-of the next few lines. A negative argument means to operate on the
-files of the preceding lines, and leave point on the first of those
-lines.
-
- All the usual Emacs cursor motion commands are available in Dired
-buffers. Some special purpose commands are also provided. The keys
-`C-n' and `C-p' are redefined so that they try to position the cursor
-at the beginning of the filename on the line, rather than at the
-beginning of the line.
-
- For extra convenience, <SPC> and `n' in Dired are equivalent to
-`C-n'. `p' is equivalent to `C-p'. Moving by lines is done so often
-in Dired that it deserves to be easy to type. <DEL> (move up and
-unflag) is often useful simply for moving up.
-
- The `g' command in Dired runs `revert-buffer' to reinitialize the
-buffer from the actual disk directory and show any changes made in the
-directory by programs other than Dired. All deletion flags in the Dired
-buffer are lost when this is done.
-
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: Dired Deletion, Next: Dired Immed, Prev: Dired Edit, Up: Dired
-
-Deleting Files With Dired
--------------------------
-
- The primary use of Dired is to flag files for deletion and then
-delete them.
-
-`d'
- Flag this file for deletion.
-
-`u'
- Remove deletion-flag on this line.
-
-`<DEL>'
- Remove deletion-flag on previous line, moving point to that line.
-
-`x'
- Delete the files that are flagged for deletion.
-
-`#'
- Flag all auto-save files (files whose names start and end with `#')
- for deletion (*note Auto Save::.).
-
-`~'
- Flag all backup files (files whose names end with `~') for deletion
- (*note Backup::.).
-
-`. (Period)'
- Flag excess numeric backup files for deletion. The oldest and
- newest few backup files of any one file are exempt; the middle
- ones are flagged.
-
- You can flag a file for deletion by moving to the line describing the
-file and typing `d' or `C-d'. The deletion flag is visible as a `D' at
-the beginning of the line. Point is moved to the beginning of the next
-line, so that repeated `d' commands flag successive files.
-
- The files are flagged for deletion rather than deleted immediately to
-avoid the danger of deleting a file accidentally. Until you direct
-Dired to delete the flagged files, you can remove deletion flags using
-the commands `u' and <DEL>. `u' works just like `d', but removes flags
-rather than making flags. <DEL> moves upward, removing flags; it is
-like `u' with numeric argument automatically negated.
-
- To delete the flagged files, type `x'. This command first displays a
-list of all the file names flagged for deletion, and requests
-confirmation with `yes'. Once you confirm, all the flagged files are
-deleted, and their lines are deleted from the text of the Dired buffer.
-The shortened Dired buffer remains selected. If you answer `no' or
-quit with `C-g', you return immediately to Dired, with the deletion
-flags still present and no files actually deleted.
-
- The `#', `~', and `.' commands flag many files for deletion, based
-on their names. These commands are useful precisely because they do
-not actually delete any files; you can remove the deletion flags from
-any flagged files that you really wish to keep.
-
- `#' flags for deletion all files that appear to have been made by
-auto-saving (that is, files whose names begin and end with `#'). `~'
-flags for deletion all files that appear to have been made as backups
-for files that were edited (that is, files whose names end with `~').
-
- `.' (Period) flags just some of the backup files for deletion: only
-numeric backups that are not among the oldest few nor the newest few
-backups of any one file. Normally `dired-kept-versions' (not
-`kept-new-versions'; that applies only when saving) specifies the
-number of newest versions of each file to keep, and `kept-old-versions'
-specifies the number of oldest versions to keep. Period with a
-positive numeric argument, as in `C-u 3 .', specifies the number of
-newest versions to keep, overriding `dired-kept-versions'. A negative
-numeric argument overrides `kept-old-versions', using minus the value
-of the argument to specify the number of oldest versions of each file
-to keep.
-
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