-This is Info file ../info/xemacs.info, produced by Makeinfo version
-1.68 from the input file xemacs/xemacs.texi.
+This is ../info/xemacs.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.0 from
+xemacs/xemacs.texi.
INFO-DIR-SECTION XEmacs Editor
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
translation approved by the author instead of in the original English.
\1f
+File: xemacs.info, Node: Transpose, Next: Fixing Case, Prev: Kill Errors, Up: Fixit
+
+Transposing Text
+================
+
+`C-t'
+ Transpose two characters (`transpose-chars').
+
+`M-t'
+ Transpose two words (`transpose-words').
+
+`C-M-t'
+ Transpose two balanced expressions (`transpose-sexps').
+
+`C-x C-t'
+ Transpose two lines (`transpose-lines').
+
+ The common error of transposing two adjacent characters can be fixed
+with the `C-t' command (`transpose-chars'). Normally, `C-t' transposes
+the two characters on either side of point. When given at the end of a
+line, `C-t' transposes the last two characters on the line, rather than
+transposing the last character of the line with the newline, which
+would be useless. If you catch a transposition error right away, you
+can fix it with just `C-t'. If you catch the error later, move the
+cursor back to between the two transposed characters. If you
+transposed a space with the last character of the word before it, the
+word motion commands are a good way of getting there. Otherwise, a
+reverse search (`C-r') is often the best way. *Note Search::.
+
+ `Meta-t' (`transpose-words') transposes the word before point with
+the word after point. It moves point forward over a word, dragging the
+word preceding or containing point forward as well. The punctuation
+characters between the words do not move. For example, `FOO, BAR'
+transposes into `BAR, FOO' rather than `BAR FOO,'.
+
+ `C-M-t' (`transpose-sexps') is a similar command for transposing two
+expressions (*note Lists::), and `C-x C-t' (`transpose-lines')
+exchanges lines. It works like `M-t' but in determines the division of
+the text into syntactic units differently.
+
+ A numeric argument to a transpose command serves as a repeat count:
+it tells the transpose command to move the character (word, sexp, line)
+before or containing point across several other characters (words,
+sexps, lines). For example, `C-u 3 C-t' moves the character before
+point forward across three other characters. This is equivalent to
+repeating `C-t' three times. `C-u - 4 M-t' moves the word before point
+backward across four words. `C-u - C-M-t' would cancel the effect of
+plain `C-M-t'.
+
+ A numeric argument of zero transposes the character (word, sexp,
+line) ending after point with the one ending after the mark (otherwise a
+command with a repeat count of zero would do nothing).
+
+\1f
+File: xemacs.info, Node: Fixing Case, Next: Spelling, Prev: Transpose, Up: Fixit
+
+Case Conversion
+===============
+
+`M-- M-l'
+ Convert last word to lower case. Note that `Meta--' is
+ "Meta-minus."
+
+`M-- M-u'
+ Convert last word to all upper case.
+
+`M-- M-c'
+ Convert last word to lower case with capital initial.
+
+ A common error is to type words in the wrong case. Because of this,
+the word case-conversion commands `M-l', `M-u', and `M-c' do not move
+the cursor when used with a negative argument. As soon as you see you
+have mistyped the last word, you can simply case-convert it and
+continue typing. *Note Case::.
+
+\1f
+File: xemacs.info, Node: Spelling, Prev: Fixing Case, Up: Fixit
+
+Checking and Correcting Spelling
+================================
+
+`M-$'
+ Check and correct spelling of word (`spell-word').
+
+`M-x spell-buffer'
+ Check and correct spelling of each word in the buffer.
+
+`M-x spell-region'
+ Check and correct spelling of each word in the region.
+
+`M-x spell-string'
+ Check spelling of specified word.
+
+ To check the spelling of the word before point, and optionally
+correct it, use the command `M-$' (`spell-word'). This command runs an
+inferior process containing the `spell' program to see whether the word
+is correct English. If it is not, it asks you to edit the word (in the
+minibuffer) into a corrected spelling, and then performs a
+`query-replace' to substitute the corrected spelling for the old one
+throughout the buffer.
+
+ If you exit the minibuffer without altering the original spelling, it
+means you do not want to do anything to that word. In that case, the
+`query-replace' is not done.
+
+ `M-x spell-buffer' checks each word in the buffer the same way that
+`spell-word' does, doing a `query-replace' for every incorrect word if
+appropriate.
+
+ `M-x spell-region' is similar to `spell-buffer' but operates only on
+the region, not the entire buffer.
+
+ `M-x spell-string' reads a string as an argument and checks whether
+that is a correctly spelled English word. It prints a message giving
+the answer in the echo area.
+
+\1f
+File: xemacs.info, Node: Files, Next: Buffers, Prev: Fixit, Up: Top
+
+File Handling
+*************
+
+ The basic unit of stored data in Unix is the "file". To edit a file,
+you must tell Emacs to examine the file and prepare a buffer containing
+a copy of the file's text. This is called "visiting" the file. Editing
+commands apply directly to text in the buffer; that is, to the copy
+inside Emacs. Your changes appear in the file itself only when you
+"save" the buffer back into the file.
+
+ In addition to visiting and saving files, Emacs can delete, copy,
+rename, and append to files, and operate on file directories.
+
+* Menu:
+
+* File Names:: How to type and edit file name arguments.
+* Visiting:: Visiting a file prepares Emacs to edit the file.
+* Saving:: Saving makes your changes permanent.
+* Reverting:: Reverting cancels all the changes not saved.
+* Auto Save:: Auto Save periodically protects against loss of data.
+* Version Control:: Version control systems (RCS and SCCS).
+* ListDir:: Listing the contents of a file directory.
+* Comparing Files:: Finding where two files differ.
+* Dired:: ``Editing'' a directory to delete, rename, etc.
+ the files in it.
+* Misc File Ops:: Other things you can do on files.
+
+\1f
+File: xemacs.info, Node: File Names, Next: Visiting, Prev: Files, Up: Files
+
+File Names
+==========
+
+ Most Emacs commands that operate on a file require you to specify the
+file name. (Saving and reverting are exceptions; the buffer knows which
+file name to use for them.) File names are specified in the minibuffer
+(*note Minibuffer::). "Completion" is available, to make it easier to
+specify long file names. *Note Completion::.
+
+ There is always a "default file name" which is used if you enter an
+empty argument by typing just <RET>. Normally the default file name is
+the name of the file visited in the current buffer; this makes it easy
+to operate on that file with any of the Emacs file commands.
+
+ Each buffer has a default directory, normally the same as the
+directory of the file visited in that buffer. When Emacs reads a file
+name, the default directory is used if you do not specify a directory.
+If you specify a directory in a relative fashion, with a name that does
+not start with a slash, it is interpreted with respect to the default
+directory. The default directory of the current buffer is kept in the
+variable `default-directory', which has a separate value in every
+buffer. The value of the variable should end with a slash.
+
+ For example, if the default file name is `/u/rms/gnu/gnu.tasks' then
+the default directory is `/u/rms/gnu/'. If you type just `foo', which
+does not specify a directory, it is short for `/u/rms/gnu/foo'.
+`../.login' would stand for `/u/rms/.login'. `new/foo' would stand for
+the filename `/u/rms/gnu/new/foo'.
+
+ The variable `default-directory-alist' takes an alist of major modes
+and their opinions on `default-directory' as a Lisp expression to
+evaluate. A resulting value of `nil' is ignored in favor of
+`default-directory'.
+
+ You can create a new directory with the function `make-directory',
+which takes as an argument a file name string. The current directory is
+displayed in the minibuffer when the function is called; you can delete
+the old directory name and supply a new directory name. For example, if
+the current directory is `/u/rms/gnu', you can delete `gnu' and type
+`oryx' and <RET> to create `/u/rms/oryx'. Removing a directory is
+similar to creating one. To remove a directory, use
+`remove-directory'; it takes one argument, a file name string.
+
+ The command `M-x pwd' prints the current buffer's default directory,
+and the command `M-x cd' sets it (to a value read using the
+minibuffer). A buffer's default directory changes only when the `cd'
+command is used. A file-visiting buffer's default directory is
+initialized to the directory of the file that is visited there. If a
+buffer is created with `C-x b', its default directory is copied from
+that of the buffer that was current at the time.
+
+ The default directory name actually appears in the minibuffer when
+the minibuffer becomes active to read a file name. This serves two
+purposes: it shows you what the default is, so that you can type a
+relative file name and know with certainty what it will mean, and it
+allows you to edit the default to specify a different directory. To
+inhibit the insertion of the default directory, set the variable
+`insert-default-directory' to `nil'.
+
+ Note that it is legitimate to type an absolute file name after you
+enter the minibuffer, ignoring the presence of the default directory
+name. The final minibuffer contents may look invalid, but that is not
+so. *Note Minibuffer File::.
+
+ `$' in a file name is used to substitute environment variables. For
+example, if you have used the shell command `setenv FOO rms/hacks' to
+set up an environment variable named `FOO', then you can use
+`/u/$FOO/test.c' or `/u/${FOO}/test.c' as an abbreviation for
+`/u/rms/hacks/test.c'. The environment variable name consists of all
+the alphanumeric characters after the `$'; alternatively, it may be
+enclosed in braces after the `$'. Note that the `setenv' command
+affects Emacs only if done before Emacs is started.
+
+ To access a file with `$' in its name, type `$$'. This pair is
+converted to a single `$' at the same time variable substitution is
+performed for single `$'. The Lisp function that performs the
+substitution is called `substitute-in-file-name'. The substitution is
+performed only on filenames read as such using the minibuffer.
+
+\1f
File: xemacs.info, Node: Visiting, Next: Saving, Prev: File Names, Up: Files
Visiting Files
<RET>. If you are using XEmacs under X, you can also use the Open...
command from the File menu bar item.
- The file name is read using the minibuffer (*note Minibuffer::.),
-with defaulting and completion in the standard manner (*note File
-Names::.). While in the minibuffer, you can abort `C-x C-f' by typing
-`C-g'.
+ The file name is read using the minibuffer (*note Minibuffer::), with
+defaulting and completion in the standard manner (*note File Names::).
+While in the minibuffer, you can abort `C-x C-f' by typing `C-g'.
`C-x C-f' has completed successfully when text appears on the screen
and a new buffer name appears in the mode line. If the specified file
the `find-file' command will check the `buffer-file-truename' of all
visited files when deciding whether a given file is already in a
buffer, instead of just `buffer-file-name'. If you attempt to visit
-another file which is a hard-link or symbolic-link to a file that is
-already in a buffer, the existing buffer will be found instead of a
-newly created one.
+another file which is a symbolic link to a file that is already in a
+buffer, the existing buffer will be found instead of a newly created
+one. This works if any component of the pathname (including a
+non-terminal component) is a symbolic link as well, but doesn't work
+with hard links (nothing does).
If you want to create a file, just visit it. Emacs prints `(New
File)' in the echo area, but in other respects behaves as if you had
visiting a file.
If the file you specify is actually a directory, Dired is called on
-that directory (*note Dired::.). To inhibit this, set the variable
+that directory (*note Dired::). To inhibit this, set the variable
`find-file-run-dired' to `nil'; then it is an error to try to visit a
directory.
new backup version is made; that newly made backup is included in the
count in `kept-new-versions'. By default, both variables are 2.
- If `trim-versions-without-asking' is non-`nil', excess middle
-versions are deleted without notification. If it is `nil', the
-default, you are asked whether the excess middle versions should really
-be deleted.
+ If `delete-old-versions' is non-`nil', excess middle versions are
+deleted without notification. If it is `nil', the default, you are
+asked whether the excess middle versions should really be deleted.
You can also use Dired's `.' (Period) command to delete old versions.
*Note Dired::.
there is a file whose owner should not change. Since most files should
change owners, it is a good idea to use local variable lists to set
`backup-by-copying-when-mismatch' for the special cases where the owner
-should not change (*note File Variables::.).
+should not change (*note File Variables::).
Three variables control the choice of renaming or copying.
Normally, renaming is done. If the variable `backup-by-copying' is
If the current buffer has been auto-saved more recently than it has
been saved explicitly, `revert-buffer' offers to read the auto save file
-instead of the visited file (*note Auto Save::.). Emacs asks you about
+instead of the visited file (*note Auto Save::). Emacs asks you about
the auto-save file before the request for confirmation of the
`revert-buffer' operation, and demands `y' or `n' as an answer. If you
have started to type `yes' for confirmation without realizing that the
Each time you visit a file, auto-saving is turned on for that file's
buffer if the variable `auto-save-default' is non-`nil' (but not in
-batch mode; *note Entering Emacs::.). The default for this variable is
+batch mode; *note Entering Emacs::). The default for this variable is
`t', so Emacs auto-saves buffers that visit files by default. You can
use the command `M-x auto-save-mode' to turn auto-saving for a buffer
on or off. Like other minor mode commands, `M-x auto-save-mode' turns
version control. When used for checkin, and given a prefix argument,
it reads the version number with the minibuffer.
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: Variables for Check-in/out, Next: Log Entries, Prev: Editing with VC, Up: Version Control
-
-Variables Affecting Check-in and Check-out
-------------------------------------------
-
- If `vc-suppress-confirm' is non-`nil', then `C-x C-q' and `C-x v i'
-can save the current buffer without asking, and `C-x v u' also operates
-without asking for confirmation. (This variable does not affect `C-x v
-c'; that is so drastic that it should always ask for confirmation.)
-
- VC mode does much of its work by running the shell commands for RCS
-and SCCS. If `vc-command-messages' is non-`nil', VC displays messages
-to indicate which shell commands it runs, and additional messages when
-the commands finish.
-
- Normally, VC assumes that it can deduce the locked/unlocked state of
-files by looking at the file permissions of the work file; this is
-fast. However, if the `RCS' or `SCCS' subdirectory is actually a
-symbolic link, then VC does not trust the file permissions to reflect
-this status.
-
- You can specify the criterion for whether to trust the file
-permissions by setting the variable `vc-mistrust-permissions'. Its
-value may be `t' (always mistrust the file permissions and check the
-master file), `nil' (always trust the file permissions), or a function
-of one argument which makes the decision. The argument is the directory
-name of the `RCS' or `SCCS' subdirectory. A non-`nil' value from the
-function says to mistrust the file permissions.
-
- If you find that the file permissions of work files are changed
-erroneously, set `vc-mistrust-permissions' to `t'. Then VC always
-checks the master file to determine the file's status.
-
- You can specify additional directories to search for version control
-programs by setting the variable `vc-path'. These directories are
-searched before the usual search path. The proper result usually
-happens automatically.
-
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: Log Entries, Next: Change Logs and VC, Prev: Variables for Check-in/out, Up: Version Control
-
-Log Entries
------------
-
- When you're editing an initial comment or log entry for inclusion in
-a master file, finish your entry by typing `C-c C-c'.
-
-`C-c C-c'
- Finish the comment edit normally (`vc-finish-logentry'). This
- finishes check-in.
-
- To abort check-in, just don't type `C-c C-c' in that buffer. You
-can switch buffers and do other editing. As long as you don't try to
-check in another file, the entry you were editing remains in its
-buffer, and you can go back to that buffer at any time to complete the
-check-in.
-
- If you change several source files for the same reason, it is often
-convenient to specify the same log entry for many of the files. To do
-this, use the history of previous log entries. The commands `M-n',
-`M-p', `M-s' and `M-r' for doing this work just like the minibuffer
-history commands (except that these versions are used outside the
-minibuffer).
-
- Each time you check in a file, the log entry buffer is put into VC
-Log mode, which involves running two hooks: `text-mode-hook' and
-`vc-log-mode-hook'.
-
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: Change Logs and VC, Next: Old Versions, Prev: Log Entries, Up: Version Control
-
-Change Logs and VC
-------------------
-
- If you use RCS for a program and also maintain a change log file for
-it (*note Change Log::.), you can generate change log entries
-automatically from the version control log entries:
-
-`C-x v a'
- Visit the current directory's change log file and create new
- entries for versions checked in since the most recent entry in the
- change log file (`vc-update-change-log').
-
- This command works with RCS only; it does not work with SCCS.
-
- For example, suppose the first line of `ChangeLog' is dated 10 April
-1992, and that the only check-in since then was by Nathaniel Bowditch
-to `rcs2log' on 8 May 1992 with log text `Ignore log messages that
-start with `#'.'. Then `C-x v a' visits `ChangeLog' and inserts text
-like this:
-
- Fri May 8 21:45:00 1992 Nathaniel Bowditch (nat@apn.org)
-
- * rcs2log: Ignore log messages that start with `#'.
-
-You can then edit the new change log entry further as you wish.
-
- Normally, the log entry for file `foo' is displayed as `* foo: TEXT
-OF LOG ENTRY'. The `:' after `foo' is omitted if the text of the log
-entry starts with `(FUNCTIONNAME): '. For example, if the log entry
-for `vc.el' is `(vc-do-command): Check call-process status.', then the
-text in `ChangeLog' looks like this:
-
- Wed May 6 10:53:00 1992 Nathaniel Bowditch (nat@apn.org)
-
- * vc.el (vc-do-command): Check call-process status.
-
- When `C-x v a' adds several change log entries at once, it groups
-related log entries together if they all are checked in by the same
-author at nearly the same time. If the log entries for several such
-files all have the same text, it coalesces them into a single entry.
-For example, suppose the most recent checkins have the following log
-entries:
-
-For `vc.texinfo':
- Fix expansion typos.
-For `vc.el':
- Don't call expand-file-name.
-For `vc-hooks.el':
- Don't call expand-file-name.
-
- They appear like this in `ChangeLog':
-
- Wed Apr 1 08:57:59 1992 Nathaniel Bowditch (nat@apn.org)
-
- * vc.texinfo: Fix expansion typos.
-
- * vc.el, vc-hooks.el: Don't call expand-file-name.
-
- Normally, `C-x v a' separates log entries by a blank line, but you
-can mark several related log entries to be clumped together (without an
-intervening blank line) by starting the text of each related log entry
-with a label of the form `{CLUMPNAME} '. The label itself is not
-copied to `ChangeLog'. For example, suppose the log entries are:
-
-For `vc.texinfo':
- {expand} Fix expansion typos.
-For `vc.el':
- {expand} Don't call expand-file-name.
-For `vc-hooks.el':
- {expand} Don't call expand-file-name.
-
-Then the text in `ChangeLog' looks like this:
-
- Wed Apr 1 08:57:59 1992 Nathaniel Bowditch (nat@apn.org)
-
- * vc.texinfo: Fix expansion typos.
- * vc.el, vc-hooks.el: Don't call expand-file-name.
-
- A log entry whose text begins with `#' is not copied to `ChangeLog'.
-For example, if you merely fix some misspellings in comments, you can
-log the change with an entry beginning with `#' to avoid putting such
-trivia into `ChangeLog'.
-
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: Old Versions, Next: VC Status, Prev: Change Logs and VC, Up: Version Control
-
-Examining And Comparing Old Versions
-------------------------------------
-
-`C-x v ~ VERSION <RET>'
- Examine version VERSION of the visited file, in a buffer of its
- own (`vc-version-other-window').
-
-`C-x v ='
- Compare the current buffer contents with the latest checked-in
- version of the file.
-
-`C-u C-x v = FILE <RET> OLDVERS <RET> NEWVERS <RET>'
- Compare the specified two versions of FILE.
-
- You can examine any version of a file by first visiting it, and then
-using `C-x v ~ VERSION <RET>' (`vc-version-other-window'). This puts
-the text of version VERSION in a file named `FILENAME.~VERSION~', then
-visits it in a separate window.
-
- To compare two versions of a file, use the command `C-x v ='
-(`vc-diff').
-
- Plain `C-x v =' compares the current buffer contents (saving them in
-the file if necessary) with the last checked-in version of the file.
-With a prefix argument, `C-x v =' reads a file name and two version
-numbers, then compares those versions of the specified file.
-
- If you supply a directory name instead of the name of a work file,
-this command compares the two specified versions of all registered files
-in that directory and its subdirectories. You can also specify a
-snapshot name (*note Snapshots::.) instead of one or both version
-numbers.
-
- You can specify a checked-in version by its number; you can specify
-the most recent checked-in version with an empty version number.
-
- This command works by running the `vcdiff' utility, getting the
-options from the variable `diff-switches'. It displays the output in a
-special buffer in another window. Unlike the `M-x diff' command, `C-x
-v =' does not try to find the changes in the old and new versions.
-This is because one or both versions normally do not exist as files.
-They exist only in the records of the master file. *Note Comparing
-Files::, for more information about `M-x diff'.
-
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: VC Status, Next: Renaming and VC, Prev: Old Versions, Up: Version Control
-
-VC Status Commands
-------------------
-
- To view the detailed version control status and history of a file,
-type `C-x v l' (`vc-print-log'). It displays the history of changes to
-the current file, including the text of the log entries. The output
-appears in a separate window.
-
- When you are working on a large program, it's often useful to find
-all the files that are currently locked, or all the files maintained in
-version control at all. You can use `C-x v d' (`vc-directory') to show
-all the locked files in or beneath the current directory. This
-includes all files that are locked by any user. `C-u C-x v d' lists
-all files in or beneath the current directory that are maintained with
-version control.
-
- The list of files is displayed as a buffer that uses an augmented
-Dired mode. The names of the users locking various files are shown (in
-parentheses) in place of the owner and group. All the normal Dired
-commands work in this buffer. Most interactive VC commands work also,
-and apply to the file name on the current line.
-
- The `C-x v v' command (`vc-next-action'), when used in the augmented
-Dired buffer, operates on all the marked files (or the file on the
-current line). If it operates on more than one file, it handles each
-file according to its current state; thus, it may check out one file
-and check in another (because it is already checked out). If it has to
-check in any files, it reads a single log entry, then uses that text
-for all the files being checked in. This can be convenient for
-registering or checking in several files at once, as part of the same
-change.
-
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: Renaming and VC, Next: Snapshots, Prev: VC Status, Up: Version Control
-
-Renaming VC Work Files and Master Files
----------------------------------------
-
- When you rename a registered file, you must also rename its master
-file correspondingly to get proper results. Use `vc-rename-file' to
-rename the source file as you specify, and rename its master file
-accordingly. It also updates any snapshots (*note Snapshots::.) that
-mention the file, so that they use the new name; despite this, the
-snapshot thus modified may not completely work (*note Snapshot
-Caveats::.).
-
- You cannot use `vc-rename-file' on a file that is locked by someone
-else.
-
-\1f
-File: xemacs.info, Node: Snapshots, Next: Version Headers, Prev: Renaming and VC, Up: Version Control
-
-Snapshots
----------
-
- A "snapshot" is a named set of file versions (one for each
-registered file) that you can treat as a unit. One important kind of
-snapshot is a "release", a (theoretically) stable version of the system
-that is ready for distribution to users.
-
-* Menu:
-
-* Making Snapshots:: The snapshot facilities.
-* Snapshot Caveats:: Things to be careful of when using snapshots.
-
projects / chise / xemacs-chise.git- / blobdiff