--- /dev/null
+
+@node Programs, Running, Text, Top
+@chapter Editing Programs
+@cindex Lisp
+@cindex C
+
+ Emacs has many commands designed to understand the syntax of programming
+languages such as Lisp and C. These commands can:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+Move over or kill balanced expressions or @dfn{sexps} (@pxref{Lists}).
+@item
+Move over or mark top-level balanced expressions (@dfn{defuns}, in Lisp;
+functions, in C).
+@item
+Show how parentheses balance (@pxref{Matching}).
+@item
+Insert, kill, or align comments (@pxref{Comments}).
+@item
+Follow the usual indentation conventions of the language
+(@pxref{Grinding}).
+@end itemize
+
+ The commands available for words, sentences, and paragraphs are useful in
+editing code even though their canonical application is for editing human
+language text. Most symbols contain words (@pxref{Words}); sentences can
+be found in strings and comments (@pxref{Sentences}). Paragraphs per se
+are not present in code, but the paragraph commands are useful anyway,
+because Lisp mode and C mode define paragraphs to begin and end at blank
+lines (@pxref{Paragraphs}). Judicious use of blank lines to make the
+program clearer also provides interesting chunks of text for the
+paragraph commands to work on.
+
+ The selective display feature is useful for looking at the overall
+structure of a function (@pxref{Selective Display}). This feature causes
+only the lines that are indented less than a specified amount to appear
+on the screen.
+
+@menu
+* Program Modes:: Major modes for editing programs.
+* Lists:: Expressions with balanced parentheses.
+ There are editing commands to operate on them.
+* Defuns:: Each program is made up of separate functions.
+ There are editing commands to operate on them.
+* Grinding:: Adjusting indentation to show the nesting.
+* Matching:: Insertion of a close-delimiter flashes matching open.
+* Comments:: Inserting, illing and aligning comments.
+* Balanced Editing:: Inserting two matching parentheses at once, etc.
+* Lisp Completion:: Completion on symbol names in Lisp code.
+* Documentation:: Getting documentation of functions you plan to call.
+* Change Log:: Maintaining a change history for your program.
+* Tags:: Go direct to any function in your program in one
+ command. Tags remembers which file it is in.
+* Fortran:: Fortran mode and its special features.
+* Asm Mode:: Asm mode and its special features.
+@end menu
+
+@node Program Modes, Lists, Programs, Programs
+@section Major Modes for Programming Languages
+
+@cindex Lisp mode
+@cindex C mode
+@cindex Scheme mode
+ Emacs has several major modes for the programming languages Lisp, Scheme (a
+variant of Lisp), C, Fortran, and Muddle. Ideally, a major mode should be
+implemented for each programming language you might want to edit with
+Emacs; but often the mode for one language can serve for other
+syntactically similar languages. The language modes that exist are those
+that someone decided to take the trouble to write.
+
+ There are several variants of Lisp mode, which differ in the way they
+interface to Lisp execution. @xref{Lisp Modes}.
+
+ Each of the programming language modes defines the @key{TAB} key to run
+an indentation function that knows the indentation conventions of that
+language and updates the current line's indentation accordingly. For
+example, in C mode @key{TAB} is bound to @code{c-indent-line}. @key{LFD}
+is normally defined to do @key{RET} followed by @key{TAB}; thus it, too,
+indents in a mode-specific fashion.
+
+@kindex DEL
+@findex backward-delete-char-untabify
+ In most programming languages, indentation is likely to vary from line to
+line. So the major modes for those languages rebind @key{DEL} to treat a
+tab as if it were the equivalent number of spaces (using the command
+@code{backward-delete-char-untabify}). This makes it possible to rub out
+indentation one column at a time without worrying whether it is made up of
+spaces or tabs. In these modes, use @kbd{C-b C-d} to delete a tab
+character before point.
+
+ Programming language modes define paragraphs to be separated only by
+blank lines, so that the paragraph commands remain useful. Auto Fill mode,
+if enabled in a programming language major mode, indents the new lines
+which it creates.
+
+@cindex mode hook
+@vindex c-mode-hook
+@vindex lisp-mode-hook
+@vindex emacs-lisp-mode-hook
+@vindex lisp-interaction-mode-hook
+@vindex scheme-mode-hook
+@vindex muddle-mode-hook
+ Turning on a major mode calls a user-supplied function called the
+@dfn{mode hook}, which is the value of a Lisp variable. For example,
+turning on C mode calls the value of the variable @code{c-mode-hook} if
+that value exists and is non-@code{nil}. Mode hook variables for other
+programming language modes include @code{lisp-mode-hook},
+@code{emacs-lisp-mode-hook}, @code{lisp-interaction-mode-hook},
+@code{scheme-mode-hook}, and @code{muddle-mode-hook}. The mode hook
+function receives no arguments.@refill
+
+@node Lists, Defuns, Program Modes, Programs
+@section Lists and Sexps
+
+@cindex Control-Meta
+ By convention, Emacs keys for dealing with balanced expressions are
+usually @kbd{Control-Meta-} characters. They tend to be analogous in
+function to their @kbd{Control-} and @kbd{Meta-} equivalents. These commands
+are usually thought of as pertaining to expressions in programming
+languages, but can be useful with any language in which some sort of
+parentheses exist (including English).
+
+@cindex list
+@cindex sexp
+@cindex expression
+ The commands fall into two classes. Some commands deal only with
+@dfn{lists} (parenthetical groupings). They see nothing except
+parentheses, brackets, braces (depending on what must balance in the
+language you are working with), and escape characters that might be used
+to quote those.
+
+ The other commands deal with expressions or @dfn{sexps}. The word `sexp'
+is derived from @dfn{s-expression}, the term for a symbolic expression in
+Lisp. In Emacs, the notion of `sexp' is not limited to Lisp. It
+refers to an expression in the language your program is written in.
+Each programming language has its own major mode, which customizes the
+syntax tables so that expressions in that language count as sexps.
+
+ Sexps typically include symbols, numbers, and string constants, as well
+as anything contained in parentheses, brackets, or braces.
+
+ In languages that use prefix and infix operators, such as C, it is not
+possible for all expressions to be sexps. For example, C mode does not
+recognize @samp{foo + bar} as an sexp, even though it @i{is} a C expression;
+it recognizes @samp{foo} as one sexp and @samp{bar} as another, with the
+@samp{+} as punctuation between them. This is a fundamental ambiguity:
+both @samp{foo + bar} and @samp{foo} are legitimate choices for the sexp to
+move over if point is at the @samp{f}. Note that @samp{(foo + bar)} is a
+sexp in C mode.
+
+ Some languages have obscure forms of syntax for expressions that nobody
+has bothered to make Emacs understand properly.
+
+@c doublewidecommands
+@table @kbd
+@item C-M-f
+Move forward over an sexp (@code{forward-sexp}).
+@item C-M-b
+Move backward over an sexp (@code{backward-sexp}).
+@item C-M-k
+Kill sexp forward (@code{kill-sexp}).
+@item C-M-u
+Move up and backward in list structure (@code{backward-up-list}).
+@item C-M-d
+Move down and forward in list structure (@code{down-list}).
+@item C-M-n
+Move forward over a list (@code{forward-list}).
+@item C-M-p
+Move backward over a list (@code{backward-list}).
+@item C-M-t
+Transpose expressions (@code{transpose-sexps}).
+@item C-M-@@
+Put mark after following expression (@code{mark-sexp}).
+@end table
+
+@kindex C-M-f
+@kindex C-M-b
+@findex forward-sexp
+@findex backward-sexp
+ To move forward over an sexp, use @kbd{C-M-f} (@code{forward-sexp}). If
+the first significant character after point is an opening delimiter
+(@samp{(} in Lisp; @samp{(}, @samp{[}, or @samp{@{} in C), @kbd{C-M-f}
+moves past the matching closing delimiter. If the character begins a
+symbol, string, or number, @kbd{C-M-f} moves over that. If the character
+after point is a closing delimiter, @kbd{C-M-f} just moves past it. (This
+last is not really moving across an sexp; it is an exception which is
+included in the definition of @kbd{C-M-f} because it is as useful a
+behavior as anyone can think of for that situation.)@refill
+
+ The command @kbd{C-M-b} (@code{backward-sexp}) moves backward over a
+sexp. The detailed rules are like those above for @kbd{C-M-f}, but with
+directions reversed. If there are any prefix characters (single quote,
+back quote, and comma, in Lisp) preceding the sexp, @kbd{C-M-b} moves back
+over them as well.
+
+ @kbd{C-M-f} or @kbd{C-M-b} with an argument repeats that operation the
+specified number of times; with a negative argument, it moves in the
+opposite direction.
+
+In languages such as C where the comment-terminator can be recognized,
+the sexp commands move across comments as if they were whitespace. In
+Lisp and other languages where comments run until the end of a line, it
+is very difficult to ignore comments when parsing backwards; therefore,
+in such languages the sexp commands treat the text of comments as if it
+were code.
+
+@kindex C-M-k
+@findex kill-sexp
+ Killing an sexp at a time can be done with @kbd{C-M-k} (@code{kill-sexp}).
+@kbd{C-M-k} kills the characters that @kbd{C-M-f} would move over.
+
+@kindex C-M-n
+@kindex C-M-p
+@findex forward-list
+@findex backward-list
+ The @dfn{list commands}, @kbd{C-M-n} (@code{forward-list}) and
+@kbd{C-M-p} (@code{backward-list}), move over lists like the sexp
+commands but skip over any number of other kinds of sexps (symbols,
+strings, etc). In some situations, these commands are useful because
+they usually ignore comments, since the comments usually do not contain
+any lists.@refill
+
+@kindex C-M-u
+@kindex C-M-d
+@findex backward-up-list
+@findex down-list
+ @kbd{C-M-n} and @kbd{C-M-p} stay at the same level in parentheses, when
+that is possible. To move @i{up} one (or @var{n}) levels, use @kbd{C-M-u}
+(@code{backward-up-list}).
+@kbd{C-M-u} moves backward up past one unmatched opening delimiter. A
+positive argument serves as a repeat count; a negative argument reverses
+direction of motion and also requests repetition, so it moves forward and
+up one or more levels.@refill
+
+ To move @i{down} in list structure, use @kbd{C-M-d}
+(@code{down-list}). In Lisp mode, where @samp{(} is the only opening
+delimiter, this is nearly the same as searching for a @samp{(}. An
+argument specifies the number of levels of parentheses to go down.
+
+@cindex transposition
+@kindex C-M-t
+@findex transpose-sexps
+@kbd{C-M-t} (@code{transpose-sexps}) drags the previous sexp across
+the next one. An argument serves as a repeat count, and a negative
+argument drags backwards (thus canceling out the effect of @kbd{C-M-t} with
+a positive argument). An argument of zero, rather than doing nothing,
+transposes the sexps ending after point and the mark.
+
+@kindex C-M-@@
+@findex mark-sexp
+ To make the region be the next sexp in the buffer, use @kbd{C-M-@@}
+(@code{mark-sexp}) which sets the mark at the same place that
+@kbd{C-M-f} would move to. @kbd{C-M-@@} takes arguments like
+@kbd{C-M-f}. In particular, a negative argument is useful for putting
+the mark at the beginning of the previous sexp.
+
+ The list and sexp commands' understanding of syntax is completely
+controlled by the syntax table. Any character can, for example, be
+declared to be an opening delimiter and act like an open parenthesis.
+@xref{Syntax}.
+
+@node Defuns, Grinding, Lists, Programs
+@section Defuns
+@cindex defuns
+
+ In Emacs, a parenthetical grouping at the top level in the buffer is
+called a @dfn{defun}. The name derives from the fact that most
+top-level lists in Lisp are instances of the special form
+@code{defun}, but Emacs calls any top-level parenthetical
+grouping counts a defun regardless of its contents or
+the programming language. For example, in C, the body of a
+function definition is a defun.
+
+@c doublewidecommands
+@table @kbd
+@item C-M-a
+Move to beginning of current or preceding defun
+(@code{beginning-of-defun}).
+@item C-M-e
+Move to end of current or following defun (@code{end-of-defun}).
+@item C-M-h
+Put region around whole current or following defun (@code{mark-defun}).
+@end table
+
+@kindex C-M-a
+@kindex C-M-e
+@kindex C-M-h
+@findex beginning-of-defun
+@findex end-of-defun
+@findex mark-defun
+ The commands to move to the beginning and end of the current defun are
+@kbd{C-M-a} (@code{beginning-of-defun}) and @kbd{C-M-e} (@code{end-of-defun}).
+
+ To operate on the current defun, use @kbd{C-M-h} (@code{mark-defun})
+which puts point at the beginning and the mark at the end of the current
+or next defun. This is the easiest way to prepare for moving the defun
+to a different place. In C mode, @kbd{C-M-h} runs the function
+@code{mark-c-function}, which is almost the same as @code{mark-defun},
+but which backs up over the argument declarations, function name, and
+returned data type so that the entire C function is inside the region.
+
+@findex compile-defun
+To compile and evaluate the current defun, use @kbd{M-x compile-defun}.
+This function prints the results in the minibuffer. If you include an
+argument, it inserts the value in the current buffer after the defun.
+
+ Emacs assumes that any open-parenthesis found in the leftmost column is
+the start of a defun. Therefore, @i{never put an open-parenthesis at the
+left margin in a Lisp file unless it is the start of a top level list.
+Never put an open-brace or other opening delimiter at the beginning of a
+line of C code unless it starts the body of a function.} The most likely
+problem case is when you want an opening delimiter at the start of a line
+inside a string. To avoid trouble, put an escape character (@samp{\} in C
+and Emacs Lisp, @samp{/} in some other Lisp dialects) before the opening
+delimiter. It will not affect the contents of the string.
+
+ The original Emacs found defuns by moving upward a
+level of parentheses until there were no more levels to go up. This
+required scanning back to the beginning of the buffer for every
+function. To speed this up, Emacs was changed to assume
+that any @samp{(} (or other character assigned the syntactic class of
+opening-delimiter) at the left margin is the start of a defun. This
+heuristic is nearly always right; however, it mandates the convention
+described above.
+
+@node Grinding, Matching, Defuns, Programs
+@section Indentation for Programs
+@cindex indentation
+@cindex grinding
+
+ The best way to keep a program properly indented (``ground'') is to
+use Emacs to re-indent it as you change the program. Emacs has commands
+to indent properly either a single line, a specified number of lines, or
+all of the lines inside a single parenthetical grouping.
+
+@menu
+* Basic Indent::
+* Multi-line Indent:: Commands to reindent many lines at once.
+* Lisp Indent:: Specifying how each Lisp function should be indented.
+* C Indent:: Choosing an indentation style for C code.
+@end menu
+
+@node Basic Indent, Multi-line Indent, Grinding, Grinding
+@subsection Basic Program Indentation Commands
+
+@c WideCommands
+@table @kbd
+@item @key{TAB}
+Adjust indentation of current line.
+@item @key{LFD}
+Equivalent to @key{RET} followed by @key{TAB} (@code{newline-and-indent}).
+@end table
+
+@kindex TAB
+@findex c-indent-line
+@findex lisp-indent-line
+ The basic indentation command is @key{TAB}, which gives the current
+line the correct indentation as determined from the previous lines. The
+function that @key{TAB} runs depends on the major mode; it is
+@code{lisp-indent-line} in Lisp mode, @code{c-indent-line} in C mode,
+etc. These functions understand different syntaxes for different
+languages, but they all do about the same thing. @key{TAB} in any
+programming language major mode inserts or deletes whitespace at the
+beginning of the current line, independent of where point is in the
+line. If point is inside the whitespace at the beginning of the line,
+@key{TAB} leaves it at the end of that whitespace; otherwise, @key{TAB}
+leaves point fixed with respect to the characters around it.
+
+ Use @kbd{C-q @key{TAB}} to insert a tab at point.
+
+@kindex LFD
+@findex newline-and-indent
+ When entering a large amount of new code, use @key{LFD}
+(@code{newline-and-indent}), which is equivalent to a @key{RET} followed
+by a @key{TAB}. @key{LFD} creates a blank line, then gives it the
+appropriate indentation.
+
+ @key{TAB} indents the second and following lines of the body of a
+parenthetical grouping each under the preceding one; therefore, if you
+alter one line's indentation to be nonstandard, the lines below tend
+to follow it. This is the right behavior in cases where the standard
+result of @key{TAB} does not look good.
+
+ Remember that Emacs assumes that an open-parenthesis, open-brace, or
+other opening delimiter at the left margin (including the indentation
+routines) is the start of a function. You should therefore never have
+an opening delimiter in column zero that is not the beginning of a
+function, not even inside a string. This restriction is vital for
+making the indentation commands fast. @xref{Defuns}, for more
+information on this behavior.
+
+@node Multi-line Indent, Lisp Indent, Basic Indent, Grinding
+@subsection Indenting Several Lines
+
+ Several commands are available to re-indent several lines of code
+which have been altered or moved to a different level in a list
+structure.
+
+
+@table @kbd
+@item C-M-q
+Re-indent all the lines within one list (@code{indent-sexp}).
+@item C-u @key{TAB}
+Shift an entire list rigidly sideways so that its first line
+is properly indented.
+@item C-M-\
+Re-indent all lines in the region (@code{indent-region}).
+@end table
+
+@kindex C-M-q
+@findex indent-sexp
+@findex indent-c-exp
+ To re-indent the contents of a single list, position point before the
+beginning of it and type @kbd{C-M-q}. This key is bound to
+@code{indent-sexp} in Lisp mode, @code{indent-c-exp} in C mode, and
+bound to other suitable functions in other modes. The indentation of
+the line the sexp starts on is not changed; therefore, only the relative
+indentation within the list, and not its position, is changed. To
+correct the position as well, type a @key{TAB} before @kbd{C-M-q}.
+
+@kindex C-u TAB
+ If the relative indentation within a list is correct but the
+indentation of its beginning is not, go to the line on which the list
+begins and type @kbd{C-u @key{TAB}}. When you give @key{TAB} a numeric
+argument, it moves all the lines in the group, starting on the current
+line, sideways the same amount that the current line moves. The command
+does not move lines that start inside strings, or C
+preprocessor lines when in C mode.
+
+@kindex C-M-\
+@findex indent-region
+ Another way to specify a range to be re-indented is with point and
+mark. The command @kbd{C-M-\} (@code{indent-region}) applies @key{TAB}
+to every line whose first character is between point and mark.
+
+@node Lisp Indent, C Indent, Multi-line Indent, Grinding
+@subsection Customizing Lisp Indentation
+@cindex customization
+
+ The indentation pattern for a Lisp expression can depend on the function
+called by the expression. For each Lisp function, you can choose among
+several predefined patterns of indentation, or define an arbitrary one with
+a Lisp program.
+
+ The standard pattern of indentation is as follows: the second line of the
+expression is indented under the first argument, if that is on the same
+line as the beginning of the expression; otherwise, the second line is
+indented underneath the function name. Each following line is indented
+under the previous line whose nesting depth is the same.
+
+@vindex lisp-indent-offset
+ If the variable @code{lisp-indent-offset} is non-@code{nil}, it overrides
+the usual indentation pattern for the second line of an expression, so that
+such lines are always indented @code{lisp-indent-offset} more columns than
+the containing list.
+
+@vindex lisp-body-indention
+ Certain functions override the standard pattern. Functions
+whose names start with @code{def} always indent the second line by
+@code{lisp-body-indention} extra columns beyond the open-parenthesis
+starting the expression.
+
+ Individual functions can override the standard pattern in various
+ways, according to the @code{lisp-indent-function} property of the
+function name. (Note: @code{lisp-indent-function} was formerly called
+@code{lisp-indent-hook}). There are four possibilities for this
+property:
+
+@table @asis
+@item @code{nil}
+This is the same as no property; the standard indentation pattern is used.
+@item @code{defun}
+The pattern used for function names that start with @code{def} is used for
+this function also.
+@item a number, @var{number}
+The first @var{number} arguments of the function are
+@dfn{distinguished} arguments; the rest are considered the @dfn{body}
+of the expression. A line in the expression is indented according to
+whether the first argument on it is distinguished or not. If the
+argument is part of the body, the line is indented @code{lisp-body-indent}
+more columns than the open-parenthesis starting the containing
+expression. If the argument is distinguished and is either the first
+or second argument, it is indented @i{twice} that many extra columns.
+If the argument is distinguished and not the first or second argument,
+the standard pattern is followed for that line.
+@item a symbol, @var{symbol}
+@var{symbol} should be a function name; that function is called to
+calculate the indentation of a line within this expression. The
+function receives two arguments:
+@table @asis
+@item @var{state}
+The value returned by @code{parse-partial-sexp} (a Lisp primitive for
+indentation and nesting computation) when it parses up to the
+beginning of this line.
+@item @var{pos}
+The position at which the line being indented begins.
+@end table
+@noindent
+It should return either a number, which is the number of columns of
+indentation for that line, or a list whose first element is such a
+number. The difference between returning a number and returning a list
+is that a number says that all following lines at the same nesting level
+should be indented just like this one; a list says that following lines
+might call for different indentations. This makes a difference when the
+indentation is computed by @kbd{C-M-q}; if the value is a number,
+@kbd{C-M-q} need not recalculate indentation for the following lines
+until the end of the list.
+@end table
+
+@node C Indent,, Lisp Indent, Grinding
+@subsection Customizing C Indentation
+
+ Two variables control which commands perform C indentation and when.
+
+@vindex c-auto-newline
+ If @code{c-auto-newline} is non-@code{nil}, newlines are inserted both
+before and after braces that you insert and after colons and semicolons.
+Correct C indentation is done on all the lines that are made this way.
+
+@vindex c-tab-always-indent
+ If @code{c-tab-always-indent} is non-@code{nil}, the @key{TAB} command
+in C mode does indentation only if point is at the left margin or within
+the line's indentation. If there is non-whitespace to the left of point,
+@key{TAB} just inserts a tab character in the buffer. Normally,
+this variable is @code{nil}, and @key{TAB} always reindents the current line.
+
+ C does not have anything analogous to particular function names for which
+special forms of indentation are desirable. However, it has a different
+need for customization facilities: many different styles of C indentation
+are in common use.
+
+ There are six variables you can set to control the style that Emacs C
+mode will use.
+
+@table @code
+@item c-indent-level
+Indentation of C statements within surrounding block. The surrounding
+block's indentation is the indentation of the line on which the
+open-brace appears.
+@item c-continued-statement-offset
+Extra indentation given to a substatement, such as the then-clause of
+an @code{if} or body of a @code{while}.
+@item c-brace-offset
+Extra indentation for lines that start with an open brace.
+@item c-brace-imaginary-offset
+An open brace following other text is treated as if it were this far
+to the right of the start of its line.
+@item c-argdecl-indent
+Indentation level of declarations of C function arguments.
+@item c-label-offset
+Extra indentation for a line that is a label, case, or default.
+@end table
+
+@vindex c-indent-level
+ The variable @code{c-indent-level} controls the indentation for C
+statements with respect to the surrounding block. In the example:
+
+@example
+ @{
+ foo ();
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+the difference in indentation between the lines is @code{c-indent-level}.
+Its standard value is 2.
+
+If the open-brace beginning the compound statement is not at the beginning
+of its line, the @code{c-indent-level} is added to the indentation of the
+line, not the column of the open-brace. For example,
+
+@example
+if (losing) @{
+ do_this ();
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+One popular indentation style is that which results from setting
+@code{c-indent-level} to 8 and putting open-braces at the end of a line
+in this way. Another popular style prefers to put the open-brace on a
+separate line.
+
+@vindex c-brace-imaginary-offset
+ In fact, the value of the variable @code{c-brace-imaginary-offset} is
+also added to the indentation of such a statement. Normally this variable
+is zero. Think of this variable as the imaginary position of the open
+brace, relative to the first non-blank character on the line. By setting
+the variable to 4 and @code{c-indent-level} to 0, you can get this style:
+
+@example
+if (x == y) @{
+ do_it ();
+ @}
+@end example
+
+ When @code{c-indent-level} is zero, the statements inside most braces
+line up exactly under the open brace. An exception are braces in column
+zero, like those surrounding a function's body. The statements inside
+those braces are not placed at column zero. Instead,
+@code{c-brace-offset} and @code{c-continued-statement-offset} (see
+below) are added to produce a typical offset between brace levels, and
+the statements are indented that far.
+
+@vindex c-continued-statement-offset
+ @code{c-continued-statement-offset} controls the extra indentation for
+a line that starts within a statement (but not within parentheses or
+brackets). These lines are usually statements inside other statements,
+like the then-clauses of @code{if} statements and the bodies of
+@code{while} statements. The @code{c-continued-statement-offset}
+parameter determines the difference in indentation between the two lines in:
+
+@example
+if (x == y)
+ do_it ();
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The default value for @code{c-continued-statement-offset} is 2. Some
+popular indentation styles correspond to a value of zero for
+@code{c-continued-statement-offset}.
+
+@vindex c-brace-offset
+ @code{c-brace-offset} is the extra indentation given to a line that
+starts with an open-brace. Its standard value is zero;
+compare:
+
+@example
+if (x == y)
+ @{
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+with:
+
+@example
+if (x == y)
+ do_it ();
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+If you set @code{c-brace-offset} to 4, the first example becomes:
+
+@example
+if (x == y)
+ @{
+@end example
+
+@vindex c-argdecl-indent
+ @code{c-argdecl-indent} controls the indentation of declarations of the
+arguments of a C function. It is absolute: argument declarations receive
+exactly @code{c-argdecl-indent} spaces. The standard value is 5 and
+results in code like this:
+
+@example
+char *
+index (string, char)
+ char *string;
+ int char;
+@end example
+
+@vindex c-label-offset
+ @code{c-label-offset} is the extra indentation given to a line that
+contains a label, a case statement, or a @code{default:} statement. Its
+standard value is @minus{}2 and results in code like this:
+
+@example
+switch (c)
+ @{
+ case 'x':
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+If @code{c-label-offset} were zero, the same code would be indented as:
+
+@example
+switch (c)
+ @{
+ case 'x':
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+This example assumes that the other variables above also have their
+default values.
+
+Using the indentation style produced by the default settings of the
+variables just discussed and putting open braces on separate lines
+produces clear and readable files. For an example, look at any of the C
+source files of XEmacs.
+
+@node Matching, Comments, Grinding, Programs
+@section Automatic Display of Matching Parentheses
+@cindex matching parentheses
+@cindex parentheses
+
+ The Emacs parenthesis-matching feature shows you automatically how
+parentheses match in the text. Whenever a self-inserting character that
+is a closing delimiter is typed, the cursor moves momentarily to the
+location of the matching opening delimiter, provided that is visible on
+the screen. If it is not on the screen, some text starting with that
+opening delimiter is displayed in the echo area. Either way, you see
+the grouping you are closing off.
+
+ In Lisp, automatic matching applies only to parentheses. In C, it
+also applies to braces and brackets. Emacs knows which characters to regard
+as matching delimiters based on the syntax table set by the major
+mode. @xref{Syntax}.
+
+ If the opening delimiter and closing delimiter are mismatched---as
+in @samp{[x)}---the echo area displays a warning message. The
+correct matches are specified in the syntax table.
+
+@vindex blink-matching-paren
+@vindex blink-matching-paren-distance
+ Two variables control parenthesis matching displays.
+@code{blink-matching-paren} turns the feature on or off. The default is
+@code{t} (match display is on); @code{nil} turns it off.
+@code{blink-matching-paren-distance} specifies how many characters back
+Emacs searches to find a matching opening delimiter. If the match is
+not found in the specified region, scanning stops, and nothing is
+displayed. This prevents wasting lots of time scanning when there is no
+match. The default is 4000.
+
+@node Comments, Balanced Editing, Matching, Programs
+@section Manipulating Comments
+@cindex comments
+@kindex M-;
+@cindex indentation
+@findex indent-for-comment
+
+ The comment commands insert, kill and align comments.
+
+@c WideCommands
+@table @kbd
+@item M-;
+Insert or align comment (@code{indent-for-comment}).
+@item C-x ;
+Set comment column (@code{set-comment-column}).
+@item C-u - C-x ;
+Kill comment on current line (@code{kill-comment}).
+@item M-@key{LFD}
+Like @key{RET} followed by inserting and aligning a comment
+(@code{indent-new-comment-line}).
+@end table
+
+ The command that creates a comment is @kbd{Meta-;}
+(@code{indent-for-comment}). If there is no comment already on the
+line, a new comment is created and aligned at a specific column called
+the @dfn{comment column}. Emacs creates the comment by inserting the
+string at the value of @code{comment-start}; see below. Point is left
+after that string. If the text of the line extends past the comment
+column, indentation is done to a suitable boundary (usually, at least
+one space is inserted). If the major mode has specified a string to
+terminate comments, that string is inserted after point, to keep the
+syntax valid.
+
+ You can also use @kbd{Meta-;} to align an existing comment. If a line
+already contains the string that starts comments, @kbd{M-;} just moves
+point after it and re-indents it to the conventional place. Exception:
+comments starting in column 0 are not moved.
+
+ Some major modes have special rules for indenting certain kinds of
+comments in certain contexts. For example, in Lisp code, comments which
+start with two semicolons are indented as if they were lines of code,
+instead of at the comment column. Comments which start with three
+semicolons are supposed to start at the left margin. Emacs understands
+these conventions by indenting a double-semicolon comment using @key{TAB}
+and by not changing the indentation of a triple-semicolon comment at all.
+
+@example
+;; This function is just an example.
+;;; Here either two or three semicolons are appropriate.
+(defun foo (x)
+;;; And now, the first part of the function:
+ ;; The following line adds one.
+ (1+ x)) ; This line adds one.
+@end example
+
+ In C code, a comment preceded on its line by nothing but whitespace
+is indented like a line of code.
+
+ Even when an existing comment is properly aligned, @kbd{M-;} is still
+useful for moving directly to the start of the comment.
+
+@kindex C-u - C-x ;
+@findex kill-comment
+ @kbd{C-u - C-x ;} (@code{kill-comment}) kills the comment on the
+current line, if there is one. The indentation before the start of the
+comment is killed as well. If there does not appear to be a comment in
+the line, nothing happens. To reinsert the comment on another line,
+move to the end of that line, type first @kbd{C-y}, and then @kbd{M-;}
+to realign the comment. Note that @kbd{C-u - C-x ;} is not a distinct
+key; it is @kbd{C-x ;} (@code{set-comment-column}) with a negative
+argument. That command is programmed to call @code{kill-comment} when
+called with a negative argument. However, @code{kill-comment} is a
+valid command which you could bind directly to a key if you wanted to.
+
+@subsection Multiple Lines of Comments
+
+@kindex M-LFD
+@cindex blank lines
+@cindex Auto Fill mode
+@findex indent-new-comment-line
+ If you are typing a comment and want to continue it on another line,
+use the command @kbd{Meta-@key{LFD}} (@code{indent-new-comment-line}),
+which terminates the comment you are typing, creates a new blank line
+afterward, and begins a new comment indented under the old one. If
+Auto Fill mode is on and you go past the fill column while typing, the
+comment is continued in just this fashion. If point is
+not at the end of the line when you type @kbd{M-@key{LFD}}, the text on
+the rest of the line becomes part of the new comment line.
+
+@subsection Options Controlling Comments
+
+@vindex comment-column
+@kindex C-x ;
+@findex set-comment-column
+ The comment column is stored in the variable @code{comment-column}. You
+can explicitly set it to a number. Alternatively, the command @kbd{C-x ;}
+(@code{set-comment-column}) sets the comment column to the column point is
+at. @kbd{C-u C-x ;} sets the comment column to match the last comment
+before point in the buffer, and then calls @kbd{Meta-;} to align the
+current line's comment under the previous one. Note that @kbd{C-u - C-x ;}
+runs the function @code{kill-comment} as described above.
+
+ @code{comment-column} is a per-buffer variable; altering the variable
+affects only the current buffer. You can also change the default value.
+@xref{Locals}. Many major modes initialize this variable
+for the current buffer.
+
+@vindex comment-start-skip
+ The comment commands recognize comments based on the regular expression
+that is the value of the variable @code{comment-start-skip}. This regexp
+should not match the null string. It may match more than the comment
+starting delimiter in the strictest sense of the word; for example, in C
+mode the value of the variable is @code{@t{"/\\*+ *"}}, which matches extra
+stars and spaces after the @samp{/*} itself. (Note that @samp{\\} is
+needed in Lisp syntax to include a @samp{\} in the string, which is needed
+to deny the first star its special meaning in regexp syntax. @xref{Regexps}.)
+
+@vindex comment-start
+@vindex comment-end
+ When a comment command makes a new comment, it inserts the value of
+@code{comment-start} to begin it. The value of @code{comment-end} is
+inserted after point and will follow the text you will insert
+into the comment. In C mode, @code{comment-start} has the value
+@w{@code{"/* "}} and @code{comment-end} has the value @w{@code{" */"}}.
+
+@vindex comment-multi-line
+ @code{comment-multi-line} controls how @kbd{M-@key{LFD}}
+(@code{indent-new-comment-line}) behaves when used inside a comment. If
+@code{comment-multi-line} is @code{nil}, as it normally is, then
+@kbd{M-@key{LFD}} terminates the comment on the starting line and starts
+a new comment on the new following line. If @code{comment-multi-line}
+is not @code{nil}, then @kbd{M-@key{LFD}} sets up the new following line
+as part of the same comment that was found on the starting line. This
+is done by not inserting a terminator on the old line and not inserting
+a starter on the new line. In languages where multi-line comments are legal,
+the value you choose for this variable is a matter of taste.
+
+@vindex comment-indent-hook
+ The variable @code{comment-indent-hook} should contain a function that
+is called to compute the indentation for a newly inserted comment or for
+aligning an existing comment. Major modes set this variable differently.
+The function is called with no arguments, but with point at the
+beginning of the comment, or at the end of a line if a new comment is to
+be inserted. The function should return the column in which the comment
+ought to start. For example, in Lisp mode, the indent hook function
+bases its decision on the number of semicolons that begin an existing
+comment and on the code in the preceding lines.
+
+@node Balanced Editing, Lisp Completion, Comments, Programs
+@section Editing Without Unbalanced Parentheses
+
+@table @kbd
+@item M-(
+Put parentheses around next sexp(s) (@code{insert-parentheses}).
+@item M-)
+Move past next close parenthesis and re-indent
+(@code{move-over-close-and-reindent}).
+@end table
+
+@kindex M-(
+@kindex M-)
+@findex insert-parentheses
+@findex move-over-close-and-reindent
+ The commands @kbd{M-(} (@code{insert-parentheses}) and @kbd{M-)}
+(@code{move-over-close-@*and-reindent}) are designed to facilitate a style of
+editing which keeps parentheses balanced at all times. @kbd{M-(} inserts a
+pair of parentheses, either together as in @samp{()}, or, if given an
+argument, around the next several sexps, and leaves point after the open
+parenthesis. Instead of typing @kbd{( F O O )}, you can type @kbd{M-( F O
+O}, which has the same effect except for leaving the cursor before the
+close parenthesis. You can then type @kbd{M-)}, which moves past the
+close parenthesis, deletes any indentation preceding it (in this example
+there is none), and indents with @key{LFD} after it.
+
+@node Lisp Completion, Documentation, Balanced Editing, Programs
+@section Completion for Lisp Symbols
+@cindex completion (symbol names)
+
+ Completion usually happens in the minibuffer. An exception is
+completion for Lisp symbol names, which is available in all buffers.
+
+@kindex M-TAB
+@findex lisp-complete-symbol
+ The command @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} (@code{lisp-complete-symbol}) takes the
+partial Lisp symbol before point to be an abbreviation, and compares it
+against all non-trivial Lisp symbols currently known to Emacs. Any
+additional characters that they all have in common are inserted at point.
+Non-trivial symbols are those that have function definitions, values, or
+properties.
+
+ If there is an open-parenthesis immediately before the beginning of
+the partial symbol, only symbols with function definitions are considered
+as completions.
+
+ If the partial name in the buffer has more than one possible completion
+and they have no additional characters in common, a list of all possible
+completions is displayed in another window.
+
+@node Documentation, Change Log, Lisp Completion, Programs
+@section Documentation Commands
+
+@kindex C-h f
+@findex describe-function
+@kindex C-h v
+@findex describe-variable
+ As you edit Lisp code to be run in Emacs, you can use the commands
+@kbd{C-h f} (@code{describe-function}) and @kbd{C-h v}
+(@code{describe-variable}) to print documentation of functions and
+variables you want to call. These commands use the minibuffer to
+read the name of a function or variable to document, and display the
+documentation in a window.
+
+ For extra convenience, these commands provide default arguments based on
+the code in the neighborhood of point. @kbd{C-h f} sets the default to the
+function called in the innermost list containing point. @kbd{C-h v} uses
+the symbol name around or adjacent to point as its default.
+
+@findex manual-entry
+ The @kbd{M-x manual-entry} command gives you access to documentation
+on Unix commands, system calls, and libraries. The command reads a
+topic as an argument, and displays the Unix manual page for that topic.
+@code{manual-entry} always searches all 8 sections of the
+manual and concatenates all the entries it finds. For example,
+the topic @samp{termcap} finds the description of the termcap library
+from section 3, followed by the description of the termcap data base
+from section 5.
+
+@node Change Log, Tags, Documentation, Programs
+@section Change Logs
+
+@cindex change log
+@findex add-change-log-entry
+ The Emacs command @kbd{M-x add-change-log-entry} helps you keep a record
+of when and why you have changed a program. It assumes that you have a
+file in which you write a chronological sequence of entries describing
+individual changes. The default is to store the change entries in a file
+called @file{ChangeLog} in the same directory as the file you are editing.
+The same @file{ChangeLog} file therefore records changes for all the files
+in a directory.
+
+ A change log entry starts with a header line that contains your name
+and the current date. Except for these header lines, every line in the
+change log starts with a tab. One entry can describe several changes;
+each change starts with a line starting with a tab and a star. @kbd{M-x
+add-change-log-entry} visits the change log file and creates a new entry
+unless the most recent entry is for today's date and your name. In
+either case, it adds a new line to start the description of another
+change just after the header line of the entry. When @kbd{M-x
+add-change-log-entry} is finished, all is prepared for you to edit in
+the description of what you changed and how. You must then save the
+change log file yourself.
+
+ The change log file is always visited in Indented Text mode, which means
+that @key{LFD} and auto-filling indent each new line like the previous
+line. This is convenient for entering the contents of an entry, which must
+be indented. @xref{Text Mode}.
+
+ Here is an example of the formatting conventions used in the change log
+for Emacs:
+
+@smallexample
+Wed Jun 26 19:29:32 1985 Richard M. Stallman (rms at mit-prep)
+
+ * xdisp.c (try_window_id):
+ If C-k is done at end of next-to-last line,
+ this fn updates window_end_vpos and cannot leave
+ window_end_pos nonnegative (it is zero, in fact).
+ If display is preempted before lines are output,
+ this is inconsistent. Fix by setting
+ blank_end_of_window to nonzero.
+
+Tue Jun 25 05:25:33 1985 Richard M. Stallman (rms at mit-prep)
+
+ * cmds.c (Fnewline):
+ Call the auto fill hook if appropriate.
+
+ * xdisp.c (try_window_id):
+ If point is found by compute_motion after xp, record that
+ permanently. If display_text_line sets point position wrong
+ (case where line is killed, point is at eob and that line is
+ not displayed), set it again in final compute_motion.
+@end smallexample
+
+@node Tags, Fortran, Change Log, Programs
+@section Tags Tables
+@cindex tags table
+
+ A @dfn{tags table} is a description of how a multi-file program is
+broken up into files. It lists the names of the component files and the
+names and positions of the functions (or other named subunits) in each
+file. Grouping the related files makes it possible to search or replace
+through all the files with one command. Recording the function names
+and positions makes possible the @kbd{M-.} command which finds the
+definition of a function by looking up which of the files it is in.
+
+ Tags tables are stored in files called @dfn{tags table files}. The
+conventional name for a tags table file is @file{TAGS}.
+
+ Each entry in the tags table records the name of one tag, the name of the
+file that the tag is defined in (implicitly), and the position in that file
+of the tag's definition.
+
+ Just what names from the described files are recorded in the tags table
+depends on the programming language of the described file. They
+normally include all functions and subroutines, and may also include
+global variables, data types, and anything else convenient. Each name
+recorded is called a @dfn{tag}.
+
+@menu
+* Tag Syntax:: Tag syntax for various types of code and text files.
+* Create Tags Table:: Creating a tags table with @code{etags}.
+* Select Tags Table:: How to visit a tags table.
+* Find Tag:: Commands to find the definition of a specific tag.
+* Tags Search:: Using a tags table for searching and replacing.
+* List Tags:: Listing and finding tags defined in a file.
+@end menu
+
+@node Tag Syntax
+@subsection Source File Tag Syntax
+
+ Here is how tag syntax is defined for the most popular languages:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+In C code, any C function or typedef is a tag, and so are definitions of
+@code{struct}, @code{union} and @code{enum}. @code{#define} macro
+definitions and @code{enum} constants are also tags, unless you specify
+@samp{--no-defines} when making the tags table. Similarly, global
+variables are tags, unless you specify @samp{--no-globals}. Use of
+@samp{--no-globals} and @samp{--no-defines} can make the tags table file
+much smaller.
+
+@item
+In C++ code, in addition to all the tag constructs of C code, member
+functions are also recognized, and optionally member variables if you
+use the @samp{--members} option. Tags for variables and functions in
+classes are named @samp{@var{class}::@var{variable}} and
+@samp{@var{class}::@var{function}}.
+
+@item
+In Java code, tags include all the constructs recognized in C++, plus
+the @code{extends} and @code{implements} constructs. Tags for variables
+and functions in classes are named @samp{@var{class}.@var{variable}} and
+@samp{@var{class}.@var{function}}.
+
+@item
+In La@TeX{} text, the argument of any of the commands @code{\chapter},
+@code{\section}, @code{\subsection}, @code{\subsubsection},
+@code{\eqno}, @code{\label}, @code{\ref}, @code{\cite}, @code{\bibitem},
+@code{\part}, @code{\appendix}, @code{\entry}, or @code{\index}, is a
+tag.@refill
+
+Other commands can make tags as well, if you specify them in the
+environment variable @code{TEXTAGS} before invoking @code{etags}. The
+value of this environment variable should be a colon-separated list of
+commands names. For example,
+
+@example
+TEXTAGS="def:newcommand:newenvironment"
+export TEXTAGS
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+specifies (using Bourne shell syntax) that the commands @samp{\def},
+@samp{\newcommand} and @samp{\newenvironment} also define tags.
+
+@item
+In Lisp code, any function defined with @code{defun}, any variable
+defined with @code{defvar} or @code{defconst}, and in general the first
+argument of any expression that starts with @samp{(def} in column zero, is
+a tag.
+
+@item
+In Scheme code, tags include anything defined with @code{def} or with a
+construct whose name starts with @samp{def}. They also include variables
+set with @code{set!} at top level in the file.
+@end itemize
+
+ Several other languages are also supported:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+In assembler code, labels appearing at the beginning of a line,
+followed by a colon, are tags.
+
+@item
+In Bison or Yacc input files, each rule defines as a tag the nonterminal
+it constructs. The portions of the file that contain C code are parsed
+as C code.
+
+@item
+In Cobol code, paragraphs names are the tags, i.e. any word starting in
+column 8 and followed by a full stop.
+
+@item
+In Erlang code, the tags are the functions, records, and macros defined
+in the file.
+
+@item
+In Fortran code, functions and subroutines are tags.
+
+@item
+In Objective C code, tags include Objective C definitions for classes,
+class categories, methods and protocols.
+
+@item
+In Pascal code, the tags are the functions and procedures defined in
+the file.
+
+@item
+In Perl code, the tags are the procedures defined by the @code{sub}
+keyword.
+
+@item
+In Postscript code, the tags are the functions.
+
+@item
+In Prolog code, a tag name appears at the left margin.
+@end itemize
+
+ You can also generate tags based on regexp matching (@pxref{Create
+Tags Table}) to handle other formats and languages.
+
+@node Create Tags Table
+@subsection Creating Tags Tables
+@cindex @code{etags} program
+
+ The @code{etags} program is used to create a tags table file. It knows
+the syntax of several languages, as described in
+@iftex
+the previous section.
+@end iftex
+@ifinfo
+@ref{Tag Syntax}.
+@end ifinfo
+Here is how to run @code{etags}:
+
+@example
+etags @var{inputfiles}@dots{}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The @code{etags} program reads the specified files, and writes a tags table
+named @file{TAGS} in the current working directory. @code{etags}
+recognizes the language used in an input file based on its file name and
+contents. You can specify the language with the
+@samp{--language=@var{name}} option, described below.
+
+ If the tags table data become outdated due to changes in the files
+described in the table, the way to update the tags table is the same way it
+was made in the first place. It is not necessary to do this often.
+
+ If the tags table fails to record a tag, or records it for the wrong
+file, then Emacs cannot possibly find its definition. However, if the
+position recorded in the tags table becomes a little bit wrong (due to
+some editing in the file that the tag definition is in), the only
+consequence is a slight delay in finding the tag. Even if the stored
+position is very wrong, Emacs will still find the tag, but it must
+search the entire file for it.
+
+ So you should update a tags table when you define new tags that you want
+to have listed, or when you move tag definitions from one file to another,
+or when changes become substantial. Normally there is no need to update
+the tags table after each edit, or even every day.
+
+ One tags table can effectively include another. Specify the included
+tags file name with the @samp{--include=@var{file}} option when creating
+the file that is to include it. The latter file then acts as if it
+contained all the files specified in the included file, as well as the
+files it directly contains.
+
+ If you specify the source files with relative file names when you run
+@code{etags}, the tags file will contain file names relative to the
+directory where the tags file was initially written. This way, you can
+move an entire directory tree containing both the tags file and the
+source files, and the tags file will still refer correctly to the source
+files.
+
+ If you specify absolute file names as arguments to @code{etags}, then
+the tags file will contain absolute file names. This way, the tags file
+will still refer to the same files even if you move it, as long as the
+source files remain in the same place. Absolute file names start with
+@samp{/}, or with @samp{@var{device}:/} on MS-DOS and Windows.
+
+ When you want to make a tags table from a great number of files, you
+may have problems listing them on the command line, because some systems
+have a limit on its length. The simplest way to circumvent this limit
+is to tell @code{etags} to read the file names from its standard input,
+by typing a dash in place of the file names, like this:
+
+@example
+find . -name "*.[chCH]" -print | etags -
+@end example
+
+ Use the option @samp{--language=@var{name}} to specify the language
+explicitly. You can intermix these options with file names; each one
+applies to the file names that follow it. Specify
+@samp{--language=auto} to tell @code{etags} to resume guessing the
+language from the file names and file contents. Specify
+@samp{--language=none} to turn off language-specific processing
+entirely; then @code{etags} recognizes tags by regexp matching alone.
+@samp{etags --help} prints the list of the languages @code{etags} knows,
+and the file name rules for guessing the language.
+
+ The @samp{--regex} option provides a general way of recognizing tags
+based on regexp matching. You can freely intermix it with file names.
+Each @samp{--regex} option adds to the preceding ones, and applies only
+to the following files. The syntax is:
+
+@example
+--regex=/@var{tagregexp}[/@var{nameregexp}]/
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+where @var{tagregexp} is used to match the lines to tag. It is always
+anchored, that is, it behaves as if preceded by @samp{^}. If you want
+to account for indentation, just match any initial number of blanks by
+beginning your regular expression with @samp{[ \t]*}. In the regular
+expressions, @samp{\} quotes the next character, and @samp{\t} stands
+for the tab character. Note that @code{etags} does not handle the other
+C escape sequences for special characters.
+
+@cindex interval operator (in regexps)
+ The syntax of regular expressions in @code{etags} is the same as in
+Emacs, augmented with the @dfn{interval operator}, which works as in
+@code{grep} and @code{ed}. The syntax of an interval operator is
+@samp{\@{@var{m},@var{n}\@}}, and its meaning is to match the preceding
+expression at least @var{m} times and up to @var{n} times.
+
+ You should not match more characters with @var{tagregexp} than that
+needed to recognize what you want to tag. If the match is such that
+more characters than needed are unavoidably matched by @var{tagregexp},
+you may find useful to add a @var{nameregexp}, in order to narrow the tag
+scope. You can find some examples below.
+
+ The @samp{-R} option deletes all the regexps defined with
+@samp{--regex} options. It applies to the file names following it, as
+you can see from the following example:
+
+@example
+etags --regex=/@var{reg1}/ voo.doo --regex=/@var{reg2}/ \
+ bar.ber -R --lang=lisp los.er
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+Here @code{etags} chooses the parsing language for @file{voo.doo} and
+@file{bar.ber} according to their contents. @code{etags} also uses
+@var{reg1} to recognize additional tags in @file{voo.doo}, and both
+@var{reg1} and @var{reg2} to recognize additional tags in
+@file{bar.ber}. @code{etags} uses the Lisp tags rules, and no regexp
+matching, to recognize tags in @file{los.er}.
+
+ Here are some more examples. The regexps are quoted to protect them
+from shell interpretation.
+
+@noindent
+Tag the @code{DEFVAR} macros in the emacs source files:
+
+@example
+--regex='/[ \t]*DEFVAR_[A-Z_ \t(]+"\([^"]+\)"/'
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+Tag VHDL files (this example is a single long line, broken here for
+formatting reasons):
+
+@example
+--language=none
+--regex='/[ \t]*\(ARCHITECTURE\|CONFIGURATION\) +[^ ]* +OF/'
+--regex='/[ \t]*\(ATTRIBUTE\|ENTITY\|FUNCTION\|PACKAGE\
+\( BODY\)?\|PROCEDURE\|PROCESS\|TYPE\)[ \t]+\([^ \t(]+\)/\3/'
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+Tag TCL files (this last example shows the usage of a @var{nameregexp}):
+
+@example
+--lang=none --regex='/proc[ \t]+\([^ \t]+\)/\1/'
+@end example
+
+ For a list of the other available @code{etags} options, execute
+@code{etags --help}.
+
+@node Select Tags Table, Find Tag, Create Tags Table, Tags
+@subsection Selecting a Tags Table
+
+@vindex tag-table-alist
+ At any time Emacs has one @dfn{selected} tags table, and all the commands
+for working with tags tables use the selected one. To select a tags table,
+use the variable @code{tag-table-alist}.
+
+The value of @code{tag-table-alist} is a list that determines which
+@code{TAGS} files should be active for a given buffer. This is not
+really an association list, in that all elements are checked. The car
+of each element of this list is a pattern against which the buffers file
+name is compared; if it matches, then the cdr of the list should be the
+name of the tags table to use. If more than one element of this list
+matches the buffers file name, all of the associated tags tables are
+used. Earlier ones are searched first.
+
+If the car of elements of this list are strings, they are treated
+as regular-expressions against which the file is compared (like the
+@code{auto-mode-alist}). If they are not strings, they are evaluated.
+If they evaluate to non-@code{nil}, the current buffer is considered to
+match.
+
+If the cdr of the elements of this list are strings, they are
+assumed to name a tags file. If they name a directory, the string
+@file{tags} is appended to them to get the file name. If they are not
+strings, they are evaluated and must return an appropriate string.
+
+For example:
+
+@example
+ (setq tag-table-alist
+ '(("/usr/src/public/perl/" . "/usr/src/public/perl/perl-3.0/")
+ ("\\.el$" . "/usr/local/emacs/src/")
+ ("/jbw/gnu/" . "/usr15/degree/stud/jbw/gnu/")
+ ("" . "/usr/local/emacs/src/")
+ ))
+@end example
+
+The example defines the tags table alist in the following way:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+Anything in the directory @file{/usr/src/public/perl/}
+should use the @file{TAGS} file @file{/usr/src/public/perl/perl-3.0/TAGS}.
+@item
+Files ending in @file{.el} should use the @file{TAGS} file
+@file{/usr/local/emacs/src/TAGS}.
+@item
+Anything in or below the directory @file{/jbw/gnu/} should use the
+@file{TAGS} file @file{/usr15/degree/stud/jbw/gnu/TAGS}.
+@end itemize
+
+If you had a file called @file{/usr/jbw/foo.el}, it would use both
+@file{TAGS} files, @* @file{/usr/local/emacs/src/TAGS} and
+@file{/usr15/degree/stud/jbw/gnu/TAGS} (in that order), because it
+matches both patterns.
+
+If the buffer-local variable @code{buffer-tag-table} is set, it names a
+tags table that is searched before all others when @code{find-tag} is
+executed from this buffer.
+
+If there is a file called @file{TAGS} in the same directory as the file
+in question, then that tags file will always be used as well (after the
+@code{buffer-tag-table} but before the tables specified by this list).
+
+If the variable @code{tags-file-name} is set, the @file{TAGS} file it names
+will apply to all buffers (for backwards compatibility.) It is searched
+first.
+
+@vindex tags-always-build-completion-table
+If the value of the variable @code{tags-always-build-completion-table}
+is @code{t}, the tags file will always be added to the completion table
+without asking first, regardless of the size of the tags file.
+
+@vindex tags-file-name
+@findex visit-tags-table
+The function @kbd{M-x visit-tags-table}, is largely made obsolete by
+the variable @code{tag-table-alist}, tells tags commands to use the tags
+table file @var{file} first. The @var{file} should be the name of a
+file created with the @code{etags} program. A directory name is also
+acceptable; it means the file @file{TAGS} in that directory. The
+function only stores the file name you provide in the variable
+@code{tags-file-name}. Emacs does not actually read in the tags table
+contents until you try to use them. You can set the variable explicitly
+instead of using @code{visit-tags-table}. The value of the variable
+@code{tags-file-name} is the name of the tags table used by all buffers.
+This is for backward compatibility, and is largely supplanted by the
+variable @code{tag-table-alist}.
+
+@node Find Tag, Tags Search, Select Tags Table, Tags
+@subsection Finding a Tag
+
+ The most important thing that a tags table enables you to do is to find
+the definition of a specific tag.
+
+@table @kbd
+@item M-.@: @var{tag &optional other-window}
+Find first definition of @var{tag} (@code{find-tag}).
+@item C-u M-.
+Find next alternate definition of last tag specified.
+@item C-x 4 . @var{tag}
+Find first definition of @var{tag}, but display it in another window
+(@code{find-tag-other-window}).
+@end table
+
+@kindex M-.
+@findex find-tag
+ @kbd{M-.}@: (@code{find-tag}) is the command to find the definition of
+a specified tag. It searches through the tags table for that tag, as a
+string, then uses the tags table information to determine the file in
+which the definition is used and the approximate character position of
+the definition in the file. Then @code{find-tag} visits the file,
+moves point to the approximate character position, and starts searching
+ever-increasing distances away for the text that should appear at
+the beginning of the definition.
+
+ If an empty argument is given (by typing @key{RET}), the sexp in the
+buffer before or around point is used as the name of the tag to find.
+@xref{Lists}, for information on sexps.
+
+ The argument to @code{find-tag} need not be the whole tag name; it can
+be a substring of a tag name. However, there can be many tag names
+containing the substring you specify. Since @code{find-tag} works by
+searching the text of the tags table, it finds the first tag in the table
+that the specified substring appears in. To find other tags that match
+the substring, give @code{find-tag} a numeric argument, as in @kbd{C-u
+M-.}. This does not read a tag name, but continues searching the tag
+table's text for another tag containing the same substring last used.
+If your keyboard has a real @key{META} key, @kbd{M-0 M-.}@: is an easier
+alternative to @kbd{C-u M-.}.
+
+If the optional second argument @var{other-window} is non-@code{nil}, it uses
+another window to display the tag.
+Multiple active tags tables and completion are supported.
+
+Variables of note include the following:
+
+@vindex tag-table-alist
+@vindex tags-file-name
+@vindex tags-build-completion-table
+@vindex buffer-tag-table
+@vindex make-tags-files-invisible
+@vindex tag-mark-stack-max
+
+@table @kbd
+@item tag-table-alist
+Controls which tables apply to which buffers.
+@item tags-file-name
+Stores a default tags table.
+@item tags-build-completion-table
+Controls completion behavior.
+@item buffer-tag-table
+Specifies a buffer-local table.
+@item make-tags-files-invisible
+Sets whether tags tables should be very hidden.
+@item tag-mark-stack-max
+Specifies how many tags-based hops to remember.
+@end table
+
+@kindex C-x 4 .
+@findex find-tag-other-window
+ Like most commands that can switch buffers, @code{find-tag} has another
+similar command that displays the new buffer in another window. @kbd{C-x 4
+.}@: invokes the function @code{find-tag-other-window}. (This key sequence
+ends with a period.)
+
+ Emacs comes with a tags table file @file{TAGS} (in the directory
+containing Lisp libraries) that includes all the Lisp libraries and all
+the C sources of Emacs. By specifying this file with @code{visit-tags-table}
+and then using @kbd{M-.}@: you can quickly look at the source of any Emacs
+function.
+
+@node Tags Search, List Tags, Find Tag, Tags
+@subsection Searching and Replacing with Tags Tables
+
+ The commands in this section visit and search all the files listed in the
+selected tags table, one by one. For these commands, the tags table serves
+only to specify a sequence of files to search. A related command is
+@kbd{M-x grep} (@pxref{Compilation}).
+
+@table @kbd
+@item M-x tags-search @key{RET} @var{regexp} @key{RET}
+Search for @var{regexp} through the files in the selected tags
+table.
+@item M-x tags-query-replace @key{RET} @var{regexp} @key{RET} @var{replacement} @key{RET}
+Perform a @code{query-replace-regexp} on each file in the selected tags table.
+@item M-,
+Restart one of the commands above, from the current location of point
+(@code{tags-loop-continue}).
+@end table
+
+@findex tags-search
+ @kbd{M-x tags-search} reads a regexp using the minibuffer, then
+searches for matches in all the files in the selected tags table, one
+file at a time. It displays the name of the file being searched so you
+can follow its progress. As soon as it finds an occurrence,
+@code{tags-search} returns.
+
+@kindex M-,
+@findex tags-loop-continue
+ Having found one match, you probably want to find all the rest. To find
+one more match, type @kbd{M-,} (@code{tags-loop-continue}) to resume the
+@code{tags-search}. This searches the rest of the current buffer, followed
+by the remaining files of the tags table.@refill
+
+@findex tags-query-replace
+ @kbd{M-x tags-query-replace} performs a single
+@code{query-replace-regexp} through all the files in the tags table. It
+reads a regexp to search for and a string to replace with, just like
+ordinary @kbd{M-x query-replace-regexp}. It searches much like @kbd{M-x
+tags-search}, but repeatedly, processing matches according to your
+input. @xref{Replace}, for more information on query replace.
+
+ It is possible to get through all the files in the tags table with a
+single invocation of @kbd{M-x tags-query-replace}. But often it is
+useful to exit temporarily, which you can do with any input event that
+has no special query replace meaning. You can resume the query replace
+subsequently by typing @kbd{M-,}; this command resumes the last tags
+search or replace command that you did.
+
+ The commands in this section carry out much broader searches than the
+@code{find-tag} family. The @code{find-tag} commands search only for
+definitions of tags that match your substring or regexp. The commands
+@code{tags-search} and @code{tags-query-replace} find every occurrence
+of the regexp, as ordinary search commands and replace commands do in
+the current buffer.
+
+ These commands create buffers only temporarily for the files that they
+have to search (those which are not already visited in Emacs buffers).
+Buffers in which no match is found are quickly killed; the others
+continue to exist.
+
+ It may have struck you that @code{tags-search} is a lot like
+@code{grep}. You can also run @code{grep} itself as an inferior of
+Emacs and have Emacs show you the matching lines one by one. This works
+much like running a compilation; finding the source locations of the
+@code{grep} matches works like finding the compilation errors.
+@xref{Compilation}.
+
+ If you wish to process all the files in a selected tags table, but
+@kbd{M-x tags-search} and @kbd{M-x tags-query-replace} are not giving
+you the desired result, you can use @kbd{M-x next-file}.
+
+@table @kbd
+@item C-u M-x next-file
+With a numeric argument, regardless of its value, visit the first
+file in the tags table and prepare to advance sequentially by files.
+@item M-x next-file
+Visit the next file in the selected tags table.
+@end table
+
+@node List Tags,, Tags Search, Tags
+@subsection Tags Table Inquiries
+
+@table @kbd
+@item M-x list-tags
+Display a list of the tags defined in a specific program file.
+@item M-x tags-apropos
+Display a list of all tags matching a specified regexp.
+@end table
+
+@findex list-tags
+ @kbd{M-x list-tags} reads the name of one of the files described by the
+selected tags table, and displays a list of all the tags defined in that
+file. The ``file name'' argument is really just a string to compare
+against the names recorded in the tags table; it is read as a string rather
+than a file name. Therefore, completion and defaulting are not
+available, and you must enter the string the same way it appears in the tag
+table. Do not include a directory as part of the file name unless the file
+name recorded in the tags table contains that directory.
+
+@findex tags-apropos
+ @kbd{M-x tags-apropos} is like @code{apropos} for tags. It reads a regexp,
+then finds all the tags in the selected tags table whose entries match that
+regexp, and displays the tag names found.
+
+@node Fortran, Asm Mode, Tags, Programs
+@section Fortran Mode
+@cindex Fortran mode
+
+ Fortran mode provides special motion commands for Fortran statements and
+subprograms, and indentation commands that understand Fortran conventions
+of nesting, line numbers, and continuation statements.
+
+ Special commands for comments are provided because Fortran comments are
+unlike those of other languages.
+
+ Built-in abbrevs optionally save typing when you insert Fortran keywords.
+
+@findex fortran-mode
+ Use @kbd{M-x fortran-mode} to switch to this major mode. Doing so calls
+the value of @code{fortran-mode-hook} as a function of no arguments if
+that variable has a non-@code{nil} value.
+
+@menu
+* Motion: Fortran Motion. Moving point by statements or subprograms.
+* Indent: Fortran Indent. Indentation commands for Fortran.
+* Comments: Fortran Comments. Inserting and aligning comments.
+* Columns: Fortran Columns. Measuring columns for valid Fortran.
+* Abbrev: Fortran Abbrev. Built-in abbrevs for Fortran keywords.
+@end menu
+
+ Fortran mode was contributed by Michael Prange.
+
+@node Fortran Motion, Fortran Indent, Fortran, Fortran
+@subsection Motion Commands
+
+ Fortran mode provides special commands to move by subprograms (functions
+and subroutines) and by statements. There is also a command to put the
+region around one subprogram, which is convenient for killing it or moving it.
+
+@kindex C-M-a (Fortran mode)
+@kindex C-M-e (Fortran mode)
+@kindex C-M-h (Fortran mode)
+@kindex C-c C-p (Fortran mode)
+@kindex C-c C-n (Fortran mode)
+@findex beginning-of-fortran-subprogram
+@findex end-of-fortran-subprogram
+@findex mark-fortran-subprogram
+@findex fortran-previous-statement
+@findex fortran-next-statement
+
+@table @kbd
+@item C-M-a
+Move to beginning of subprogram@*
+(@code{beginning-of-fortran-subprogram}).
+@item C-M-e
+Move to end of subprogram (@code{end-of-fortran-subprogram}).
+@item C-M-h
+Put point at beginning of subprogram and mark at end
+(@code{mark-fortran-subprogram}).
+@item C-c C-n
+Move to beginning of current or next statement
+(@code{fortran-next-@*statement}).
+@item C-c C-p
+Move to beginning of current or previous statement
+(@code{fortran-@*previous-statement}).
+@end table
+
+@node Fortran Indent, Fortran Comments, Fortran Motion, Fortran
+@subsection Fortran Indentation
+
+ Special commands and features are available for indenting Fortran
+code. They make sure various syntactic entities (line numbers, comment line
+indicators, and continuation line flags) appear in the columns that are
+required for standard Fortran.
+
+@menu
+* Commands: ForIndent Commands. Commands for indenting Fortran.
+* Numbers: ForIndent Num. How line numbers auto-indent.
+* Conv: ForIndent Conv. Conventions you must obey to avoid trouble.
+* Vars: ForIndent Vars. Variables controlling Fortran indent style.
+@end menu
+
+@node ForIndent Commands, ForIndent Num, Fortran Indent, Fortran Indent
+@subsubsection Fortran Indentation Commands
+
+@table @kbd
+@item @key{TAB}
+Indent the current line (@code{fortran-indent-line}).
+@item M-@key{LFD}
+Break the current line and set up a continuation line.
+@item C-M-q
+Indent all the lines of the subprogram point is in
+(@code{fortran-indent-subprogram}).
+@end table
+
+@findex fortran-indent-line
+ @key{TAB} is redefined by Fortran mode to reindent the current line for
+Fortran (@code{fortran-indent-line}). Line numbers and continuation
+markers are indented to their required columns, and the body of the
+statement is independently indented, based on its nesting in the program.
+
+@kindex C-M-q (Fortran mode)
+@findex fortran-indent-subprogram
+ The key @kbd{C-M-q} is redefined as @code{fortran-indent-subprogram}, a
+command that reindents all the lines of the Fortran subprogram (function or
+subroutine) containing point.
+
+@kindex M-LFD (Fortran mode)
+@findex fortran-split-line
+ The key @kbd{M-@key{LFD}} is redefined as @code{fortran-split-line}, a
+command to split a line in the appropriate fashion for Fortran. In a
+non-comment line, the second half becomes a continuation line and is
+indented accordingly. In a comment line, both halves become separate
+comment lines.
+
+@node ForIndent Num, ForIndent Conv, ForIndent Commands, Fortran Indent
+@subsubsection Line Numbers and Continuation
+
+ If a number is the first non-whitespace in the line, it is assumed to be
+a line number and is moved to columns 0 through 4. (Columns are always
+counted from 0 in XEmacs.) If the text on the line starts with the
+conventional Fortran continuation marker @samp{$}, it is moved to column 5.
+If the text begins with any non whitespace character in column 5, it is
+assumed to be an unconventional continuation marker and remains in column
+5.
+
+@vindex fortran-line-number-indent
+ Line numbers of four digits or less are normally indented one space.
+This amount is controlled by the variable @code{fortran-line-number-indent},
+which is the maximum indentation a line number can have. Line numbers
+are indented to right-justify them to end in column 4 unless that would
+require more than the maximum indentation. The default value of the
+variable is 1.
+
+@vindex fortran-electric-line-number
+ Simply inserting a line number is enough to indent it according to these
+rules. As each digit is inserted, the indentation is recomputed. To turn
+off this feature, set the variable @code{fortran-electric-line-number} to
+@code{nil}. Then inserting line numbers is like inserting anything else.
+
+@node ForIndent Conv, ForIndent Vars, ForIndent Num, Fortran Indent
+@subsubsection Syntactic Conventions
+
+ Fortran mode assumes that you follow certain conventions that simplify
+the task of understanding a Fortran program well enough to indent it
+properly:
+
+@vindex fortran-continuation-char
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+Two nested @samp{do} loops never share a @samp{continue} statement.
+
+@item
+The same character appears in column 5 of all continuation lines. It
+is the value of the variable @code{fortran-continuation-char}.
+By default, this character is @samp{$}.
+@end itemize
+
+@noindent
+If you fail to follow these conventions, the indentation commands may
+indent some lines unaesthetically. However, a correct Fortran program will
+retain its meaning when reindented even if the conventions are not
+followed.
+
+@node ForIndent Vars,, ForIndent Conv, Fortran Indent
+@subsubsection Variables for Fortran Indentation
+
+@vindex fortran-do-indent
+@vindex fortran-if-indent
+@vindex fortran-continuation-indent
+@vindex fortran-check-all-num-for-matching-do
+@vindex fortran-minimum-statement-indent
+ Several additional variables control how Fortran indentation works.
+
+@table @code
+@item fortran-do-indent
+Extra indentation within each level of @samp{do} statement (the default is 3).
+
+@item fortran-if-indent
+Extra indentation within each level of @samp{if} statement (the default is 3).
+
+@item fortran-continuation-indent
+Extra indentation for bodies of continuation lines (the default is 5).
+
+@item fortran-check-all-num-for-matching-do
+If this is @code{nil}, indentation assumes that each @samp{do}
+statement ends on a @samp{continue} statement. Therefore, when
+computing indentation for a statement other than @samp{continue}, it
+can save time by not checking for a @samp{do} statement ending there.
+If this is non-@code{nil}, indenting any numbered statement must check
+for a @samp{do} that ends there. The default is @code{nil}.
+
+@item fortran-minimum-statement-indent
+Minimum indentation for Fortran statements. For standard Fortran,
+this is 6. Statement bodies are always indented at least this much.
+@end table
+
+@node Fortran Comments, Fortran Columns, Fortran Indent, Fortran
+@subsection Comments
+
+ The usual Emacs comment commands assume that a comment can follow a line
+of code. In Fortran, the standard comment syntax requires an entire line
+to be just a comment. Therefore, Fortran mode replaces the standard Emacs
+comment commands and defines some new variables.
+
+ Fortran mode can also handle a non-standard comment syntax where comments
+start with @samp{!} and can follow other text. Because only some Fortran
+compilers accept this syntax, Fortran mode will not insert such comments
+unless you have specified to do so in advance by setting the variable
+@code{comment-start} to @samp{"!"} (@pxref{Variables}).
+
+@table @kbd
+@item M-;
+Align comment or insert new comment (@code{fortran-comment-indent}).
+
+@item C-x ;
+Applies to nonstandard @samp{!} comments only.
+
+@item C-c ;
+Turn all lines of the region into comments, or (with arg)
+turn them back into real code (@code{fortran-comment-region}).
+@end table
+
+ @kbd{M-;} in Fortran mode is redefined as the command
+@code{fortran-comment-indent}. Like the usual @kbd{M-;} command,
+it recognizes an existing comment and aligns its text appropriately.
+If there is no existing comment, a comment is inserted and aligned.
+
+Inserting and aligning comments is not the same in Fortran mode as in
+other modes. When a new comment must be inserted, a full-line comment is
+inserted if the current line is blank. On a non-blank line, a
+non-standard @samp{!} comment is inserted if you previously specified
+you wanted to use them. Otherwise a full-line comment is inserted on a
+new line before the current line.
+
+ Non-standard @samp{!} comments are aligned like comments in other
+languages, but full-line comments are aligned differently. In a
+standard full-line comment, the comment delimiter itself must always
+appear in column zero. What can be aligned is the text within the
+comment. You can choose from three styles of alignment by setting the
+variable @code{fortran-comment-indent-style} to one of these values:
+
+@vindex fortran-comment-indent-style
+@vindex fortran-comment-line-column
+@table @code
+@item fixed
+The text is aligned at a fixed column, which is the value of
+@code{fortran-comment-line-column}. This is the default.
+@item relative
+The text is aligned as if it were a line of code, but with an
+additional @code{fortran-comment-line-column} columns of indentation.
+@item nil
+Text in full-line columns is not moved automatically.
+@end table
+
+@vindex fortran-comment-indent-char
+ You can also specify the character to be used to indent within
+full-line comments by setting the variable @code{fortran-comment-indent-char}
+to the character you want to use.
+
+@vindex comment-line-start
+@vindex comment-line-start-skip
+ Fortran mode introduces two variables @code{comment-line-start} and
+@code{comment-line-start-skip}, which do for full-line comments what
+@code{comment-start} and @code{comment-start-skip} do for
+ordinary text-following comments. Normally these are set properly by
+Fortran mode, so you do not need to change them.
+
+ The normal Emacs comment command @kbd{C-x ;} has not been redefined.
+It can therefore be used if you use @samp{!} comments, but is useless in
+Fortran mode otherwise.
+
+@kindex C-c ; (Fortran mode)
+@findex fortran-comment-region
+@vindex fortran-comment-region
+ The command @kbd{C-c ;} (@code{fortran-comment-region}) turns all the
+lines of the region into comments by inserting the string @samp{C$$$} at
+the front of each one. With a numeric arg, the region is turned back into
+live code by deleting @samp{C$$$} from the front of each line. You can
+control the string used for the comments by setting the variable
+@code{fortran-comment-region}. Note that here we have an example of a
+command and a variable with the same name; the two uses of the name never
+conflict because in Lisp and in Emacs it is always clear from the context
+which one is referred to.
+
+@node Fortran Columns, Fortran Abbrev, Fortran Comments, Fortran
+@subsection Columns
+
+@table @kbd
+@item C-c C-r
+Displays a ``column ruler'' momentarily above the current line
+(@code{fortran-column-ruler}).
+@item C-c C-w
+Splits the current window horizontally so that it is 72 columns wide.
+This may help you avoid going over that limit (@code{fortran-window-create}).
+@end table
+
+@kindex C-c C-r (Fortran mode)
+@findex fortran-column-ruler
+ The command @kbd{C-c C-r} (@code{fortran-column-ruler}) shows a column
+ruler above the current line. The comment ruler consists of two lines
+of text that show you the locations of columns with special significance
+in Fortran programs. Square brackets show the limits of the columns for
+line numbers, and curly brackets show the limits of the columns for the
+statement body. Column numbers appear above them.
+
+ Note that the column numbers count from zero, as always in XEmacs. As
+a result, the numbers may not be those you are familiar with; but the
+actual positions in the line are standard Fortran.
+
+ The text used to display the column ruler is the value of the variable
+@code{fortran-comment-ruler}. By changing this variable, you can change
+the display.
+
+@kindex C-c C-w (Fortran mode)
+@findex fortran-window-create
+ For even more help, use @kbd{C-c C-w} (@code{fortran-window-create}), a
+command which splits the current window horizontally, resulting in a window 72
+columns wide. When you edit in this window, you can immediately see
+when a line gets too wide to be correct Fortran.
+
+@node Fortran Abbrev,, Fortran Columns, Fortran
+@subsection Fortran Keyword Abbrevs
+
+ Fortran mode provides many built-in abbrevs for common keywords and
+declarations. These are the same sort of abbrevs that you can define
+yourself. To use them, you must turn on Abbrev mode. @pxref{Abbrevs}.
+
+ The built-in abbrevs are unusual in one way: they all start with a
+semicolon. You cannot normally use semicolon in an abbrev, but Fortran
+mode makes this possible by changing the syntax of semicolon to ``word
+constituent''.
+
+ For example, one built-in Fortran abbrev is @samp{;c} for
+@samp{continue}. If you insert @samp{;c} and then insert a punctuation
+character such as a space or a newline, the @samp{;c} changes
+automatically to @samp{continue}, provided Abbrev mode is enabled.@refill
+
+ Type @samp{;?} or @samp{;C-h} to display a list of all built-in
+Fortran abbrevs and what they stand for.
+
+@node Asm Mode,, Fortran, Programs
+@section Asm Mode
+
+@cindex Asm mode
+Asm mode is a major mode for editing files of assembler code. It
+defines these commands:
+
+@table @kbd
+@item @key{TAB}
+@code{tab-to-tab-stop}.
+@item @key{LFD}
+Insert a newline and then indent using @code{tab-to-tab-stop}.
+@item :
+Insert a colon and then remove the indentation from before the label
+preceding colon. Then do @code{tab-to-tab-stop}.
+@item ;
+Insert or align a comment.
+@end table
+
+ The variable @code{asm-comment-char} specifies which character
+starts comments in assembler syntax.
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