X-Git-Url: http://git.chise.org/gitweb/?a=blobdiff_plain;f=info%2Fstandards.info-3;h=5a6af11c898db5d05ada24e52b598fe7db676f58;hb=83d336217a47cd6b816a3c843f439c329f1afb21;hp=426dd71356f76023257f236b868a2da48e58423c;hpb=430e0db85cc37821320fe27da9feeacc7961003f;p=chise%2Fxemacs-chise.git diff --git a/info/standards.info-3 b/info/standards.info-3 index 426dd71..5a6af11 100644 --- a/info/standards.info-3 +++ b/info/standards.info-3 @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -This is Info file ../info/standards.info, produced by Makeinfo version -1.68 from the input file standards.texi. +This is ../info/standards.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.0 from +standards.texi. START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY * Standards: (standards). GNU coding standards. END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY - GNU Coding Standards Copyright (C) 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996 Free -Software Foundation, Inc. + GNU Coding Standards Copyright (C) 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, +1997, 1998, 1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are @@ -23,7 +23,389 @@ versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved by the Free Software Foundation.  -File: standards.info, Node: Standard Targets, Prev: Directory Variables, Up: Makefile Conventions +File: standards.info, Node: Utilities in Makefiles, Next: Command Variables, Prev: Makefile Basics, Up: Makefile Conventions + +Utilities in Makefiles +---------------------- + + Write the Makefile commands (and any shell scripts, such as +`configure') to run in `sh', not in `csh'. Don't use any special +features of `ksh' or `bash'. + + The `configure' script and the Makefile rules for building and +installation should not use any utilities directly except these: + + cat cmp cp diff echo egrep expr false grep install-info + ln ls mkdir mv pwd rm rmdir sed sleep sort tar test touch true + + The compression program `gzip' can be used in the `dist' rule. + + Stick to the generally supported options for these programs. For +example, don't use `mkdir -p', convenient as it may be, because most +systems don't support it. + + It is a good idea to avoid creating symbolic links in makefiles, +since a few systems don't support them. + + The Makefile rules for building and installation can also use +compilers and related programs, but should do so via `make' variables +so that the user can substitute alternatives. Here are some of the +programs we mean: + + ar bison cc flex install ld ldconfig lex + make makeinfo ranlib texi2dvi yacc + + Use the following `make' variables to run those programs: + + $(AR) $(BISON) $(CC) $(FLEX) $(INSTALL) $(LD) $(LDCONFIG) $(LEX) + $(MAKE) $(MAKEINFO) $(RANLIB) $(TEXI2DVI) $(YACC) + + When you use `ranlib' or `ldconfig', you should make sure nothing +bad happens if the system does not have the program in question. +Arrange to ignore an error from that command, and print a message before +the command to tell the user that failure of this command does not mean +a problem. (The Autoconf `AC_PROG_RANLIB' macro can help with this.) + + If you use symbolic links, you should implement a fallback for +systems that don't have symbolic links. + + Additional utilities that can be used via Make variables are: + + chgrp chmod chown mknod + + It is ok to use other utilities in Makefile portions (or scripts) +intended only for particular systems where you know those utilities +exist. + + +File: standards.info, Node: Command Variables, Next: Directory Variables, Prev: Utilities in Makefiles, Up: Makefile Conventions + +Variables for Specifying Commands +--------------------------------- + + Makefiles should provide variables for overriding certain commands, +options, and so on. + + In particular, you should run most utility programs via variables. +Thus, if you use Bison, have a variable named `BISON' whose default +value is set with `BISON = bison', and refer to it with `$(BISON)' +whenever you need to use Bison. + + File management utilities such as `ln', `rm', `mv', and so on, need +not be referred to through variables in this way, since users don't +need to replace them with other programs. + + Each program-name variable should come with an options variable that +is used to supply options to the program. Append `FLAGS' to the +program-name variable name to get the options variable name--for +example, `BISONFLAGS'. (The names `CFLAGS' for the C compiler, +`YFLAGS' for yacc, and `LFLAGS' for lex, are exceptions to this rule, +but we keep them because they are standard.) Use `CPPFLAGS' in any +compilation command that runs the preprocessor, and use `LDFLAGS' in +any compilation command that does linking as well as in any direct use +of `ld'. + + If there are C compiler options that _must_ be used for proper +compilation of certain files, do not include them in `CFLAGS'. Users +expect to be able to specify `CFLAGS' freely themselves. Instead, +arrange to pass the necessary options to the C compiler independently +of `CFLAGS', by writing them explicitly in the compilation commands or +by defining an implicit rule, like this: + + CFLAGS = -g + ALL_CFLAGS = -I. $(CFLAGS) + .c.o: + $(CC) -c $(CPPFLAGS) $(ALL_CFLAGS) $< + + Do include the `-g' option in `CFLAGS', because that is not +_required_ for proper compilation. You can consider it a default that +is only recommended. If the package is set up so that it is compiled +with GCC by default, then you might as well include `-O' in the default +value of `CFLAGS' as well. + + Put `CFLAGS' last in the compilation command, after other variables +containing compiler options, so the user can use `CFLAGS' to override +the others. + + `CFLAGS' should be used in every invocation of the C compiler, both +those which do compilation and those which do linking. + + Every Makefile should define the variable `INSTALL', which is the +basic command for installing a file into the system. + + Every Makefile should also define the variables `INSTALL_PROGRAM' +and `INSTALL_DATA'. (The default for each of these should be +`$(INSTALL)'.) Then it should use those variables as the commands for +actual installation, for executables and nonexecutables respectively. +Use these variables as follows: + + $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) foo $(bindir)/foo + $(INSTALL_DATA) libfoo.a $(libdir)/libfoo.a + + Optionally, you may prepend the value of `DESTDIR' to the target +filename. Doing this allows the installer to create a snapshot of the +installation to be copied onto the real target filesystem later. Do not +set the value of `DESTDIR' in your Makefile, and do not include it in +any installed files. With support for `DESTDIR', the above examples +become: + + $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) foo $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/foo + $(INSTALL_DATA) libfoo.a $(DESTDIR)$(libdir)/libfoo.a + +Always use a file name, not a directory name, as the second argument of +the installation commands. Use a separate command for each file to be +installed. + + +File: standards.info, Node: Directory Variables, Next: Standard Targets, Prev: Command Variables, Up: Makefile Conventions + +Variables for Installation Directories +-------------------------------------- + + Installation directories should always be named by variables, so it +is easy to install in a nonstandard place. The standard names for these +variables are described below. They are based on a standard filesystem +layout; variants of it are used in SVR4, 4.4BSD, Linux, Ultrix v4, and +other modern operating systems. + + These two variables set the root for the installation. All the other +installation directories should be subdirectories of one of these two, +and nothing should be directly installed into these two directories. + +`prefix' + A prefix used in constructing the default values of the variables + listed below. The default value of `prefix' should be + `/usr/local'. When building the complete GNU system, the prefix + will be empty and `/usr' will be a symbolic link to `/'. (If you + are using Autoconf, write it as `@prefix@'.) + + Running `make install' with a different value of `prefix' from the + one used to build the program should NOT recompile the program. + +`exec_prefix' + A prefix used in constructing the default values of some of the + variables listed below. The default value of `exec_prefix' should + be `$(prefix)'. (If you are using Autoconf, write it as + `@exec_prefix@'.) + + Generally, `$(exec_prefix)' is used for directories that contain + machine-specific files (such as executables and subroutine + libraries), while `$(prefix)' is used directly for other + directories. + + Running `make install' with a different value of `exec_prefix' + from the one used to build the program should NOT recompile the + program. + + Executable programs are installed in one of the following +directories. + +`bindir' + The directory for installing executable programs that users can + run. This should normally be `/usr/local/bin', but write it as + `$(exec_prefix)/bin'. (If you are using Autoconf, write it as + `@bindir@'.) + +`sbindir' + The directory for installing executable programs that can be run + from the shell, but are only generally useful to system + administrators. This should normally be `/usr/local/sbin', but + write it as `$(exec_prefix)/sbin'. (If you are using Autoconf, + write it as `@sbindir@'.) + +`libexecdir' + The directory for installing executable programs to be run by other + programs rather than by users. This directory should normally be + `/usr/local/libexec', but write it as `$(exec_prefix)/libexec'. + (If you are using Autoconf, write it as `@libexecdir@'.) + + Data files used by the program during its execution are divided into +categories in two ways. + + * Some files are normally modified by programs; others are never + normally modified (though users may edit some of these). + + * Some files are architecture-independent and can be shared by all + machines at a site; some are architecture-dependent and can be + shared only by machines of the same kind and operating system; + others may never be shared between two machines. + + This makes for six different possibilities. However, we want to +discourage the use of architecture-dependent files, aside from object +files and libraries. It is much cleaner to make other data files +architecture-independent, and it is generally not hard. + + Therefore, here are the variables Makefiles should use to specify +directories: + +`datadir' + The directory for installing read-only architecture independent + data files. This should normally be `/usr/local/share', but write + it as `$(prefix)/share'. (If you are using Autoconf, write it as + `@datadir@'.) As a special exception, see `$(infodir)' and + `$(includedir)' below. + +`sysconfdir' + The directory for installing read-only data files that pertain to a + single machine-that is to say, files for configuring a host. + Mailer and network configuration files, `/etc/passwd', and so + forth belong here. All the files in this directory should be + ordinary ASCII text files. This directory should normally be + `/usr/local/etc', but write it as `$(prefix)/etc'. (If you are + using Autoconf, write it as `@sysconfdir@'.) + + Do not install executables here in this directory (they probably + belong in `$(libexecdir)' or `$(sbindir)'). Also do not install + files that are modified in the normal course of their use (programs + whose purpose is to change the configuration of the system + excluded). Those probably belong in `$(localstatedir)'. + +`sharedstatedir' + The directory for installing architecture-independent data files + which the programs modify while they run. This should normally be + `/usr/local/com', but write it as `$(prefix)/com'. (If you are + using Autoconf, write it as `@sharedstatedir@'.) + +`localstatedir' + The directory for installing data files which the programs modify + while they run, and that pertain to one specific machine. Users + should never need to modify files in this directory to configure + the package's operation; put such configuration information in + separate files that go in `$(datadir)' or `$(sysconfdir)'. + `$(localstatedir)' should normally be `/usr/local/var', but write + it as `$(prefix)/var'. (If you are using Autoconf, write it as + `@localstatedir@'.) + +`libdir' + The directory for object files and libraries of object code. Do + not install executables here, they probably ought to go in + `$(libexecdir)' instead. The value of `libdir' should normally be + `/usr/local/lib', but write it as `$(exec_prefix)/lib'. (If you + are using Autoconf, write it as `@libdir@'.) + +`infodir' + The directory for installing the Info files for this package. By + default, it should be `/usr/local/info', but it should be written + as `$(prefix)/info'. (If you are using Autoconf, write it as + `@infodir@'.) + +`lispdir' + The directory for installing any Emacs Lisp files in this package. + By default, it should be `/usr/local/share/emacs/site-lisp', but + it should be written as `$(prefix)/share/emacs/site-lisp'. + + If you are using Autoconf, write the default as `@lispdir@'. In + order to make `@lispdir@' work, you need the following lines in + your `configure.in' file: + + lispdir='${datadir}/emacs/site-lisp' + AC_SUBST(lispdir) + +`includedir' + The directory for installing header files to be included by user + programs with the C `#include' preprocessor directive. This + should normally be `/usr/local/include', but write it as + `$(prefix)/include'. (If you are using Autoconf, write it as + `@includedir@'.) + + Most compilers other than GCC do not look for header files in + directory `/usr/local/include'. So installing the header files + this way is only useful with GCC. Sometimes this is not a problem + because some libraries are only really intended to work with GCC. + But some libraries are intended to work with other compilers. + They should install their header files in two places, one + specified by `includedir' and one specified by `oldincludedir'. + +`oldincludedir' + The directory for installing `#include' header files for use with + compilers other than GCC. This should normally be `/usr/include'. + (If you are using Autoconf, you can write it as `@oldincludedir@'.) + + The Makefile commands should check whether the value of + `oldincludedir' is empty. If it is, they should not try to use + it; they should cancel the second installation of the header files. + + A package should not replace an existing header in this directory + unless the header came from the same package. Thus, if your Foo + package provides a header file `foo.h', then it should install the + header file in the `oldincludedir' directory if either (1) there + is no `foo.h' there or (2) the `foo.h' that exists came from the + Foo package. + + To tell whether `foo.h' came from the Foo package, put a magic + string in the file--part of a comment--and `grep' for that string. + + Unix-style man pages are installed in one of the following: + +`mandir' + The top-level directory for installing the man pages (if any) for + this package. It will normally be `/usr/local/man', but you should + write it as `$(prefix)/man'. (If you are using Autoconf, write it + as `@mandir@'.) + +`man1dir' + The directory for installing section 1 man pages. Write it as + `$(mandir)/man1'. + +`man2dir' + The directory for installing section 2 man pages. Write it as + `$(mandir)/man2' + +`...' + *Don't make the primary documentation for any GNU software be a + man page. Write a manual in Texinfo instead. Man pages are just + for the sake of people running GNU software on Unix, which is a + secondary application only.* + +`manext' + The file name extension for the installed man page. This should + contain a period followed by the appropriate digit; it should + normally be `.1'. + +`man1ext' + The file name extension for installed section 1 man pages. + +`man2ext' + The file name extension for installed section 2 man pages. + +`...' + Use these names instead of `manext' if the package needs to + install man pages in more than one section of the manual. + + And finally, you should set the following variable: + +`srcdir' + The directory for the sources being compiled. The value of this + variable is normally inserted by the `configure' shell script. + (If you are using Autoconf, use `srcdir = @srcdir@'.) + + For example: + + # Common prefix for installation directories. + # NOTE: This directory must exist when you start the install. + prefix = /usr/local + exec_prefix = $(prefix) + # Where to put the executable for the command `gcc'. + bindir = $(exec_prefix)/bin + # Where to put the directories used by the compiler. + libexecdir = $(exec_prefix)/libexec + # Where to put the Info files. + infodir = $(prefix)/info + + If your program installs a large number of files into one of the +standard user-specified directories, it might be useful to group them +into a subdirectory particular to that program. If you do this, you +should write the `install' rule to create these subdirectories. + + Do not expect the user to include the subdirectory name in the value +of any of the variables listed above. The idea of having a uniform set +of variable names for installation directories is to enable the user to +specify the exact same values for several different GNU packages. In +order for this to be useful, all the packages must be designed so that +they will work sensibly when the user does so. + + +File: standards.info, Node: Standard Targets, Next: Install Command Categories, Prev: Directory Variables, Up: Makefile Conventions Standard Targets for Users -------------------------- @@ -68,17 +450,18 @@ Makefiles: that don't have the Unix man page documentation system installed. The way to install Info files is to copy them into `$(infodir)' - with `$(INSTALL_DATA)' (*note Command Variables::.), and then run + with `$(INSTALL_DATA)' (*note Command Variables::), and then run the `install-info' program if it is present. `install-info' is a program that edits the Info `dir' file to add or update the menu entry for the given Info file; it is part of the Texinfo package. Here is a sample rule to install an Info file: - $(infodir)/foo.info: foo.info + $(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/foo.info: foo.info + $(POST_INSTALL) # There may be a newer info file in . than in srcdir. -if test -f foo.info; then d=.; \ else d=$(srcdir); fi; \ - $(INSTALL_DATA) $$d/foo.info $@; \ + $(INSTALL_DATA) $$d/foo.info $(DESTDIR)$@; \ # Run install-info only if it exists. # Use `if' instead of just prepending `-' to the # line so we notice real errors from install-info. @@ -86,21 +469,30 @@ Makefiles: # fail gracefully when there is an unknown command. if $(SHELL) -c 'install-info --version' \ >/dev/null 2>&1; then \ - install-info --dir-file=$(infodir)/dir \ - $(infodir)/foo.info; \ + install-info --dir-file=$(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/dir \ + $(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/foo.info; \ else true; fi + When writing the `install' target, you must classify all the + commands into three categories: normal ones, "pre-installation" + commands and "post-installation" commands. *Note Install Command + Categories::. + `uninstall' - Delete all the installed files that the `install' target would - create (but not the noninstalled files such as `make all' would - create). + Delete all the installed files--the copies that the `install' + target creates. This rule should not modify the directories where compilation is done, only the directories where files are installed. + The uninstallation commands are divided into three categories, + just like the installation commands. *Note Install Command + Categories::. + `install-strip' Like `install', but strip the executable files while installing - them. The definition of this target can be very simple: + them. In many cases, the definition of this target can be very + simple: install-strip: $(MAKE) INSTALL_PROGRAM='$(INSTALL_PROGRAM) -s' \ @@ -177,6 +569,12 @@ Makefiles: run the `makeinfo' program, which is part of the Texinfo distribution. + Normally a GNU distribution comes with Info files, and that means + the Info files are present in the source directory. Therefore, + the Make rule for an info file should update it in the source + directory. When users build the package, ordinarily Make will not + update the Info files because they will already be up to date. + `dvi' Generate DVI files for all Texinfo documentation. For example: @@ -203,7 +601,7 @@ Makefiles: appropriately named, use `ln' or `cp' to install the proper files in it, and then `tar' that subdirectory. - Compress the tar file with `gzip'. For example, the actual + Compress the tar file file with `gzip'. For example, the actual distribution file for GCC version 1.40 is called `gcc-1.40.tar.gz'. The `dist' target should explicitly depend on all non-source files @@ -247,14 +645,120 @@ programs in which they are useful. not distributed with Texinfo.  +File: standards.info, Node: Install Command Categories, Prev: Standard Targets, Up: Makefile Conventions + +Install Command Categories +-------------------------- + + When writing the `install' target, you must classify all the +commands into three categories: normal ones, "pre-installation" +commands and "post-installation" commands. + + Normal commands move files into their proper places, and set their +modes. They may not alter any files except the ones that come entirely +from the package they belong to. + + Pre-installation and post-installation commands may alter other +files; in particular, they can edit global configuration files or data +bases. + + Pre-installation commands are typically executed before the normal +commands, and post-installation commands are typically run after the +normal commands. + + The most common use for a post-installation command is to run +`install-info'. This cannot be done with a normal command, since it +alters a file (the Info directory) which does not come entirely and +solely from the package being installed. It is a post-installation +command because it needs to be done after the normal command which +installs the package's Info files. + + Most programs don't need any pre-installation commands, but we have +the feature just in case it is needed. + + To classify the commands in the `install' rule into these three +categories, insert "category lines" among them. A category line +specifies the category for the commands that follow. + + A category line consists of a tab and a reference to a special Make +variable, plus an optional comment at the end. There are three +variables you can use, one for each category; the variable name +specifies the category. Category lines are no-ops in ordinary execution +because these three Make variables are normally undefined (and you +_should not_ define them in the makefile). + + Here are the three possible category lines, each with a comment that +explains what it means: + + $(PRE_INSTALL) # Pre-install commands follow. + $(POST_INSTALL) # Post-install commands follow. + $(NORMAL_INSTALL) # Normal commands follow. + + If you don't use a category line at the beginning of the `install' +rule, all the commands are classified as normal until the first category +line. If you don't use any category lines, all the commands are +classified as normal. + + These are the category lines for `uninstall': + + $(PRE_UNINSTALL) # Pre-uninstall commands follow. + $(POST_UNINSTALL) # Post-uninstall commands follow. + $(NORMAL_UNINSTALL) # Normal commands follow. + + Typically, a pre-uninstall command would be used for deleting entries +from the Info directory. + + If the `install' or `uninstall' target has any dependencies which +act as subroutines of installation, then you should start _each_ +dependency's commands with a category line, and start the main target's +commands with a category line also. This way, you can ensure that each +command is placed in the right category regardless of which of the +dependencies actually run. + + Pre-installation and post-installation commands should not run any +programs except for these: + + [ basename bash cat chgrp chmod chown cmp cp dd diff echo + egrep expand expr false fgrep find getopt grep gunzip gzip + hostname install install-info kill ldconfig ln ls md5sum + mkdir mkfifo mknod mv printenv pwd rm rmdir sed sort tee + test touch true uname xargs yes + + The reason for distinguishing the commands in this way is for the +sake of making binary packages. Typically a binary package contains +all the executables and other files that need to be installed, and has +its own method of installing them--so it does not need to run the normal +installation commands. But installing the binary package does need to +execute the pre-installation and post-installation commands. + + Programs to build binary packages work by extracting the +pre-installation and post-installation commands. Here is one way of +extracting the pre-installation commands: + + make -n install -o all \ + PRE_INSTALL=pre-install \ + POST_INSTALL=post-install \ + NORMAL_INSTALL=normal-install \ + | gawk -f pre-install.awk + +where the file `pre-install.awk' could contain this: + + $0 ~ /^\t[ \t]*(normal_install|post_install)[ \t]*$/ {on = 0} + on {print $0} + $0 ~ /^\t[ \t]*pre_install[ \t]*$/ {on = 1} + + The resulting file of pre-installation commands is executed as a +shell script as part of installing the binary package. + + File: standards.info, Node: Releases, Prev: Makefile Conventions, Up: Managing Releases Making Releases =============== - Package the distribution of Foo version 69.96 in a gzipped tar file -named `foo-69.96.tar.gz'. It should unpack into a subdirectory named -`foo-69.96'. + Package the distribution of `Foo version 69.96' up in a gzipped tar +file with the name `foo-69.96.tar.gz'. It should unpack into a +subdirectory named `foo-69.96'. Building and installing the program should never modify any of the files contained in the distribution. This means that all the files @@ -263,6 +767,21 @@ files" and "non-source files". Source files are written by humans and never changed automatically; non-source files are produced from source files by programs under the control of the Makefile. + The distribution should contain a file named `README' which gives +the name of the package, and a general description of what it does. It +is also good to explain the purpose of each of the first-level +subdirectories in the package, if there are any. The `README' file +should either state the version number of the package, or refer to where +in the package it can be found. + + The `README' file should refer to the file `INSTALL', which should +contain an explanation of the installation procedure. + + The `README' file should also refer to the file which contains the +copying conditions. The GNU GPL, if used, should be in a file called +`COPYING'. If the GNU LGPL is used, it should be in a file called +`COPYING.LIB'. + Naturally, all the source files must be in the distribution. It is okay to include non-source files in the distribution, provided they are up-to-date and machine-independent, so that building the distribution @@ -313,4 +832,32 @@ file. Leaving them out would make the distribution file a little smaller at the expense of possible inconvenience to a user who doesn't know what other files to get. + +File: standards.info, Node: References, Prev: Managing Releases, Up: Top + +References to Non-Free Software and Documentation +************************************************* + + A GNU program should not recommend use of any non-free program. We +can't stop some people from writing proprietary programs, or stop other +people from using them. But we can and should avoid helping to +advertise them to new customers. + + Sometimes it is important to mention how to build your package on +top of some non-free operating system or other non-free base package. +In such cases, please mention the name of the non-free package or +system in the briefest possible way. Don't include any references for +where to find more information about the proprietary program. The goal +should be that people already using the proprietary program will get +the advice they need about how to use your free program, while people +who don't already use the proprietary program will not see anything to +encourage them to take an interest in it. + + Likewise, a GNU package should not refer the user to any non-free +documentation for free software. The need for free documentation to go +with free software is now a major focus of the GNU project; to show that +we are serious about the need for free documentation, we must not +undermine our position by recommending use of documentation that isn't +free. +