X-Git-Url: http://git.chise.org/gitweb/?a=blobdiff_plain;f=info%2Fxemacs.info-10;h=e8f5cf6e86976f4df0843e2e3530e2354f5026cf;hb=acc8c67de8f1bf9102f97c3a93e842ef83049ad8;hp=40b8bfb3d441b800c30dd8ab31140db2d69153a3;hpb=dd8f4c0e5ff27909836e7478df6b17d816a0db28;p=chise%2Fxemacs-chise.git diff --git a/info/xemacs.info-10 b/info/xemacs.info-10 index 40b8bfb..e8f5cf6 100644 --- a/info/xemacs.info-10 +++ b/info/xemacs.info-10 @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -This is ../info/xemacs.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.0 from +This is ../info/xemacs.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.0b from xemacs/xemacs.texi. INFO-DIR-SECTION XEmacs Editor @@ -30,6 +30,657 @@ versions, except that the sections entitled "The GNU Manifesto", translation approved by the author instead of in the original English.  +File: xemacs.info, Node: Specify Coding, Prev: Recognize Coding, Up: Mule + +Specifying a Coding System +========================== + + In cases where XEmacs does not automatically choose the right coding +system, you can use these commands to specify one: + +`C-x f CODING ' + Use coding system CODING for the visited file in the current + buffer. + +`C-x c CODING ' + Specify coding system CODING for the immediately following command. + +`C-x k CODING ' + Use coding system CODING for keyboard input. + +`C-x t CODING ' + Use coding system CODING for terminal output. + +`C-x p CODING ' + Use coding system CODING for subprocess input and output in the + current buffer. + + The command `C-x RET f' (`set-buffer-file-coding-system') specifies +the file coding system for the current buffer--in other words, which +coding system to use when saving or rereading the visited file. You +specify which coding system using the minibuffer. Since this command +applies to a file you have already visited, it affects only the way the +file is saved. + + Another way to specify the coding system for a file is when you visit +the file. First use the command `C-x c' +(`universal-coding-system-argument'); this command uses the minibuffer +to read a coding system name. After you exit the minibuffer, the +specified coding system is used for _the immediately following command_. + + So if the immediately following command is `C-x C-f', for example, +it reads the file using that coding system (and records the coding +system for when the file is saved). Or if the immediately following +command is `C-x C-w', it writes the file using that coding system. +Other file commands affected by a specified coding system include `C-x +C-i' and `C-x C-v', as well as the other-window variants of `C-x C-f'. + + In addition, if you run some file input commands with the precedent +`C-u', you can specify coding system to read from minibuffer. So if +the immediately following command is `C-x C-f', for example, it reads +the file using that coding system (and records the coding system for +when the file is saved). Other file commands affected by a specified +coding system include `C-x C-i' and `C-x C-v', as well as the +other-window variants of `C-x C-f'. + + The variable `default-buffer-file-coding-system' specifies the +choice of coding system to use when you create a new file. It applies +when you find a new file, and when you create a buffer and then save it +in a file. Selecting a language environment typically sets this +variable to a good choice of default coding system for that language +environment. + + The command `C-x t' (`set-terminal-coding-system') specifies +the coding system for terminal output. If you specify a character code +for terminal output, all characters output to the terminal are +translated into that coding system. + + This feature is useful for certain character-only terminals built to +support specific languages or character sets--for example, European +terminals that support one of the ISO Latin character sets. + + By default, output to the terminal is not translated at all. + + The command `C-x k' (`set-keyboard-coding-system') specifies +the coding system for keyboard input. Character-code translation of +keyboard input is useful for terminals with keys that send non-ASCII +graphic characters--for example, some terminals designed for ISO +Latin-1 or subsets of it. + + By default, keyboard input is not translated at all. + + There is a similarity between using a coding system translation for +keyboard input, and using an input method: both define sequences of +keyboard input that translate into single characters. However, input +methods are designed to be convenient for interactive use by humans, and +the sequences that are translated are typically sequences of ASCII +printing characters. Coding systems typically translate sequences of +non-graphic characters. + + The command `C-x p' (`set-buffer-process-coding-system') +specifies the coding system for input and output to a subprocess. This +command applies to the current buffer; normally, each subprocess has its +own buffer, and thus you can use this command to specify translation to +and from a particular subprocess by giving the command in the +corresponding buffer. + + By default, process input and output are not translated at all. + + The variable `file-name-coding-system' specifies a coding system to +use for encoding file names. If you set the variable to a coding +system name (as a Lisp symbol or a string), XEmacs encodes file names +using that coding system for all file operations. This makes it +possible to use non-Latin-1 characters in file names--or, at least, +those non-Latin-1 characters which the specified coding system can +encode. By default, this variable is `nil', which implies that you +cannot use non-Latin-1 characters in file names. + + +File: xemacs.info, Node: Major Modes, Next: Indentation, Prev: Mule, Up: Top + +Major Modes +*********** + + Emacs has many different "major modes", each of which customizes +Emacs for editing text of a particular sort. The major modes are +mutually exclusive; at any time, each buffer has one major mode. The +mode line normally contains the name of the current major mode in +parentheses. *Note Mode Line::. + + The least specialized major mode is called "Fundamental mode". This +mode has no mode-specific redefinitions or variable settings. Each +Emacs command behaves in its most general manner, and each option is in +its default state. For editing any specific type of text, such as Lisp +code or English text, you should switch to the appropriate major mode, +such as Lisp mode or Text mode. + + Selecting a major mode changes the meanings of a few keys to become +more specifically adapted to the language being edited. , , +and are changed frequently. In addition, commands which handle +comments use the mode to determine how to delimit comments. Many major +modes redefine the syntactical properties of characters appearing in +the buffer. *Note Syntax::. + + The major modes fall into three major groups. Lisp mode (which has +several variants), C mode, and Muddle mode are for specific programming +languages. Text mode, Nroff mode, TeX mode, and Outline mode are for +editing English text. The remaining major modes are not intended for +use on users' files; they are used in buffers created by Emacs for +specific purposes and include Dired mode for buffers made by Dired +(*note Dired::), Mail mode for buffers made by `C-x m' (*note Sending +Mail::), and Shell mode for buffers used for communicating with an +inferior shell process (*note Interactive Shell::). + + Most programming language major modes specify that only blank lines +separate paragraphs. This is so that the paragraph commands remain +useful. *Note Paragraphs::. They also cause Auto Fill mode to use the +definition of to indent the new lines it creates. This is +because most lines in a program are usually indented. *Note +Indentation::. + +* Menu: + +* Choosing Modes:: How major modes are specified or chosen. + + +File: xemacs.info, Node: Choosing Modes, Prev: Major Modes, Up: Major Modes + +Choosing Major Modes +==================== + + You can select a major mode explicitly for the current buffer, but +most of the time Emacs determines which mode to use based on the file +name or some text in the file. + + Use a `M-x' command to explicitly select a new major mode. Add +`-mode' to the name of a major mode to get the name of a command to +select that mode. For example, to enter Lisp mode, execute `M-x +lisp-mode'. + + When you visit a file, Emacs usually chooses the right major mode +based on the file's name. For example, files whose names end in `.c' +are edited in C mode. The variable `auto-mode-alist' controls the +correspondence between file names and major mode. Its value is a list +in which each element has the form: + + (REGEXP . MODE-FUNCTION) + +For example, one element normally found in the list has the form +`("\\.c$" . c-mode)'. It is responsible for selecting C mode for files +whose names end in `.c'. (Note that `\\' is needed in Lisp syntax to +include a `\' in the string, which is needed to suppress the special +meaning of `.' in regexps.) The only practical way to change this +variable is with Lisp code. + + You can specify which major mode should be used for editing a certain +file by a special sort of text in the first non-blank line of the file. +The mode name should appear in this line both preceded and followed by +`-*-'. Other text may appear on the line as well. For example, + + ;-*-Lisp-*- + +tells Emacs to use Lisp mode. Note how the semicolon is used to make +Lisp treat this line as a comment. Such an explicit specification +overrides any default mode based on the file name. + + Another format of mode specification is: + + -*-Mode: MODENAME;-*- + +which allows other things besides the major mode name to be specified. +However, Emacs does not look for anything except the mode name. + + The major mode can also be specified in a local variables list. +*Note File Variables::. + + When you visit a file that does not specify a major mode to use, or +when you create a new buffer with `C-x b', Emacs uses the major mode +specified by the variable `default-major-mode'. Normally this value is +the symbol `fundamental-mode', which specifies Fundamental mode. If +`default-major-mode' is `nil', the major mode is taken from the +previously selected buffer. + + +File: xemacs.info, Node: Indentation, Next: Text, Prev: Major Modes, Up: Top + +Indentation +*********** + +`' + Indent current line "appropriately" in a mode-dependent fashion. + +`' + Perform followed by (`newline-and-indent'). + +`M-^' + Merge two lines (`delete-indentation'). This would cancel out the + effect of . + +`C-M-o' + Split line at point; text on the line after point becomes a new + line indented to the same column that it now starts in + (`split-line'). + +`M-m' + Move (forward or back) to the first non-blank character on the + current line (`back-to-indentation'). + +`C-M-\' + Indent several lines to same column (`indent-region'). + +`C-x ' + Shift block of lines rigidly right or left (`indent-rigidly'). + +`M-i' + Indent from point to the next prespecified tab stop column + (`tab-to-tab-stop'). + +`M-x indent-relative' + Indent from point to under an indentation point in the previous + line. + + Most programming languages have some indentation convention. For +Lisp code, lines are indented according to their nesting in +parentheses. The same general idea is used for C code, though details +differ. + + Use the command to indent a line whatever the language. Each +major mode defines this command to perform indentation appropriate for +the particular language. In Lisp mode, aligns a line according +to its depth in parentheses. No matter where in the line you are when +you type , it aligns the line as a whole. In C mode, +implements a subtle and sophisticated indentation style that knows +about many aspects of C syntax. + + In Text mode, runs the command `tab-to-tab-stop', which +indents to the next tab stop column. You can set the tab stops with +`M-x edit-tab-stops'. + +* Menu: + +* Indentation Commands:: Various commands and techniques for indentation. +* Tab Stops:: You can set arbitrary "tab stops" and then + indent to the next tab stop when you want to. +* Just Spaces:: You can request indentation using just spaces. + + +File: xemacs.info, Node: Indentation Commands, Next: Tab Stops, Prev: Indentation, Up: Indentation + +Indentation Commands and Techniques +=================================== + + If you just want to insert a tab character in the buffer, you can +type `C-q '. + + To move over the indentation on a line, type `Meta-m' +(`back-to-indentation'). This command, given anywhere on a line, +positions point at the first non-blank character on the line. + + To insert an indented line before the current line, type `C-a C-o +'. To make an indented line after the current line, use `C-e +'. + + `C-M-o' (`split-line') moves the text from point to the end of the +line vertically down, so that the current line becomes two lines. +`C-M-o' first moves point forward over any spaces and tabs. Then it +inserts after point a newline and enough indentation to reach the same +column point is on. Point remains before the inserted newline; in this +regard, `C-M-o' resembles `C-o'. + + To join two lines cleanly, use the `Meta-^' (`delete-indentation') +command to delete the indentation at the front of the current line, and +the line boundary as well. Empty spaces are replaced by a single +space, or by no space if at the beginning of a line, before a close +parenthesis, or after an open parenthesis. To delete just the +indentation of a line, go to the beginning of the line and use `Meta-\' +(`delete-horizontal-space'), which deletes all spaces and tabs around +the cursor. + + There are also commands for changing the indentation of several +lines at once. `Control-Meta-\' (`indent-region') gives each line which +begins in the region the "usual" indentation by invoking at the +beginning of the line. A numeric argument specifies the column to +indent to. Each line is shifted left or right so that its first +non-blank character appears in that column. `C-x ' +(`indent-rigidly') moves all the lines in the region right by its +argument (left, for negative arguments). The whole group of lines moves +rigidly sideways, which is how the command gets its name. + + `M-x indent-relative' indents at point based on the previous line +(actually, the last non-empty line.) It inserts whitespace at point, +moving point, until it is underneath an indentation point in the +previous line. An indentation point is the end of a sequence of +whitespace or the end of the line. If point is farther right than any +indentation point in the previous line, the whitespace before point is +deleted and the first indentation point then applicable is used. If no +indentation point is applicable even then, `tab-to-tab-stop' is run +(see next section). + + `indent-relative' is the definition of in Indented Text mode. +*Note Text::. + + +File: xemacs.info, Node: Tab Stops, Next: Just Spaces, Prev: Indentation Commands, Up: Indentation + +Tab Stops +========= + + For typing in tables, you can use Text mode's definition of , +`tab-to-tab-stop'. This command inserts indentation before point, +enough to reach the next tab stop column. Even if you are not in Text +mode, this function is associated with `M-i' anyway. + + You can arbitrarily set the tab stops used by `M-i'. They are +stored as a list of column-numbers in increasing order in the variable +`tab-stop-list'. + + The convenient way to set the tab stops is using `M-x +edit-tab-stops', which creates and selects a buffer containing a +description of the tab stop settings. You can edit this buffer to +specify different tab stops, and then type `C-c C-c' to make those new +tab stops take effect. In the tab stop buffer, `C-c C-c' runs the +function `edit-tab-stops-note-changes' rather than the default +`save-buffer'. `edit-tab-stops' records which buffer was current when +you invoked it, and stores the tab stops in that buffer. Normally all +buffers share the same tab stops and changing them in one buffer +affects all. If you make `tab-stop-list' local in one buffer +`edit-tab-stops' in that buffer edits only the local settings. + + Below is the text representing ordinary tab stops every eight +columns: + + : : : : : : + 0 1 2 3 4 + 0123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678 + To install changes, type C-c C-c + + The first line contains a colon at each tab stop. The remaining +lines help you see where the colons are and tell you what to do. + + Note that the tab stops that control `tab-to-tab-stop' have nothing +to do with displaying tab characters in the buffer. *Note Display +Vars::, for more information on that. + + +File: xemacs.info, Node: Just Spaces, Prev: Tab Stops, Up: Indentation + +Tabs vs. Spaces +=============== + + Emacs normally uses both tabs and spaces to indent lines. If you +prefer, all indentation can be made from spaces only. To request this, +set `indent-tabs-mode' to `nil'. This is a per-buffer variable; +altering the variable affects only the current buffer, but there is a +default value which you can change as well. *Note Locals::. + + There are also commands to convert tabs to spaces or vice versa, +always preserving the columns of all non-blank text. `M-x tabify' +scans the region for sequences of spaces, and converts sequences of at +least three spaces to tabs if that is possible without changing +indentation. `M-x untabify' changes all tabs in the region to +corresponding numbers of spaces. + + +File: xemacs.info, Node: Text, Next: Programs, Prev: Indentation, Up: Top + +Commands for Human Languages +**************************** + + The term "text" has two widespread meanings in our area of the +computer field. One is data that is a sequence of characters. In this +sense of the word any file that you edit with Emacs is text. The other +meaning is more restrictive: a sequence of characters in a human +language for humans to read (possibly after processing by a text +formatter), as opposed to a program or commands for a program. + + Human languages have syntactic and stylistic conventions that editor +commands should support or use to advantage: conventions involving +words, sentences, paragraphs, and capital letters. This chapter +describes Emacs commands for all these things. There are also commands +for "filling", or rearranging paragraphs into lines of approximately +equal length. The commands for moving over and killing words, +sentences, and paragraphs, while intended primarily for editing text, +are also often useful for editing programs. + + Emacs has several major modes for editing human language text. If a +file contains plain text, use Text mode, which customizes Emacs in +small ways for the syntactic conventions of text. For text which +contains embedded commands for text formatters, Emacs has other major +modes, each for a particular text formatter. Thus, for input to TeX, +you can use TeX mode; for input to nroff, Nroff mode. + +* Menu: + +* Text Mode:: The major modes for editing text files. +* Nroff Mode:: The major mode for editing input to the formatter nroff. +* TeX Mode:: The major modes for editing input to the formatter TeX. +* Outline Mode:: The major mode for editing outlines. +* Words:: Moving over and killing words. +* Sentences:: Moving over and killing sentences. +* Paragraphs:: Moving over paragraphs. +* Pages:: Moving over pages. +* Filling:: Filling or justifying text +* Case:: Changing the case of text + + +File: xemacs.info, Node: Text Mode, Next: Words, Prev: Text, Up: Text + +Text Mode +========= + + You should use Text mode--rather than Fundamental or Lisp mode--to +edit files of text in a human language. Invoke `M-x text-mode' to +enter Text mode. In Text mode, runs the function +`tab-to-tab-stop', which allows you to use arbitrary tab stops set with +`M-x edit-tab-stops' (*note Tab Stops::). Features concerned with +comments in programs are turned off unless they are explicitly invoked. +The syntax table is changed so that periods are not considered part of a +word, while apostrophes, backspaces and underlines are. + + A similar variant mode is Indented Text mode, intended for editing +text in which most lines are indented. This mode defines to run +`indent-relative' (*note Indentation::), and makes Auto Fill indent the +lines it creates. As a result, a line made by Auto Filling, or by +, is normally indented just like the previous line. Use `M-x +indented-text-mode' to select this mode. + + Entering Text mode or Indented Text mode calls the value of the +variable `text-mode-hook' with no arguments, if that value exists and +is not `nil'. This value is also called when modes related to Text +mode are entered; this includes Nroff mode, TeX mode, Outline mode, and +Mail mode. Your hook can look at the value of `major-mode' to see +which of these modes is actually being entered. + + Two modes similar to Text mode are of use for editing text that is to +be passed through a text formatter before achieving its final readable +form. + +* Menu: + +* Nroff Mode:: The major mode for editing input to the formatter nroff. +* TeX Mode:: The major modes for editing input to the formatter TeX. + + + Another similar mode is used for editing outlines. It allows you +to view the text at various levels of detail. You can view either +the outline headings alone or both headings and text; you can also +hide some of the headings at lower levels from view to make the high +level structure more visible. + + +* Outline Mode:: The major mode for editing outlines. + + +File: xemacs.info, Node: Nroff Mode, Next: TeX Mode, Prev: Text Mode, Up: Text Mode + +Nroff Mode +---------- + + Nroff mode is a mode like Text mode but modified to handle nroff +commands present in the text. Invoke `M-x nroff-mode' to enter this +mode. Nroff mode differs from Text mode in only a few ways. All nroff +command lines are considered paragraph separators, so that filling never +garbles the nroff commands. Pages are separated by `.bp' commands. +Comments start with backslash-doublequote. There are also three special +commands that are not available in Text mode: + +`M-n' + Move to the beginning of the next line that isn't an nroff command + (`forward-text-line'). An argument is a repeat count. + +`M-p' + Like `M-n' but move up (`backward-text-line'). + +`M-?' + Prints in the echo area the number of text lines (lines that are + not nroff commands) in the region (`count-text-lines'). + + The other feature of Nroff mode is Electric Nroff newline mode. +This is a minor mode that you can turn on or off with `M-x +electric-nroff-mode' (*note Minor Modes::). When the mode is on and +you use to end a line containing an nroff command that opens a +kind of grouping, Emacs automatically inserts the matching nroff +command to close that grouping on the following line. For example, if +you are at the beginning of a line and type `.(b ', the matching +command `.)b' will be inserted on a new line following point. + + Entering Nroff mode calls the value of the variable `text-mode-hook' +with no arguments, if that value exists and is not `nil'; then it does +the same with the variable `nroff-mode-hook'. + + +File: xemacs.info, Node: TeX Mode, Next: Outline Mode, Prev: Nroff Mode, Up: Text Mode + +TeX Mode +-------- + + TeX is a powerful text formatter written by Donald Knuth; like GNU +Emacs, it is free. LaTeX is a simplified input format for TeX, +implemented by TeX macros. It is part of TeX. + + Emacs has a special TeX mode for editing TeX input files. It +provides facilities for checking the balance of delimiters and for +invoking TeX on all or part of the file. + + TeX mode has two variants, Plain TeX mode and LaTeX mode, which are +two distinct major modes that differ only slightly. These modes are +designed for editing the two different input formats. The command `M-x +tex-mode' looks at the contents of a buffer to determine whether it +appears to be LaTeX input or not; it then selects the appropriate mode. +If it can't tell which is right (e.g., the buffer is empty), the +variable `tex-default-mode' controls which mode is used. + + The commands `M-x plain-tex-mode' and `M-x latex-mode' explicitly +select one of the variants of TeX mode. Use these commands when `M-x +tex-mode' does not guess right. + +* Menu: + +* Editing: TeX Editing. Special commands for editing in TeX mode. +* Printing: TeX Print. Commands for printing part of a file with TeX. + + TeX for Unix systems can be obtained from the University of +Washington for a distribution fee. + + To order a full distribution, send $140.00 for a 1/2 inch 9-track +tape, $165.00 for two 4-track 1/4 inch cartridge tapes (foreign sites +$150.00, for 1/2 inch, $175.00 for 1/4 inch, to cover the extra +postage) payable to the University of Washington to: + + The Director + Northwest Computer Support Group, DW-10 + University of Washington + Seattle, Washington 98195 + +Purchase orders are acceptable, but there is an extra charge of $10.00 +to pay for processing charges. (The total cost comes to $150 for +domestic sites, $175 for foreign sites). + + The normal distribution is a tar tape, blocked 20, 1600 bpi, on an +industry standard 2400 foot half-inch reel. The physical format for +the 1/4 inch streamer cartridges uses QIC-11, 8000 bpi, 4-track +serpentine recording for the SUN. Also, SystemV tapes can be written +in cpio format, blocked 5120 bytes, ASCII headers. + + +File: xemacs.info, Node: TeX Editing, Next: TeX Print, Prev: TeX Mode, Up: TeX Mode + +TeX Editing Commands +.................... + + Here are the special commands provided in TeX mode for editing the +text of the file. + +`"' + Insert, according to context, either ```' or `"' or `''' + (`TeX-insert-quote'). + +`' + Insert a paragraph break (two newlines) and check the previous + paragraph for unbalanced braces or dollar signs (`tex-terminate- + paragraph'). + +`M-x validate-tex-buffer' + Check each paragraph in the buffer for unbalanced braces or dollar + signs. + +`C-c {' + Insert `{}' and position point between them (`tex-insert-braces'). + +`C-c }' + Move forward past the next unmatched close brace (`up-list'). + +`C-c C-e' + Close a block for LaTeX (`tex-close-latex-block'). + + In TeX, the character `"' is not normally used; you use ```' to +start a quotation and `''' to end one. TeX mode defines the key `"' to +insert ```' after whitespace or an open brace, `"' after a backslash, +or `''' otherwise. This is done by the command `tex-insert-quote'. If +you need the character `"' itself in unusual contexts, use `C-q' to +insert it. Also, `"' with a numeric argument always inserts that +number of `"' characters. + + In TeX mode, `$' has a special syntax code which attempts to +understand the way TeX math mode delimiters match. When you insert a +`$' that is meant to exit math mode, the position of the matching `$' +that entered math mode is displayed for a second. This is the same +feature that displays the open brace that matches a close brace that is +inserted. However, there is no way to tell whether a `$' enters math +mode or leaves it; so when you insert a `$' that enters math mode, the +previous `$' position is shown as if it were a match, even though they +are actually unrelated. + + If you prefer to keep braces balanced at all times, you can use `C-c +{' (`tex-insert-braces') to insert a pair of braces. It leaves point +between the two braces so you can insert the text that belongs inside. +Afterward, use the command `C-c }' (`up-list') to move forward past the +close brace. + + There are two commands for checking the matching of braces. +(`tex-terminate-paragraph') checks the paragraph before point, and +inserts two newlines to start a new paragraph. It prints a message in +the echo area if any mismatch is found. `M-x validate-tex-buffer' +checks the entire buffer, paragraph by paragraph. When it finds a +paragraph that contains a mismatch, it displays point at the beginning +of the paragraph for a few seconds and pushes a mark at that spot. +Scanning continues until the whole buffer has been checked or until you +type another key. The positions of the last several paragraphs with +mismatches can be found in the mark ring (*note Mark Ring::). + + Note that square brackets and parentheses, not just braces, are +matched in TeX mode. This is wrong if you want to check TeX syntax. +However, parentheses and square brackets are likely to be used in text +as matching delimiters and it is useful for the various motion commands +and automatic match display to work with them. + + In LaTeX input, `\begin' and `\end' commands must balance. After +you insert a `\begin', use `C-c C-f' (`tex-close-latex-block') to +insert automatically a matching `\end' (on a new line following the +`\begin'). A blank line is inserted between the two, and point is left +there. + + File: xemacs.info, Node: TeX Print, Prev: TeX Editing, Up: TeX Mode TeX Printing Commands @@ -506,682 +1157,3 @@ contained in it must match both regexps. For example, normally The default values of these variables recognize the usual separator for pages. - -File: xemacs.info, Node: Pages, Next: Filling, Prev: Paragraphs, Up: Text - -Pages -===== - - Files are often thought of as divided into "pages" by the "formfeed" -character (ASCII Control-L, octal code 014). For example, if a file is -printed on a line printer, each "page" of the file starts on a new page -of paper. Emacs treats a page-separator character just like any other -character. It can be inserted with `C-q C-l' or deleted with . -You are free to paginate your file or not. However, since pages are -often meaningful divisions of the file, commands are provided to move -over them and operate on them. - -`C-x [' - Move point to previous page boundary (`backward-page'). - -`C-x ]' - Move point to next page boundary (`forward-page'). - -`C-x C-p' - Put point and mark around this page (or another page) - (`mark-page'). - -`C-x l' - Count the lines in this page (`count-lines-page'). - - The `C-x [' (`backward-page') command moves point to immediately -after the previous page delimiter. If point is already right after a -page delimiter, the command skips that one and stops at the previous -one. A numeric argument serves as a repeat count. The `C-x ]' -(`forward-page') command moves forward past the next page delimiter. - - The `C-x C-p' command (`mark-page') puts point at the beginning of -the current page and the mark at the end. The page delimiter at the end -is included (the mark follows it). The page delimiter at the front is -excluded (point follows it). You can follow this command by `C-w' to -kill a page you want to move elsewhere. If you insert the page after a -page delimiter, at a place where `C-x ]' or `C-x [' would take you, the -page will be properly delimited before and after once again. - - A numeric argument to `C-x C-p' is used to specify which page to go -to, relative to the current one. Zero means the current page. One -means the next page, and -1 means the previous one. - - The `C-x l' command (`count-lines-page') can help you decide where -to break a page in two. It prints the total number of lines in the -current page in the echo area, then divides the lines into those -preceding the current line and those following it, for example - - Page has 96 (72+25) lines - -Notice that the sum is off by one; this is correct if point is not at -the beginning of a line. - - The variable `page-delimiter' should have as its value a regexp that -matches the beginning of a line that separates pages. This defines -where pages begin. The normal value of this variable is `"^\f"', which -matches a formfeed character at the beginning of a line. - - -File: xemacs.info, Node: Filling, Next: Case, Prev: Pages, Up: Text - -Filling Text -============ - - If you use Auto Fill mode, Emacs "fills" text (breaks it up into -lines that fit in a specified width) as you insert it. When you alter -existing text it is often no longer be properly filled afterwards and -you can use explicit commands for filling. - -* Menu: - -* Auto Fill:: Auto Fill mode breaks long lines automatically. -* Fill Commands:: Commands to refill paragraphs and center lines. -* Fill Prefix:: Filling when every line is indented or in a comment, etc. - - -File: xemacs.info, Node: Auto Fill, Next: Fill Commands, Prev: Filling, Up: Filling - -Auto Fill Mode --------------- - - "Auto Fill" mode is a minor mode in which lines are broken -automatically when they become too wide. Breaking happens only when -you type a or . - -`M-x auto-fill-mode' - Enable or disable Auto Fill mode. - -`' -`' - In Auto Fill mode, break lines when appropriate. - - `M-x auto-fill-mode' turns Auto Fill mode on if it was off, or off -if it was on. With a positive numeric argument the command always turns -Auto Fill mode on, and with a negative argument it always turns it off. -The presence of the word `Fill' in the mode line, inside the -parentheses, indicates that Auto Fill mode is in effect. Auto Fill mode -is a minor mode; you can turn it on or off for each buffer individually. -*Note Minor Modes::. - - In Auto Fill mode, lines are broken automatically at spaces when -they get longer than desired. Line breaking and rearrangement takes -place only when you type or . To insert a space or newline -without permitting line-breaking, type `C-q ' or `C-q ' -(recall that a newline is really a linefeed). `C-o' inserts a newline -without line breaking. - - Auto Fill mode works well with Lisp mode: when it makes a new line in -Lisp mode, it indents that line with . If a line ending in a Lisp -comment gets too long, the text of the comment is split into two -comment lines. Optionally, new comment delimiters are inserted at the -end of the first line and the beginning of the second, so that each line -is a separate comment. The variable `comment-multi-line' controls the -choice (*note Comments::). - - Auto Fill mode does not refill entire paragraphs. It can break -lines but cannot merge lines. Editing in the middle of a paragraph can -result in a paragraph that is not correctly filled. The easiest way to -make the paragraph properly filled again is using an explicit fill -commands. - - Many users like Auto Fill mode and want to use it in all text files. -The section on init files explains how you can arrange this permanently -for yourself. *Note Init File::. - - -File: xemacs.info, Node: Fill Commands, Next: Fill Prefix, Prev: Auto Fill, Up: Filling - -Explicit Fill Commands ----------------------- - -`M-q' - Fill current paragraph (`fill-paragraph'). - -`M-g' - Fill each paragraph in the region (`fill-region'). - -`C-x f' - Set the fill column (`set-fill-column'). - -`M-x fill-region-as-paragraph' - Fill the region, considering it as one paragraph. - -`M-s' - Center a line. - - To refill a paragraph, use the command `Meta-q' (`fill-paragraph'). -It causes the paragraph containing point, or the one after point if -point is between paragraphs, to be refilled. All line breaks are -removed, and new ones are inserted where necessary. `M-q' can be -undone with `C-_'. *Note Undo::. - - To refill many paragraphs, use `M-g' (`fill-region'), which divides -the region into paragraphs and fills each of them. - - `Meta-q' and `Meta-g' use the same criteria as `Meta-h' for finding -paragraph boundaries (*note Paragraphs::). For more control, you can -use `M-x fill-region-as-paragraph', which refills everything between -point and mark. This command recognizes only blank lines as paragraph -separators. - - A numeric argument to `M-g' or `M-q' causes it to "justify" the text -as well as filling it. Extra spaces are inserted to make the right -margin line up exactly at the fill column. To remove the extra spaces, -use `M-q' or `M-g' with no argument. - - The variable `auto-fill-inhibit-regexp' takes as a value a regexp to -match lines that should not be auto-filled. - - The command `Meta-s' (`center-line') centers the current line within -the current fill column. With an argument, it centers several lines -individually and moves past them. - - The maximum line width for filling is in the variable `fill-column'. -Altering the value of `fill-column' makes it local to the current -buffer; until then, the default value--initially 70--is in effect. -*Note Locals::. - - The easiest way to set `fill-column' is to use the command `C-x f' -(`set-fill-column'). With no argument, it sets `fill-column' to the -current horizontal position of point. With a numeric argument, it uses -that number as the new fill column. - - -File: xemacs.info, Node: Fill Prefix, Prev: Fill Commands, Up: Filling - -The Fill Prefix ---------------- - - To fill a paragraph in which each line starts with a special marker -(which might be a few spaces, giving an indented paragraph), use the -"fill prefix" feature. The fill prefix is a string which is not -included in filling. Emacs expects every line to start with a fill -prefix. - -`C-x .' - Set the fill prefix (`set-fill-prefix'). - -`M-q' - Fill a paragraph using current fill prefix (`fill-paragraph'). - -`M-x fill-individual-paragraphs' - Fill the region, considering each change of indentation as - starting a new paragraph. - - To specify a fill prefix, move to a line that starts with the desired -prefix, put point at the end of the prefix, and give the command -`C-x .' (`set-fill-prefix'). That's a period after the `C-x'. To turn -off the fill prefix, specify an empty prefix: type `C-x .' with point -at the beginning of a line. - - When a fill prefix is in effect, the fill commands remove the fill -prefix from each line before filling and insert it on each line after -filling. Auto Fill mode also inserts the fill prefix inserted on new -lines it creates. Lines that do not start with the fill prefix are -considered to start paragraphs, both in `M-q' and the paragraph -commands; this is just right if you are using paragraphs with hanging -indentation (every line indented except the first one). Lines which are -blank or indented once the prefix is removed also separate or start -paragraphs; this is what you want if you are writing multi-paragraph -comments with a comment delimiter on each line. - - The fill prefix is stored in the variable `fill-prefix'. Its value -is a string, or `nil' when there is no fill prefix. This is a -per-buffer variable; altering the variable affects only the current -buffer, but there is a default value which you can change as well. -*Note Locals::. - - Another way to use fill prefixes is through `M-x -fill-individual-paragraphs'. This function divides the region into -groups of consecutive lines with the same amount and kind of -indentation and fills each group as a paragraph, using its indentation -as a fill prefix. - - -File: xemacs.info, Node: Case, Prev: Filling, Up: Text - -Case Conversion Commands -======================== - - Emacs has commands for converting either a single word or any -arbitrary range of text to upper case or to lower case. - -`M-l' - Convert following word to lower case (`downcase-word'). - -`M-u' - Convert following word to upper case (`upcase-word'). - -`M-c' - Capitalize the following word (`capitalize-word'). - -`C-x C-l' - Convert region to lower case (`downcase-region'). - -`C-x C-u' - Convert region to upper case (`upcase-region'). - - The word conversion commands are used most frequently. `Meta-l' -(`downcase-word') converts the word after point to lower case, moving -past it. Thus, repeating `Meta-l' converts successive words. `Meta-u' -(`upcase-word') converts to all capitals instead, while `Meta-c' -(`capitalize-word') puts the first letter of the word into upper case -and the rest into lower case. The word conversion commands convert -several words at once if given an argument. They are especially -convenient for converting a large amount of text from all upper case to -mixed case: you can move through the text using `M-l', `M-u', or `M-c' -on each word as appropriate, occasionally using `M-f' instead to skip a -word. - - When given a negative argument, the word case conversion commands -apply to the appropriate number of words before point, but do not move -point. This is convenient when you have just typed a word in the wrong -case: you can give the case conversion command and continue typing. - - If a word case conversion command is given in the middle of a word, -it applies only to the part of the word which follows point. This is -just like what `Meta-d' (`kill-word') does. With a negative argument, -case conversion applies only to the part of the word before point. - - The other case conversion commands are `C-x C-u' (`upcase-region') -and `C-x C-l' (`downcase-region'), which convert everything between -point and mark to the specified case. Point and mark do not move. - - -File: xemacs.info, Node: Programs, Next: Running, Prev: Text, Up: Top - -Editing Programs -**************** - - Emacs has many commands designed to understand the syntax of -programming languages such as Lisp and C. These commands can: - - * Move over or kill balanced expressions or "sexps" (*note Lists::). - - * Move over or mark top-level balanced expressions ("defuns", in - Lisp; functions, in C). - - * Show how parentheses balance (*note Matching::). - - * Insert, kill, or align comments (*note Comments::). - - * Follow the usual indentation conventions of the language (*note - Grinding::). - - The commands available for words, sentences, and paragraphs are -useful in editing code even though their canonical application is for -editing human language text. Most symbols contain words (*note -Words::); sentences can be found in strings and comments (*note -Sentences::). Paragraphs per se are not present in code, but the -paragraph commands are useful anyway, because Lisp mode and C mode -define paragraphs to begin and end at blank lines (*note Paragraphs::). -Judicious use of blank lines to make the program clearer also provides -interesting chunks of text for the paragraph commands to work on. - - The selective display feature is useful for looking at the overall -structure of a function (*note Selective Display::). This feature -causes only the lines that are indented less than a specified amount to -appear on the screen. - -* Menu: - -* Program Modes:: Major modes for editing programs. -* Lists:: Expressions with balanced parentheses. - There are editing commands to operate on them. -* Defuns:: Each program is made up of separate functions. - There are editing commands to operate on them. -* Grinding:: Adjusting indentation to show the nesting. -* Matching:: Insertion of a close-delimiter flashes matching open. -* Comments:: Inserting, filling and aligning comments. -* Balanced Editing:: Inserting two matching parentheses at once, etc. -* Lisp Completion:: Completion on symbol names in Lisp code. -* Documentation:: Getting documentation of functions you plan to call. -* Change Log:: Maintaining a change history for your program. -* Tags:: Go direct to any function in your program in one - command. Tags remembers which file it is in. -* Fortran:: Fortran mode and its special features. -* Asm Mode:: Asm mode and its special features. - - -File: xemacs.info, Node: Program Modes, Next: Lists, Prev: Programs, Up: Programs - -Major Modes for Programming Languages -===================================== - - Emacs has several major modes for the programming languages Lisp, -Scheme (a variant of Lisp), C, Fortran, and Muddle. Ideally, a major -mode should be implemented for each programming language you might want -to edit with Emacs; but often the mode for one language can serve for -other syntactically similar languages. The language modes that exist -are those that someone decided to take the trouble to write. - - There are several variants of Lisp mode, which differ in the way they -interface to Lisp execution. *Note Lisp Modes::. - - Each of the programming language modes defines the key to run -an indentation function that knows the indentation conventions of that -language and updates the current line's indentation accordingly. For -example, in C mode is bound to `c-indent-line'. is -normally defined to do followed by ; thus it, too, indents -in a mode-specific fashion. - - In most programming languages, indentation is likely to vary from -line to line. So the major modes for those languages rebind to -treat a tab as if it were the equivalent number of spaces (using the -command `backward-delete-char-untabify'). This makes it possible to -rub out indentation one column at a time without worrying whether it is -made up of spaces or tabs. In these modes, use `C-b C-d' to delete a -tab character before point. - - Programming language modes define paragraphs to be separated only by -blank lines, so that the paragraph commands remain useful. Auto Fill -mode, if enabled in a programming language major mode, indents the new -lines which it creates. - - Turning on a major mode calls a user-supplied function called the -"mode hook", which is the value of a Lisp variable. For example, -turning on C mode calls the value of the variable `c-mode-hook' if that -value exists and is non-`nil'. Mode hook variables for other -programming language modes include `lisp-mode-hook', -`emacs-lisp-mode-hook', `lisp-interaction-mode-hook', -`scheme-mode-hook', and `muddle-mode-hook'. The mode hook function -receives no arguments. - - -File: xemacs.info, Node: Lists, Next: Defuns, Prev: Program Modes, Up: Programs - -Lists and Sexps -=============== - - By convention, Emacs keys for dealing with balanced expressions are -usually `Control-Meta-' characters. They tend to be analogous in -function to their `Control-' and `Meta-' equivalents. These commands -are usually thought of as pertaining to expressions in programming -languages, but can be useful with any language in which some sort of -parentheses exist (including English). - - The commands fall into two classes. Some commands deal only with -"lists" (parenthetical groupings). They see nothing except -parentheses, brackets, braces (depending on what must balance in the -language you are working with), and escape characters that might be used -to quote those. - - The other commands deal with expressions or "sexps". The word `sexp' -is derived from "s-expression", the term for a symbolic expression in -Lisp. In Emacs, the notion of `sexp' is not limited to Lisp. It -refers to an expression in the language your program is written in. -Each programming language has its own major mode, which customizes the -syntax tables so that expressions in that language count as sexps. - - Sexps typically include symbols, numbers, and string constants, as -well as anything contained in parentheses, brackets, or braces. - - In languages that use prefix and infix operators, such as C, it is -not possible for all expressions to be sexps. For example, C mode does -not recognize `foo + bar' as an sexp, even though it is a C expression; -it recognizes `foo' as one sexp and `bar' as another, with the `+' as -punctuation between them. This is a fundamental ambiguity: both `foo + -bar' and `foo' are legitimate choices for the sexp to move over if -point is at the `f'. Note that `(foo + bar)' is a sexp in C mode. - - Some languages have obscure forms of syntax for expressions that -nobody has bothered to make Emacs understand properly. - -`C-M-f' - Move forward over an sexp (`forward-sexp'). - -`C-M-b' - Move backward over an sexp (`backward-sexp'). - -`C-M-k' - Kill sexp forward (`kill-sexp'). - -`C-M-u' - Move up and backward in list structure (`backward-up-list'). - -`C-M-d' - Move down and forward in list structure (`down-list'). - -`C-M-n' - Move forward over a list (`forward-list'). - -`C-M-p' - Move backward over a list (`backward-list'). - -`C-M-t' - Transpose expressions (`transpose-sexps'). - -`C-M-@' - Put mark after following expression (`mark-sexp'). - - To move forward over an sexp, use `C-M-f' (`forward-sexp'). If the -first significant character after point is an opening delimiter (`(' in -Lisp; `(', `[', or `{' in C), `C-M-f' moves past the matching closing -delimiter. If the character begins a symbol, string, or number, -`C-M-f' moves over that. If the character after point is a closing -delimiter, `C-M-f' just moves past it. (This last is not really moving -across an sexp; it is an exception which is included in the definition -of `C-M-f' because it is as useful a behavior as anyone can think of -for that situation.) - - The command `C-M-b' (`backward-sexp') moves backward over a sexp. -The detailed rules are like those above for `C-M-f', but with -directions reversed. If there are any prefix characters (single quote, -back quote, and comma, in Lisp) preceding the sexp, `C-M-b' moves back -over them as well. - - `C-M-f' or `C-M-b' with an argument repeats that operation the -specified number of times; with a negative argument, it moves in the -opposite direction. - - In languages such as C where the comment-terminator can be -recognized, the sexp commands move across comments as if they were -whitespace. In Lisp and other languages where comments run until the -end of a line, it is very difficult to ignore comments when parsing -backwards; therefore, in such languages the sexp commands treat the -text of comments as if it were code. - - Killing an sexp at a time can be done with `C-M-k' (`kill-sexp'). -`C-M-k' kills the characters that `C-M-f' would move over. - - The "list commands", `C-M-n' (`forward-list') and `C-M-p' -(`backward-list'), move over lists like the sexp commands but skip over -any number of other kinds of sexps (symbols, strings, etc). In some -situations, these commands are useful because they usually ignore -comments, since the comments usually do not contain any lists. - - `C-M-n' and `C-M-p' stay at the same level in parentheses, when that -is possible. To move up one (or N) levels, use `C-M-u' -(`backward-up-list'). `C-M-u' moves backward up past one unmatched -opening delimiter. A positive argument serves as a repeat count; a -negative argument reverses direction of motion and also requests -repetition, so it moves forward and up one or more levels. - - To move down in list structure, use `C-M-d' (`down-list'). In Lisp -mode, where `(' is the only opening delimiter, this is nearly the same -as searching for a `('. An argument specifies the number of levels of -parentheses to go down. - - `C-M-t' (`transpose-sexps') drags the previous sexp across the next -one. An argument serves as a repeat count, and a negative argument -drags backwards (thus canceling out the effect of `C-M-t' with a -positive argument). An argument of zero, rather than doing nothing, -transposes the sexps ending after point and the mark. - - To make the region be the next sexp in the buffer, use `C-M-@' -(`mark-sexp') which sets the mark at the same place that `C-M-f' would -move to. `C-M-@' takes arguments like `C-M-f'. In particular, a -negative argument is useful for putting the mark at the beginning of -the previous sexp. - - The list and sexp commands' understanding of syntax is completely -controlled by the syntax table. Any character can, for example, be -declared to be an opening delimiter and act like an open parenthesis. -*Note Syntax::. - - -File: xemacs.info, Node: Defuns, Next: Grinding, Prev: Lists, Up: Programs - -Defuns -====== - - In Emacs, a parenthetical grouping at the top level in the buffer is -called a "defun". The name derives from the fact that most top-level -lists in Lisp are instances of the special form `defun', but Emacs -calls any top-level parenthetical grouping counts a defun regardless of -its contents or the programming language. For example, in C, the body -of a function definition is a defun. - -`C-M-a' - Move to beginning of current or preceding defun - (`beginning-of-defun'). - -`C-M-e' - Move to end of current or following defun (`end-of-defun'). - -`C-M-h' - Put region around whole current or following defun (`mark-defun'). - - The commands to move to the beginning and end of the current defun -are `C-M-a' (`beginning-of-defun') and `C-M-e' (`end-of-defun'). - - To operate on the current defun, use `C-M-h' (`mark-defun') which -puts point at the beginning and the mark at the end of the current or -next defun. This is the easiest way to prepare for moving the defun to -a different place. In C mode, `C-M-h' runs the function -`mark-c-function', which is almost the same as `mark-defun', but which -backs up over the argument declarations, function name, and returned -data type so that the entire C function is inside the region. - - To compile and evaluate the current defun, use `M-x compile-defun'. -This function prints the results in the minibuffer. If you include an -argument, it inserts the value in the current buffer after the defun. - - Emacs assumes that any open-parenthesis found in the leftmost column -is the start of a defun. Therefore, never put an open-parenthesis at -the left margin in a Lisp file unless it is the start of a top level -list. Never put an open-brace or other opening delimiter at the -beginning of a line of C code unless it starts the body of a function. -The most likely problem case is when you want an opening delimiter at -the start of a line inside a string. To avoid trouble, put an escape -character (`\' in C and Emacs Lisp, `/' in some other Lisp dialects) -before the opening delimiter. It will not affect the contents of the -string. - - The original Emacs found defuns by moving upward a level of -parentheses until there were no more levels to go up. This required -scanning back to the beginning of the buffer for every function. To -speed this up, Emacs was changed to assume that any `(' (or other -character assigned the syntactic class of opening-delimiter) at the -left margin is the start of a defun. This heuristic is nearly always -right; however, it mandates the convention described above. - - -File: xemacs.info, Node: Grinding, Next: Matching, Prev: Defuns, Up: Programs - -Indentation for Programs -======================== - - The best way to keep a program properly indented ("ground") is to -use Emacs to re-indent it as you change the program. Emacs has commands -to indent properly either a single line, a specified number of lines, or -all of the lines inside a single parenthetical grouping. - -* Menu: - -* Basic Indent:: -* Multi-line Indent:: Commands to reindent many lines at once. -* Lisp Indent:: Specifying how each Lisp function should be indented. -* C Indent:: Choosing an indentation style for C code. - - -File: xemacs.info, Node: Basic Indent, Next: Multi-line Indent, Prev: Grinding, Up: Grinding - -Basic Program Indentation Commands ----------------------------------- - -`' - Adjust indentation of current line. - -`' - Equivalent to followed by (`newline-and-indent'). - - The basic indentation command is , which gives the current line -the correct indentation as determined from the previous lines. The -function that runs depends on the major mode; it is -`lisp-indent-line' in Lisp mode, `c-indent-line' in C mode, etc. These -functions understand different syntaxes for different languages, but -they all do about the same thing. in any programming language -major mode inserts or deletes whitespace at the beginning of the -current line, independent of where point is in the line. If point is -inside the whitespace at the beginning of the line, leaves it at -the end of that whitespace; otherwise, leaves point fixed with -respect to the characters around it. - - Use `C-q ' to insert a tab at point. - - When entering a large amount of new code, use -(`newline-and-indent'), which is equivalent to a followed by a -. creates a blank line, then gives it the appropriate -indentation. - - indents the second and following lines of the body of a -parenthetical grouping each under the preceding one; therefore, if you -alter one line's indentation to be nonstandard, the lines below tend to -follow it. This is the right behavior in cases where the standard -result of does not look good. - - Remember that Emacs assumes that an open-parenthesis, open-brace, or -other opening delimiter at the left margin (including the indentation -routines) is the start of a function. You should therefore never have -an opening delimiter in column zero that is not the beginning of a -function, not even inside a string. This restriction is vital for -making the indentation commands fast. *Note Defuns::, for more -information on this behavior. - - -File: xemacs.info, Node: Multi-line Indent, Next: Lisp Indent, Prev: Basic Indent, Up: Grinding - -Indenting Several Lines ------------------------ - - Several commands are available to re-indent several lines of code -which have been altered or moved to a different level in a list -structure. - -`C-M-q' - Re-indent all the lines within one list (`indent-sexp'). - -`C-u ' - Shift an entire list rigidly sideways so that its first line is - properly indented. - -`C-M-\' - Re-indent all lines in the region (`indent-region'). - - To re-indent the contents of a single list, position point before the -beginning of it and type `C-M-q'. This key is bound to `indent-sexp' in -Lisp mode, `indent-c-exp' in C mode, and bound to other suitable -functions in other modes. The indentation of the line the sexp starts -on is not changed; therefore, only the relative indentation within the -list, and not its position, is changed. To correct the position as -well, type a before `C-M-q'. - - If the relative indentation within a list is correct but the -indentation of its beginning is not, go to the line on which the list -begins and type `C-u '. When you give a numeric argument, -it moves all the lines in the group, starting on the current line, -sideways the same amount that the current line moves. The command does -not move lines that start inside strings, or C preprocessor lines when -in C mode. - - Another way to specify a range to be re-indented is with point and -mark. The command `C-M-\' (`indent-region') applies to every -line whose first character is between point and mark. -