--- /dev/null
+Copyright (c) 1985, 1996 Free Software Foundation, Inc. See end for conditions.
+
+You are looking at the Emacs tutorial.
+
+Emacs commands generally involve the CONTROL key (sometimes labelled
+CTRL or CTL) or the META key. On some keyboards, the META key is
+labelled ALT or EDIT or something else (for example, on Sun keyboards,
+the diamond key to the left of the spacebar is META). If you have no
+META key, you can use ESC instead. Rather than write out META or
+CONTROL each time we want you to prefix a character, we'll use the
+following abbreviations:
+
+ C-<chr> means hold the CONTROL key while typing the character <chr>
+ Thus, C-f would be: hold the CONTROL key and type f.
+ M-<chr> means hold the META key down while typing <chr>. If there
+ is no META key, type <ESC>, release it, then type the
+ character <chr>.
+
+Important note: to end the Emacs session, type C-x C-c. (Two characters.)
+The characters ">>" at the left margin indicate directions for you to
+try using a command. For instance:
+<<Middle of page left blank for didactic purposes. Text continues below.>>
+>> Now type C-v (View next screen) to move to the next screen.
+ (go ahead, do it by holding down the control key while typing v).
+ From now on, you should do this again whenever you finish
+ reading the screen.
+
+Note that there is an overlap of two lines when you move from screen
+to screen; this provides some continuity so you can continue reading
+the text.
+
+The first thing that you need to know is how to move around from place
+to place in the text. You already know how to move forward one screen,
+with C-v. To move backwards one screen, type M-v (hold down the META key
+and type v, or type <ESC>v if you do not have a META, EDIT, or ALT key).
+
+>> Try typing M-v and then C-v, a few times.
+
+
+* SUMMARY
+---------
+
+The following commands are useful for viewing screenfuls:
+
+ C-v Move forward one screenful
+ M-v Move backward one screenful
+ C-l Clear screen and redisplay everything
+ putting the text near the cursor at the center.
+ (That's control-L, not control-1.)
+
+>> Find the cursor, and note what text is near it.
+ Then type C-l.
+ Find the cursor again and notice that the same text
+ is near the cursor now.
+
+
+* BASIC CURSOR CONTROL
+----------------------
+
+Moving from screenful to screenful is useful, but how do you
+move to a specific place within the text on the screen?
+
+There are several ways you can do this. The most basic way is to use
+the commands C-p, C-b, C-f, and C-n. Each of these commands moves the
+cursor one row or column in a particular direction on the screen.
+Here is a table showing these four commands and shows the directions
+they move:
+
+ Previous line, C-p
+ :
+ :
+ Backward, C-b .... Current cursor position .... Forward, C-f
+ :
+ :
+ Next line, C-n
+
+>> Move the cursor to the line in the middle of that diagram
+ using C-n or C-p. Then type C-l to see the whole diagram
+ centered in the screen.
+
+You'll probably find it easy to think of these by letter: P for
+previous, N for next, B for backward and F for forward. These are the
+basic cursor positioning commands, and you'll be using them ALL the
+time, so it would be of great benefit if you learn them now.
+
+>> Do a few C-n's to bring the cursor down to this line.
+
+>> Move into the line with C-f's and then up with C-p's.
+ See what C-p does when the cursor is in the middle of the line.
+
+Each line of text ends with a Newline character, which serves to
+separate it from the following line. The last line in your file ought
+to have a Newline at the end (but Emacs does not require it to have
+one).
+
+>> Try to C-b at the beginning of a line. It should move to
+ the end of the previous line. This is because it moves back
+ across the Newline character.
+
+C-f can move across a Newline just like C-b.
+
+>> Do a few more C-b's, so you get a feel for where the cursor is.
+ Then do C-f's to return to the end of the line.
+ Then do one more C-f to move to the following line.
+
+When you move past the top or bottom of the screen, the text beyond
+the edge shifts onto the screen. This is called "scrolling". It
+enables Emacs to move the cursor to the specified place in the text
+without moving it off the screen.
+
+>> Try to move the cursor off the bottom of the screen with C-n, and
+ see what happens.
+
+If moving by characters is too slow, you can move by words. M-f
+(Meta-f) moves forward a word and M-b moves back a word.
+
+>> Type a few M-f's and M-b's.
+
+When you are in the middle of a word, M-f moves to the end of the word.
+When you are in whitespace between words, M-f moves to the end of the
+following word. M-b works likewise in the opposite direction.
+
+>> Type M-f and M-b a few times, interspersed with C-f's and C-b's
+ so that you can observe the action of M-f and M-b from various
+ places inside and between words.
+
+Notice the parallel between C-f and C-b on the one hand, and M-f and
+M-b on the other hand. Very often Meta characters are used for
+operations related to the units defined by language (words, sentences,
+paragraphs), while Control characters operate on basic units that are
+independent of what you are editing (characters, lines, etc).
+
+This parallel applies between lines and sentences: C-a and C-e move to
+the beginning or end of a line, and M-a and M-e move to the beginning
+or end of a sentence.
+
+>> Try a couple of C-a's, and then a couple of C-e's.
+ Try a couple of M-a's, and then a couple of M-e's.
+
+See how repeated C-a's do nothing, but repeated M-a's keep moving one
+more sentence. Although these are not quite analogous, each one seems
+natural.
+
+The location of the cursor in the text is also called "point". To
+paraphrase, the cursor shows on the screen where point is located in
+the text.
+
+Here is a summary of simple cursor-moving operations, including the
+word and sentence moving commands:
+
+ C-f Move forward a character
+ C-b Move backward a character
+
+ M-f Move forward a word
+ M-b Move backward a word
+
+ C-n Move to next line
+ C-p Move to previous line
+
+ C-a Move to beginning of line
+ C-e Move to end of line
+
+ M-a Move back to beginning of sentence
+ M-e Move forward to end of sentence
+
+>> Try all of these commands now a few times for practice.
+ These are the most often used commands.
+
+Two other important cursor motion commands are M-< (Meta Less-than),
+which moves to the beginning of the whole text, and M-> (Meta
+Greater-than), which moves to the end of the whole text.
+
+On most terminals, the "<" is above the comma, so you must use the
+shift key to type it. On these terminals you must use the shift key
+to type M-< also; without the shift key, you would be typing M-comma.
+
+>> Try M-< now, to move to the beginning of the tutorial.
+ Then use C-v repeatedly to move back here.
+
+>> Try M-> now, to move to the end of the tutorial.
+ Then use M-v repeatedly to move back here.
+
+You can also move the cursor with the arrow keys, if your terminal has
+arrow keys. We recommend learning C-b, C-f, C-n and C-p for three
+reasons. First, they work on all kinds of terminals. Second, once
+you gain practice at using Emacs, you will find that typing these CTRL
+characters is faster than typing the arrow keys (because you do not
+have to move your hands away from touch-typing position). Third, once
+you form the habit of using these CTRL character commands, you can
+easily learn to use other advanced cursor motion commands as well.
+
+Most Emacs commands accept a numeric argument; for most commands, this
+serves as a repeat-count. The way you give a command a repeat count
+is by typing C-u and then the digits before you type the command. If
+you have a META (or EDIT or ALT) key, there is another alternative way
+to enter a numeric argument: type the digits while holding down the
+META key. We recommend learning the C-u method because it works on
+any terminal.
+
+For instance, C-u 8 C-f moves forward eight characters.
+
+>> Try using C-n or C-p with a numeric argument, to move the cursor
+ to a line near this one with just one command.
+
+Most commands use the numeric argument as a repeat count. Certain
+exceptional commands use it differently. C-v and M-v are among the
+exceptions. When given an argument, they scroll the screen up or down
+by that many lines, rather than by a screenfuls. For example, C-u 4
+C-v scrolls the screen by 4 lines.
+
+>> Try typing C-u 8 C-v now.
+
+This should have scrolled the screen up by 8 lines. If you would like
+to scroll it down again, you can give an argument to M-v.
+
+If you are using the X Window system, there is probably a rectangular
+area called a scroll bar at the right hand side of the Emacs window.
+You can scroll the text by manipulating the scroll bar with the mouse.
+
+>> Try pressing the middle button at the top of the highlighted area
+ within the scroll bar. This should scroll the text to a position
+ determined by how high or low you click.
+
+>> Move the mouse to a point in the scroll bar about three lines from
+the top, and click the left button a couple of times.
+
+
+* CURSOR CONTROL WITH AN X TERMINAL
+-----------------------------------
+
+If you have an X terminal, you will probably find it easier to use
+the keys on the keypad to control the cursor. The left, right, up,
+and down arrow keys move in the expected direction; they function
+exactly like C-b, C-f, C-p, and C-n, but are easier to type and to
+remember. You can also use C-left and C-right to move by words, and
+C-up and C-down to move by blocks (e.g. paragraphs, if you're
+editing text). If you have keys labelled HOME (or BEGIN) and END,
+they will take you to the beginning and end of a line, respectively,
+and C-home and C-end will move to the beginning and end of the file.
+If your keyboard has PgUp and PgDn keys, you can use them to move up
+and down a screenful at a time, like M-v and C-v.
+
+All of these commands can take numeric arguments, as described above.
+You can use a shortcut to enter these arguments: just hold down the
+CONTROL or META key and type the number. For example, to move 12
+words to the right, type C-1 C-2 C-right. Note that it is very easy
+to type this because you do not have to release the CONTROL key
+between keystrokes.
+
+
+* WHEN EMACS IS HUNG
+--------------------
+
+If Emacs stops responding to your commands, you can stop it safely by
+typing C-g. You can use C-g to stop a command which is taking too
+long to execute.
+
+You can also use C-g to discard a numeric argument or the beginning of
+a command that you do not want to finish.
+
+>> Type C-u 100 to make a numeric arg of 100, then type C-g.
+ Now type C-f. It should move just one character,
+ because you canceled the argument with C-g.
+
+If you have typed an <ESC> by mistake, you can get rid of it
+with a C-g.
+
+
+* DISABLED COMMANDS
+-------------------
+
+Some Emacs commands are "disabled" so that beginning users cannot use
+them by accident.
+
+If you type one of the disabled commands, Emacs displays a message
+saying what the command was, and asking you whether you want to go
+ahead and execute the command.
+
+If you really want to try the command, type Space in answer to the
+question. Normally, if you do not want to execute the disabled
+command, answer the question with "n".
+
+>> Type `C-x n p' (which is a disabled command),
+ then type n to answer the question.
+
+
+* WINDOWS
+---------
+
+Emacs can have several windows, each displaying its own text.
+Note that "window" as used by Emacs does not refer to separate
+overlapping windows in the window system, but to separate panes
+within a single X window. (Emacs can also have multiple X
+windows, or "frames" in Emacs terminology. This is described
+later.)
+
+At this stage it is better not to go into the techniques of
+using multiple windows. But you do need to know how to get
+rid of extra windows that may appear to display help or
+output from certain commands. It is simple:
+
+ C-x 1 One window (i.e., kill all other windows).
+
+That is Control-x followed by the digit 1. C-x 1 expands the window
+which contains the cursor, to occupy the full screen. It deletes all
+other windows.
+
+>> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l.
+
+(Remember that C-l redraws the screen. If you give a
+numeric argument to this command, it means "redraw the
+screen and put the current line that many lines from the
+top of the screen." So C-u 0 C-l means "redraw the
+screen, putting the current line at the top.")
+
+>> Type Control-x 2
+ See how this window shrinks, while a new one appears
+ to display contents of this buffer.
+
+>> Type C-x 1 and see the new window disappear.
+
+
+* INSERTING AND DELETING
+------------------------
+
+If you want to insert text, just type the text. Characters which you
+can see, such as A, 7, *, etc. are taken by Emacs as text and inserted
+immediately. Type <Return> (the carriage-return key) to insert a
+Newline character.
+
+You can delete the last character you typed by typing <Delete>.
+<Delete> is a key on the keyboard, which may be labeled "Del". In
+some cases, the "Backspace" key serves as <Delete>, but not always!
+
+More generally, <Delete> deletes the character immediately before the
+current cursor position.
+
+>> Do this now--type a few characters, then delete them
+ by typing <Delete> a few times. Don't worry about this file
+ being changed; you will not alter the master tutorial. This is
+ your personal copy of it.
+
+When a line of text gets too big for one line on the screen, the line
+of text is "continued" onto a second screen line. A backslash ("\")
+at the right margin indicates a line which has been continued.
+
+>> Insert text until you reach the right margin, and keep on inserting.
+ You'll see a continuation line appear.
+
+>> Use <Delete>s to delete the text until the line fits on one screen
+ line again. The continuation line goes away.
+
+You can delete a Newline character just like any other character.
+Deleting the Newline character between two lines merges them into
+one line. If the resulting combined line is too long to fit in the
+screen width, it will be displayed with a continuation line.
+
+>> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line and type <Delete>. This
+ merges that line with the previous line.
+
+>> Type <Return> to reinsert the Newline you deleted.
+
+Remember that most Emacs commands can be given a repeat count;
+this includes text characters. Repeating a text character inserts
+it several times.
+
+>> Try that now -- type C-u 8 * to insert ********.
+
+You've now learned the most basic way of typing something in
+Emacs and correcting errors. You can delete by words or lines
+as well. Here is a summary of the delete operations:
+
+ <Delete> delete the character just before the cursor
+ C-d delete the next character after the cursor
+
+ M-<Delete> kill the word immediately before the cursor
+ M-d kill the next word after the cursor
+
+ C-k kill from the cursor position to end of line
+ M-k kill to the end of the current sentence
+
+Notice that <Delete> and C-d vs M-<Delete> and M-d extend the parallel
+started by C-f and M-f (well, <Delete> is not really a control
+character, but let's not worry about that). C-k and M-k are like C-e
+and M-e, sort of, in that lines are opposite sentences.
+
+When you delete more than one character at a time, Emacs saves the
+deleted text so that you can bring it back. Bringing back killed text
+is called "yanking". You can yank the killed text either at the same
+place where it was killed, or at some other place in the text. You
+can yank the text several times in order to make multiple copies of
+it. The command to yank is C-y.
+
+Note that the difference between "Killing" and "Deleting" something is
+that "Killed" things can be yanked back, and "Deleted" things cannot.
+Generally, the commands that can remove a lot of text save the text,
+while the commands that delete just one character, or just blank lines
+and spaces, do not save the deleted text.
+
+>> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line which is not empty.
+ Then type C-k to kill the text on that line.
+>> Type C-k a second time. You'll see that it kills the Newline
+ which follows that line.
+
+Note that a single C-k kills the contents of the line, and a second
+C-k kills the line itself, and make all the other lines move up. C-k
+treats a numeric argument specially: it kills that many lines AND
+their contents. This is not mere repetition. C-u 2 C-k kills two
+lines and their newlines; typing C-k twice would not do that.
+
+To retrieve the last killed text and put it where the cursor currently
+is, type C-y.
+
+>> Try it; type C-y to yank the text back.
+
+Think of C-y as if you were yanking something back that someone took
+away from you. Notice that if you do several C-k's in a row, all of
+the killed text is saved together, so that one C-y will yank all of
+the lines.
+
+>> Do this now, type C-k several times.
+
+Now to retrieve that killed text:
+
+>> Type C-y. Then move the cursor down a few lines and type C-y
+ again. You now see how to copy some text.
+
+What do you do if you have some text you want to yank back, and then
+you kill something else? C-y would yank the more recent kill. But
+the previous text is not lost. You can get back to it using the M-y
+command. After you have done C-y to get the most recent kill, typing
+M-y replaces that yanked text with the previous kill. Typing M-y
+again and again brings in earlier and earlier kills. When you have
+reached the text you are looking for, you do not have to do anything to
+keep it. Just go on with your editing, leaving the yanked text where
+it is.
+
+If you M-y enough times, you come back to the starting point (the most
+recent kill).
+
+>> Kill a line, move around, kill another line.
+ Then do C-y to get back the second killed line.
+ Then do M-y and it will be replaced by the first killed line.
+ Do more M-y's and see what you get. Keep doing them until
+ the second kill line comes back, and then a few more.
+ If you like, you can try giving M-y positive and negative
+ arguments.
+
+
+* UNDO
+------
+
+If you make a change to the text, and then decide that it was a
+mistake, you can undo the change with the undo command, C-x u.
+
+Normally, C-x u undoes the changes made by one command; if you repeat
+the C-x u several times in a row, each repetition undoes one
+additional command.
+
+But there are two exceptions: commands that do not change the text do
+not count (this includes cursor motion commands and scrolling
+command), and self-inserting characters are usually handled in groups
+of up to 20. (This is to reduce the number of C-x u's you have to
+type to undo insertion of text.)
+
+>> Kill this line with C-k, then type C-x u and it should reappear.
+
+C-_ is an alternative undo command; it works just the same as C-x u,
+but it is easier to type several times in a row. The disadvantage of
+C-_ is that on some keyboards it is not obvious how to type it. That
+is why we provide C-x u as well. On some terminals, you can type C-_
+by typing / while holding down CTRL.
+
+A numeric argument to C-_ or C-x u acts as a repeat count.
+
+
+* FILES
+-------
+
+In order to make the text you edit permanent, you must put it in a
+file. Otherwise, it will go away when your invocation of Emacs goes
+away. You put your editing in a file by "finding" the file. (This is
+also called "visiting" the file.)
+
+Finding a file means that you see the contents of the file within
+Emacs. In many ways, it is as if you were editing the file itself.
+However, the changes you make using Emacs do not become permanent
+until you "save" the file. This is so you can avoid leaving a
+half-changed file on the system when you do not want to. Even when
+you save, Emacs leaves the original file under a changed name in case
+you later decide that your changes were a mistake.
+
+If you look near the bottom of the screen you will see a line that
+begins and ends with dashes, and contains the string "Emacs:
+TUTORIAL". This part of the screen always shows the name of the file
+that you are visiting. Right now, you are visiting a file called
+"TUTORIAL" which is your personal scratch copy of the Emacs tutorial.
+Whatever file you find, that file's name will appear in that precise
+spot.
+
+The commands for finding and saving files are unlike the other
+commands you have learned in that they consist of two characters.
+They both start with the character Control-x. There is a whole series
+of commands that start with Control-x; many of them have to do with
+files, buffers, and related things. These commands are two, three or
+four characters long.
+
+Another thing about the command for finding a file is that you have
+to say what file name you want. We say the command "reads an argument
+from the terminal" (in this case, the argument is the name of the
+file). After you type the command
+
+ C-x C-f Find a file
+
+Emacs asks you to type the file name. The file name you type appears
+on the bottom line of the screen. The bottom line is called the
+minibuffer when it is used for this sort of input. You can use
+ordinary Emacs editing commands to edit the file name.
+
+While you are entering the file name (or any minibuffer input),
+you can cancel the command with C-g.
+
+>> Type C-x C-f, then type C-g. This cancels the minibuffer,
+ and also cancels the C-x C-f command that was using the
+ minibuffer. So you do not find any file.
+
+When you have finished entering the file name, type <Return> to
+terminate it. Then C-x C-f command goes to work, and finds the file
+you chose. The minibuffer disappears when the C-x C-f command is
+finished.
+
+In a little while the file contents appear on the screen, and you can
+edit the contents. When you wish to make your changes permanent,
+type the command
+
+ C-x C-s Save the file
+
+This copies the text within Emacs into the file. The first time you
+do this, Emacs renames the original file to a new name so that it is
+not lost. The new name is made by adding "~" to the end of the
+original file's name.
+
+When saving is finished, Emacs prints the name of the file written.
+You should save fairly often, so that you will not lose very much
+work if the system should crash.
+
+>> Type C-x C-s, saving your copy of the tutorial.
+ This should print "Wrote ...TUTORIAL" at the bottom of the screen.
+
+NOTE: On some systems, typing C-x C-s will freeze the screen and you
+will see no further output from Emacs. This indicates that an
+operating system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the
+C-s and not letting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen,
+type C-q. Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental
+Search" in the Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".
+
+You can find an existing file, to view it or edit it. You can also
+find a file which does not already exist. This is the way to create a
+file with Emacs: find the file, which will start out empty, and then
+begin inserting the text for the file. When you ask to "save" the
+file, Emacs will really create the file with the text that you have
+inserted. From then on, you can consider yourself to be editing an
+already existing file.
+
+
+* BUFFERS
+---------
+
+If you find a second file with C-x C-f, the first file remains
+inside Emacs. You can switch back to it by finding it again with
+C-x C-f. This way you can get quite a number of files inside Emacs.
+
+>> Create a file named "foo" by typing C-x C-f foo <Return>.
+ Then insert some text, edit it, and save "foo" by typing C-x C-s.
+ Finally, type C-x C-f TUTORIAL <Return>
+ to come back to the tutorial.
+
+Emacs stores each file's text inside an object called a "buffer."
+Finding a file makes a new buffer inside Emacs. To see a list of the
+buffers that currently exist in your Emacs job, type
+
+ C-x C-b List buffers
+
+>> Try C-x C-b now.
+
+See how each buffer has a name, and it may also have a file name
+for the file whose contents it holds. Some buffers do not correspond
+to files. For example, the buffer named "*Buffer List*" does
+not have any file. It is the buffer which contains the buffer
+list that was made by C-x C-b. ANY text you see in an Emacs window
+is always part of some buffer.
+
+>> Type C-x 1 to get rid of the buffer list.
+
+If you make changes to the text of one file, then find another file,
+this does not save the first file. Its changes remain inside Emacs,
+in that file's buffer. The creation or editing of the second file's
+buffer has no effect on the first file's buffer. This is very useful,
+but it also means that you need a convenient way to save the first
+file's buffer. It would be a nuisance to have to switch back to
+it with C-x C-f in order to save it with C-x C-s. So we have
+
+ C-x s Save some buffers
+
+C-x s asks you about each buffer which contains changes that you have
+not saved. It asks you, for each such buffer, whether to save the
+buffer.
+
+>> Insert a line of text, then type C-x s.
+ It should ask you whether to save the buffer named TUTORIAL.
+ Answer yes to the question by typing "y".
+
+* USING THE MENU
+----------------
+
+If you are on an X terminal, you will notice a menubar at the
+top of the Emacs screen. You can use this menubar to access all
+the most common Emacs commands, such as "find file". You will
+find this easier at first, because you don't need to remember
+the keystrokes necessary to access any particular command. Once
+you are comfortable with Emacs, it will be easy to begin using
+the keyboard commands because each menu item with a
+corresponding keyboard command has the command listed next to
+it.
+
+Note that there are many items in the menubar that have no exact
+keyboard equivalents. For example, the Buffers menu lists all
+of the available buffers in most-recently used order. You can
+switch to any buffer by simply findings its name in the Buffers
+menu and selecting it.
+
+
+* USING THE MOUSE
+-----------------
+
+When running under X, Emacs is fully integrated with the mouse.
+You can position the text cursor by clicking the left button at
+the desired location, and you can select text by dragging the
+left mouse button across the text you want to select. (Or
+alternatively, click the left mouse button at one end of the
+text, then move to the other end and use Shift-click to select
+the text.)
+
+To kill some selected text, you can use C-w or choose the Cut
+item from the Edit menu. Note that these are *not* equivalent:
+C-w only saves the text internally within Emacs (similar to C-k
+as described above), whereas Cut does this and also puts the
+text into the X clipboard, where it can be accessed by other
+applications.
+
+To retrieve text from the X clipboard, use the Paste item from
+the Edit menu.
+
+The middle mouse button is commonly used to choose items that
+are visible on the screen. For example, if you enter Info (the
+on-line Emacs documentation) using C-h i or the Help menu, you
+can follow a highlighted link by clicking the middle mouse
+button on it. Similarly, if you are typing a file name in
+(e.g. when prompted by "Find File") and you hit TAB to show the
+possible completions, you can click the middle mouse button on
+one of the completions to select it.
+
+The right mouse button brings up a popup menu. The contents of
+this menu vary depending on what mode you're in, and usually
+contain a few commonly used commands, so they're easier to
+access.
+
+>> Press the right mouse button now.
+
+You will have to hold the button down in order to keep the
+menu up.
+
+
+* EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET
+---------------------------
+
+There are many, many more Emacs commands than could possibly be put
+on all the control and meta characters. Emacs gets around this with
+the X (eXtend) command. This comes in two flavors:
+
+ C-x Character eXtend. Followed by one character.
+ M-x Named command eXtend. Followed by a long name.
+
+These are commands that are generally useful but used less than the
+commands you have already learned about. You have already seen two of
+them: the file commands C-x C-f to Find and C-x C-s to Save. Another
+example is the command to end the Emacs session--this is the command
+C-x C-c. (Do not worry about losing changes you have made; C-x C-c
+offers to save each changed file before it kills the Emacs.)
+
+C-z is the command to exit Emacs *temporarily*--so that you can go
+back to the same Emacs session afterward.
+
+On systems which allow it, C-z "suspends" Emacs; that is, it returns
+to the shell but does not destroy the Emacs. In the most common
+shells, you can resume Emacs with the `fg' command or with `%emacs'.
+
+On systems which do not implement suspending, C-z creates a subshell
+running under Emacs to give you the chance to run other programs and
+return to Emacs afterward; it does not truly "exit" from Emacs. In
+this case, the shell command `exit' is the usual way to get back to
+Emacs from the subshell.
+
+The time to use C-x C-c is when you are about to log out. It's also
+the right thing to use to exit an Emacs invoked under mail handling
+programs and other miscellaneous utilities, since they may not know
+how to cope with suspension of Emacs. In ordinary circumstances,
+though, if you are not about to log out, it is better to suspend Emacs
+with C-z instead of exiting Emacs.
+
+There are many C-x commands. Here is a list of the ones you have learned:
+
+ C-x C-f Find file.
+ C-x C-s Save file.
+ C-x C-b List buffers.
+ C-x C-c Quit Emacs.
+ C-x u Undo.
+
+Named eXtended commands are commands which are used even less
+frequently, or commands which are used only in certain modes. An
+example is the command replace-string, which globally replaces one
+string with another. When you type M-x, Emacs prompts you at the
+bottom of the screen with M-x and you should type the name of the
+command; in this case, "replace-string". Just type "repl s<TAB>" and
+Emacs will complete the name. End the command name with <Return>.
+
+The replace-string command requires two arguments--the string to be
+replaced, and the string to replace it with. You must end each
+argument with <Return>.
+
+>> Move the cursor to the blank line two lines below this one.
+ Then type M-x repl s<Return>changed<Return>altered<Return>.
+
+ Notice how this line has changed: you've replaced
+ the word c-h-a-n-g-e-d with "altered" wherever it occurred,
+ after the initial position of the cursor.
+
+
+* AUTO SAVE
+-----------
+
+When you have made changes in a file, but you have not saved them yet,
+they could be lost if your computer crashes. To protect you from
+this, Emacs periodically writes an "auto save" file for each file that
+you are editing. The auto save file name has a # at the beginning and
+the end; for example, if your file is named "hello.c", its auto save
+file's name is "#hello.c#". When you save the file in the normal way,
+Emacs deletes its auto save file.
+
+If the computer crashes, you can recover your auto-saved editing by
+finding the file normally (the file you were editing, not the auto
+save file) and then typing M-x recover-file<return>. When it asks for
+confirmation, type yes<return> to go ahead and recover the auto-save
+data.
+
+
+* ECHO AREA
+-----------
+
+If Emacs sees that you are typing commands slowly it shows them to you
+at the bottom of the screen in an area called the "echo area." The echo
+area contains the bottom line of the screen.
+
+
+* MODELINE
+-----------
+
+The line immediately above the echo area it is called the "modeline".
+The mode line says something like this:
+
+--**-XEmacs: TUTORIAL (Fundamental)--L670--58%----------------
+
+This line gives useful information about the status of Emacs and
+the text you are editing.
+
+You already know what the filename means--it is the file you have
+found. -NN%-- indicates your current position in the text; it means
+that NN percent of the text is above the top of the screen. If the
+top of the file is on the screen, it will say --Top-- instead of
+--00%--. If the bottom of the text is on the screen, it will say
+--Bot--. If you are looking at text so small that all of it fits on
+the screen, the mode line says --All--.
+
+The stars near the front mean that you have made changes to the text.
+Right after you visit or save a file, that part of the mode line shows
+no stars, just dashes.
+
+The part of the mode line inside the parentheses is to tell you what
+editing modes you are in. The default mode is Fundamental which is
+what you are using now. It is an example of a "major mode".
+
+Emacs has many different major modes. Some of them are meant for
+editing different languages and/or kinds of text, such as Lisp mode,
+Text mode, etc. At any time one and only one major mode is active,
+and its name can always be found in the mode line just where
+"Fundamental" is now.
+
+Each major mode makes a few commands behave differently. For example,
+there are commands for creating comments in a program, and since each
+programming language has a different idea of what a comment should
+look like, each major mode has to insert comments differently. Each
+major mode is the name of an extended command, which is how you can
+switch to that mode. For example, M-x fundamental-mode is a command to
+switch to Fundamental mode.
+
+If you are going to be editing English text, such as this file, you
+should probably use Text Mode.
+>> Type M-x text-mode<Return>.
+
+Don't worry, none of the commands you have learned changes Emacs in
+any great way. But you can observe that M-f and M-b now treat
+apostrophes as part of words. Previously, in Fundamental mode,
+M-f and M-b treated apostrophes as word-separators.
+
+Major modes usually make subtle changes like that one: most commands
+do "the same job" in each major mode, but they work a little bit
+differently.
+
+To view documentation on your current major mode, type C-h m.
+
+>> Use C-u C-v once or more to bring this line near the top of screen.
+>> Type C-h m, to see how Text mode differs from Fundamental mode.
+>> Type q to remove the documentation from the screen.
+
+Major modes are called major because there are also minor modes.
+Minor modes are alternatives not to the major modes, just minor
+modifications of them. Each minor mode can be turned on or off by
+itself, independent of all other minor modes, and independent of your
+major mode. So you can use no minor modes, or one minor mode, or any
+combination of several minor modes.
+
+One minor mode which is very useful, especially for editing English
+text, is Auto Fill mode. When this mode is on, Emacs breaks the line
+in between words automatically whenever you insert text and make a
+line that is too wide.
+
+You can turn Auto Fill mode on by doing M-x auto-fill-mode<Return>.
+When the mode is on, you can turn it off by doing M-x
+auto-fill-mode<Return>. If the mode is off, this command turns it on,
+and if the mode is on, this command turns it off. We say that the
+command "toggles the mode".
+
+>> Type M-x auto-fill-mode<Return> now. Then insert a line of "asdf "
+ over again until you see it divide into two lines. You must put in
+ spaces between them because Auto Fill breaks lines only at spaces.
+
+The margin is usually set at 70 characters, but you can change it
+with the C-x f command. You should give the margin setting you want
+as a numeric argument.
+
+>> Type C-x f with an argument of 20. (C-u 2 0 C-x f).
+ Then type in some text and see Emacs fill lines of 20
+ characters with it. Then set the margin back to 70 using
+ C-x f again.
+
+If you makes changes in the middle of a paragraph, Auto Fill mode
+does not re-fill it for you.
+To re-fill the paragraph, type M-q (Meta-q) with the cursor inside
+that paragraph.
+
+>> Move the cursor into the previous paragraph and type M-q.
+
+
+* SEARCHING
+-----------
+
+Emacs can do searches for strings (these are groups of contiguous
+characters or words) either forward through the text or backward
+through it. Searching for a string is a cursor motion command;
+it moves the cursor to the next place where that string appears.
+
+The Emacs search command is different from the search commands
+of most editors, in that it is "incremental". This means that the
+search happens while you type in the string to search for.
+
+The command to initiate a search is C-s for forward search, and C-r
+for reverse search. BUT WAIT! Don't try them now.
+
+When you type C-s you'll notice that the string "I-search" appears as
+a prompt in the echo area. This tells you that Emacs is in what is
+called an incremental search waiting for you to type the thing that
+you want to search for. <Return> terminates a search.
+
+>> Now type C-s to start a search. SLOWLY, one letter at a time,
+ type the word 'cursor', pausing after you type each
+ character to notice what happens to the cursor.
+ Now you have searched for "cursor", once.
+>> Type C-s again, to search for the next occurrence of "cursor".
+>> Now type <Delete> four times and see how the cursor moves.
+>> Type <RET> to terminate the search.
+
+Did you see what happened? Emacs, in an incremental search, tries to
+go to the occurrence of the string that you've typed out so far,
+highlighting it for your convenience. To go to the next occurrence of
+'cursor' just type C-s again. If no such occurrence exists Emacs
+beeps and tells you the search is currently "failing", C-g would also
+terminate the search.
+
+NOTE: On some systems, typing C-s will freeze the screen and you will
+see no further output from Emacs. This indicates that an operating
+system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the C-s and not
+letting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen, type C-q.
+Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search" in the
+Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".
+
+If you are in the middle of an incremental search and type <Delete>,
+you'll notice that the last character in the search string is erased
+and the search backs up to the last place of the search. For
+instance, suppose you have typed "c", to search for the first
+occurrence of "c". Now if you type "u", the cursor will move
+to the first occurrence of "cu". Now type <Delete>. This erases
+the "u" from the search string, and the cursor moves back to
+the first occurrence of "c".
+
+If you are in the middle of a search and type a control or meta
+character (with a few exceptions--characters that are special in
+a search, such as C-s and C-r), the search is terminated.
+
+The C-s starts a search that looks for any occurrence of the search
+string AFTER the current cursor position. If you want to search for
+something earlier in the text, type C-r instead. Everything that we
+have said about C-s also applies to C-r, except that the direction of
+the search is reversed.
+
+
+* MULTIPLE WINDOWS
+------------------
+
+One of the nice features of Emacs is that you can display more than one
+window on the screen at the same time.
+
+>> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l.
+
+>> Now type C-x 2 which splits the screen into two windows.
+ Both windows display this tutorial. The cursor stays in the top window.
+
+>> Type C-M-v to scroll the bottom window.
+ (If you do not have a real Meta key, type ESC C-v.)
+
+>> Type C-x o ("o" for "other") to move the cursor to the bottom window.
+>> Use C-v and M-v in the bottom window to scroll it.
+ Keep reading these directions in the top window.
+
+>> Type C-x o again to move the cursor back to the top window.
+ The cursor in the top window is just where it was before.
+
+You can keep using C-x o to switch between the windows. Each
+window has its own cursor position, but only one window actually
+shows the cursor. All the ordinary editing commands apply to the
+window that the cursor is in. We call this the "selected window".
+
+The command C-M-v is very useful when you are editing text in one
+window and using the other window just for reference. You can keep
+the cursor always in the window where you are editing, and advance
+through the other window sequentially with C-M-v.
+
+C-M-v is an example of a CONTROL-META character. If you have a real
+META key, you can type C-M-v by holding down both CTRL and META while
+typing v. It does not matter whether CTRL or META "comes first,"
+because both of these keys act by modifying the characters you type.
+
+If you do not have a real META key, and you use ESC instead, the order
+does matter: you must type ESC followed by CTRL-v; CTRL-ESC v will not
+work. This is because ESC is a character in its own right, not a
+modifier key.
+
+>> Type C-x 1 (in the top window) to get rid of the bottom window.
+
+(If you had typed C-x 1 in the bottom window, that would get rid
+of the top one. Think of this command as "Keep just one
+window--the window I am already in.")
+
+You do not have to display the same buffer in both windows. If you
+use C-x C-f to find a file in one window, the other window does not
+change. You can find a file in each window independently.
+
+Here is another way to use two windows to display two different
+things:
+
+>> Type C-x 4 C-f followed by the name of one of your files.
+ End with <Return>. See the specified file appear in the bottom
+ window. The cursor goes there, too.
+
+>> Type C-x o to go back to the top window, and C-x 1 to delete
+ the bottom window.
+
+
+* RECURSIVE EDITING LEVELS
+--------------------------
+
+Sometimes you will get into what is called a "recursive editing
+level". This is indicated by square brackets in the mode line,
+surrounding the parentheses around the major mode name. For
+example, you might see [(Fundamental)] instead of (Fundamental).
+
+To get out of the recursive editing level, type ESC ESC ESC. That is
+an all-purpose "get out" command. You can also use it for eliminating
+extra windows, and getting out of the minibuffer.
+
+>> Type M-x to get into a minibuffer; then type ESC ESC ESC to get out.
+
+You cannot use C-g to get out of a recursive editing level. This is
+because C-g is used for canceling commands and arguments WITHIN the
+recursive editing level.
+
+
+* GETTING MORE HELP
+-------------------
+
+In this tutorial we have tried to supply just enough information to
+get you started using Emacs. There is so much available in Emacs that
+it would be impossible to explain it all here. However, you may want
+to learn more about Emacs since it has many other useful features.
+Emacs provides commands for reading documentation about Emacs
+commands. These "help" commands all start with the character
+Control-h, which is called "the Help character".
+
+To use the Help features, type the C-h character, and then a
+character saying what kind of help you want. If you are REALLY lost,
+type C-h ? and Emacs will tell you what kinds of help it can give.
+If you have typed C-h and decide you do not want any help, just
+type C-g to cancel it.
+
+(Some sites rebind the character C-h. They really should not do this
+as a blanket measure, so complain to the system administrator.
+Meanwhile, if C-h does not display a message about help at the bottom
+of the screen, try typing M-x help RET instead.)
+
+The most basic HELP feature is C-h c. Type C-h, a c, and a
+command character or sequence, and Emacs displays a very brief
+description of the command.
+
+>> Type C-h c Control-p.
+ The message should be something like
+
+ C-p runs the command previous-line
+
+This tells you the "name of the function". Function names are used
+mainly for customizing and extending Emacs. But since function names
+are chosen to indicate what the command does, they can serve also as
+very brief documentation--sufficient to remind you of commands you
+have already learned.
+
+Multi-character commands such as C-x C-s and (if you have no META or
+EDIT or ALT key) <ESC>v are also allowed after C-h c.
+
+To get more information about a command, use C-h k instead of C-h c.
+
+>> Type C-h k Control-p.
+
+This displays the documentation of the function, as well as its
+name, in an Emacs window. When you are finished reading the
+output, type q to get rid of the help text.
+
+Here are some other useful C-h options:
+
+ C-h f Describe a function. You type in the name of the
+ function.
+
+>> Try typing C-h f previous-line<Return>.
+ This prints all the information Emacs has about the
+ function which implements the C-p command.
+
+ C-h a Hyper Apropos. Type in a keyword and Emacs will list
+ all the functions and variables whose names contain
+ that keyword. The commands that can be invoked with
+ Meta-x, an asterisk will be displayed to the left.
+
+>> Type C-h a newline<Return>.
+
+This displays a list of all functions and variables with "newline" in
+their names. Press <Return> or click the middle mouse button to find
+out more about a function or variable. Type `q' to exit hyper-apropos.
+
+
+* CONCLUSION
+------------
+
+Remember, to exit Emacs permanently use C-x C-c. To exit to a shell
+temporarily, so that you can come back in, use C-z. (under X, this
+iconifies the current Emacs frame.)
+
+This tutorial is meant to be understandable to all new users, so if
+you found something unclear, don't sit and blame yourself - complain!
+
+
+COPYING
+-------
+
+This tutorial descends from a long line of Emacs tutorials
+starting with the one written by Stuart Cracraft for the original Emacs.
+Ben Wing updated the tutorial for X Windows. Martin Buchholz and
+Hrvoje Niksic added more corrections for XEmacs.
+
+This version of the tutorial, like GNU Emacs, is copyrighted, and
+comes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions:
+
+Copyright (c) 1985, 1996 Free Software Foundation
+
+ Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
+ of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
+ copyright notice and permission notice are preserved,
+ and that the distributor grants the recipient permission
+ for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.
+
+ Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
+ of this document, or of portions of it,
+ under the above conditions, provided also that they
+ carry prominent notices stating who last altered them.
+
+The conditions for copying Emacs itself are more complex, but in the
+same spirit. Please read the file COPYING and then do give copies of
+GNU Emacs to your friends. Help stamp out software obstructionism
+("ownership") by using, writing, and sharing free software!
projects / chise / xemacs-chise.git- / blobdiff