--- /dev/null
+@c -*-texinfo-*-
+@c This is part of the XEmacs Lisp Reference Manual.
+@c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+@c See the file lispref.texi for copying conditions.
+@setfilename ../../info/os.info
+@node System Interface, X-Windows, Processes, Top
+@chapter Operating System Interface
+
+ This chapter is about starting and getting out of Emacs, access to
+values in the operating system environment, and terminal input, output,
+and flow control.
+
+ @xref{Building XEmacs}, for related information. See also
+@ref{Display}, for additional operating system status information
+pertaining to the terminal and the screen.
+
+@menu
+* Starting Up:: Customizing XEmacs start-up processing.
+* Getting Out:: How exiting works (permanent or temporary).
+* System Environment:: Distinguish the name and kind of system.
+* User Identification:: Finding the name and user id of the user.
+* Time of Day:: Getting the current time.
+* Time Conversion:: Converting a time from numeric form to a string, or
+ to calendrical data (or vice versa).
+* Timers:: Setting a timer to call a function at a certain time.
+* Terminal Input:: Recording terminal input for debugging.
+* Terminal Output:: Recording terminal output for debugging.
+* Flow Control:: How to turn output flow control on or off.
+* Batch Mode:: Running XEmacs without terminal interaction.
+@end menu
+@ignore
+* Special Keysyms:: Defining system-specific key symbols for X windows.
+@end ignore
+
+@node Starting Up
+@section Starting Up XEmacs
+
+ This section describes what XEmacs does when it is started, and how you
+can customize these actions.
+
+@menu
+* Start-up Summary:: Sequence of actions XEmacs performs at start-up.
+* Init File:: Details on reading the init file (@file{.emacs}).
+* Terminal-Specific:: How the terminal-specific Lisp file is read.
+* Command Line Arguments:: How command line arguments are processed,
+ and how you can customize them.
+@end menu
+
+@node Start-up Summary
+@subsection Summary: Sequence of Actions at Start Up
+@cindex initialization
+@cindex start up of XEmacs
+@cindex @file{startup.el}
+
+ The order of operations performed (in @file{startup.el}) by XEmacs when
+it is started up is as follows:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+It loads the initialization library for the window system, if you are
+using a window system. This library's name is
+@file{term/@var{windowsystem}-win.el}.
+
+@item
+It processes the initial options. (Some of them are handled
+even earlier than this.)
+
+@item
+It initializes the X window frame and faces, if appropriate.
+
+@item
+It runs the normal hook @code{before-init-hook}.
+
+@item
+It loads the library @file{site-start}, unless the option
+@samp{-no-site-file} was specified. The library's file name is usually
+@file{site-start.el}.
+@cindex @file{site-start.el}
+
+@item
+It loads the file @file{~/.emacs} unless @samp{-q} was specified on
+the command line. (This is not done in @samp{-batch} mode.) The @samp{-u}
+option can specify the user name whose home directory should be used
+instead of @file{~}.
+
+@item
+It loads the library @file{default} unless @code{inhibit-default-init}
+is non-@code{nil}. (This is not done in @samp{-batch} mode or if
+@samp{-q} was specified on the command line.) The library's file name
+is usually @file{default.el}.
+@cindex @file{default.el}
+
+@item
+It runs the normal hook @code{after-init-hook}.
+
+@item
+It sets the major mode according to @code{initial-major-mode}, provided
+the buffer @samp{*scratch*} is still current and still in Fundamental
+mode.
+
+@item
+It loads the terminal-specific Lisp file, if any, except when in batch
+mode or using a window system.
+
+@item
+It displays the initial echo area message, unless you have suppressed
+that with @code{inhibit-startup-echo-area-message}.
+
+@item
+It processes the action arguments from the command line.
+
+@item
+It runs @code{term-setup-hook}.
+
+@item
+It calls @code{frame-notice-user-settings}, which modifies the
+parameters of the selected frame according to whatever the init files
+specify.
+
+@item
+It runs @code{window-setup-hook}. @xref{Terminal-Specific}.
+
+@item
+It displays copyleft, nonwarranty, and basic use information, provided
+there were no remaining command line arguments (a few steps above) and
+the value of @code{inhibit-startup-message} is @code{nil}.
+@end enumerate
+
+@defopt inhibit-startup-message
+This variable inhibits the initial startup messages (the nonwarranty,
+etc.). If it is non-@code{nil}, then the messages are not printed.
+
+This variable exists so you can set it in your personal init file, once
+you are familiar with the contents of the startup message. Do not set
+this variable in the init file of a new user, or in a way that affects
+more than one user, because that would prevent new users from receiving
+the information they are supposed to see.
+@end defopt
+
+@defopt inhibit-startup-echo-area-message
+This variable controls the display of the startup echo area message.
+You can suppress the startup echo area message by adding text with this
+form to your @file{.emacs} file:
+
+@example
+(setq inhibit-startup-echo-area-message
+ "@var{your-login-name}")
+@end example
+
+Simply setting @code{inhibit-startup-echo-area-message} to your login
+name is not sufficient to inhibit the message; Emacs explicitly checks
+whether @file{.emacs} contains an expression as shown above. Your login
+name must appear in the expression as a Lisp string constant.
+
+This way, you can easily inhibit the message for yourself if you wish,
+but thoughtless copying of your @file{.emacs} file will not inhibit the
+message for someone else.
+@end defopt
+
+@node Init File
+@subsection The Init File: @file{.emacs}
+@cindex init file
+@cindex @file{.emacs}
+
+ When you start XEmacs, it normally attempts to load the file
+@file{.emacs} from your home directory. This file, if it exists, must
+contain Lisp code. It is called your @dfn{init file}. The command line
+switches @samp{-q} and @samp{-u} affect the use of the init file;
+@samp{-q} says not to load an init file, and @samp{-u} says to load a
+specified user's init file instead of yours. @xref{Entering XEmacs,,,
+xemacs, The XEmacs User's Manual}.
+
+@cindex default init file
+ A site may have a @dfn{default init file}, which is the library named
+@file{default.el}. XEmacs finds the @file{default.el} file through the
+standard search path for libraries (@pxref{How Programs Do Loading}).
+The XEmacs distribution does not come with this file; sites may provide
+one for local customizations. If the default init file exists, it is
+loaded whenever you start Emacs, except in batch mode or if @samp{-q} is
+specified. But your own personal init file, if any, is loaded first; if
+it sets @code{inhibit-default-init} to a non-@code{nil} value, then
+XEmacs does not subsequently load the @file{default.el} file.
+
+ Another file for site-customization is @file{site-start.el}. Emacs
+loads this @emph{before} the user's init file. You can inhibit the
+loading of this file with the option @samp{-no-site-file}.
+
+@defvar site-run-file
+This variable specifies the site-customization file to load
+before the user's init file. Its normal value is @code{"site-start"}.
+@end defvar
+
+ If there is a great deal of code in your @file{.emacs} file, you
+should move it into another file named @file{@var{something}.el},
+byte-compile it (@pxref{Byte Compilation}), and make your @file{.emacs}
+file load the other file using @code{load} (@pxref{Loading}).
+
+ @xref{Init File Examples,,, xemacs, The XEmacs User's Manual}, for
+examples of how to make various commonly desired customizations in your
+@file{.emacs} file.
+
+@defopt inhibit-default-init
+This variable prevents XEmacs from loading the default initialization
+library file for your session of XEmacs. If its value is non-@code{nil},
+then the default library is not loaded. The default value is
+@code{nil}.
+@end defopt
+
+@defvar before-init-hook
+@defvarx after-init-hook
+These two normal hooks are run just before, and just after, loading of
+the user's init file, @file{default.el}, and/or @file{site-start.el}.
+@end defvar
+
+@node Terminal-Specific
+@subsection Terminal-Specific Initialization
+@cindex terminal-specific initialization
+
+ Each terminal type can have its own Lisp library that XEmacs loads when
+run on that type of terminal. For a terminal type named @var{termtype},
+the library is called @file{term/@var{termtype}}. XEmacs finds the file
+by searching the @code{load-path} directories as it does for other
+files, and trying the @samp{.elc} and @samp{.el} suffixes. Normally,
+terminal-specific Lisp library is located in @file{emacs/lisp/term}, a
+subdirectory of the @file{emacs/lisp} directory in which most XEmacs Lisp
+libraries are kept.@refill
+
+ The library's name is constructed by concatenating the value of the
+variable @code{term-file-prefix} and the terminal type. Normally,
+@code{term-file-prefix} has the value @code{"term/"}; changing this
+is not recommended.
+
+ The usual function of a terminal-specific library is to enable special
+keys to send sequences that XEmacs can recognize. It may also need to
+set or add to @code{function-key-map} if the Termcap entry does not
+specify all the terminal's function keys. @xref{Terminal Input}.
+
+@cindex Termcap
+ When the name of the terminal type contains a hyphen, only the part of
+the name before the first hyphen is significant in choosing the library
+name. Thus, terminal types @samp{aaa-48} and @samp{aaa-30-rv} both use
+the @file{term/aaa} library. If necessary, the library can evaluate
+@code{(getenv "TERM")} to find the full name of the terminal
+type.@refill
+
+ Your @file{.emacs} file can prevent the loading of the
+terminal-specific library by setting the variable
+@code{term-file-prefix} to @code{nil}. This feature is useful when
+experimenting with your own peculiar customizations.
+
+ You can also arrange to override some of the actions of the
+terminal-specific library by setting the variable
+@code{term-setup-hook}. This is a normal hook which XEmacs runs using
+@code{run-hooks} at the end of XEmacs initialization, after loading both
+your @file{.emacs} file and any terminal-specific libraries. You can
+use this variable to define initializations for terminals that do not
+have their own libraries. @xref{Hooks}.
+
+@defvar term-file-prefix
+@cindex @code{TERM} environment variable
+If the @code{term-file-prefix} variable is non-@code{nil}, XEmacs loads
+a terminal-specific initialization file as follows:
+
+@example
+(load (concat term-file-prefix (getenv "TERM")))
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+You may set the @code{term-file-prefix} variable to @code{nil} in your
+@file{.emacs} file if you do not wish to load the
+terminal-initialization file. To do this, put the following in
+your @file{.emacs} file: @code{(setq term-file-prefix nil)}.
+@end defvar
+
+@defvar term-setup-hook
+This variable is a normal hook that XEmacs runs after loading your
+@file{.emacs} file, the default initialization file (if any) and the
+terminal-specific Lisp file.
+
+You can use @code{term-setup-hook} to override the definitions made by a
+terminal-specific file.
+@end defvar
+
+@defvar window-setup-hook
+This variable is a normal hook which XEmacs runs after loading your
+@file{.emacs} file and the default initialization file (if any), after
+loading terminal-specific Lisp code, and after running the hook
+@code{term-setup-hook}.
+@end defvar
+
+@node Command Line Arguments
+@subsection Command Line Arguments
+@cindex command line arguments
+
+ You can use command line arguments to request various actions when you
+start XEmacs. Since you do not need to start XEmacs more than once per
+day, and will often leave your XEmacs session running longer than that,
+command line arguments are hardly ever used. As a practical matter, it
+is best to avoid making the habit of using them, since this habit would
+encourage you to kill and restart XEmacs unnecessarily often. These
+options exist for two reasons: to be compatible with other editors (for
+invocation by other programs) and to enable shell scripts to run
+specific Lisp programs.
+
+ This section describes how Emacs processes command line arguments,
+and how you can customize them.
+
+@ignore
+ (Note that some other editors require you to start afresh each time
+you want to edit a file. With this kind of editor, you will probably
+specify the file as a command line argument. The recommended way to
+use XEmacs is to start it only once, just after you log in, and do
+all your editing in the same XEmacs process. Each time you want to edit
+a different file, you visit it with the existing XEmacs, which eventually
+comes to have many files in it ready for editing. Usually you do not
+kill the XEmacs until you are about to log out.)
+@end ignore
+
+@defun command-line
+This function parses the command line that XEmacs was called with,
+processes it, loads the user's @file{.emacs} file and displays the
+startup messages.
+@end defun
+
+@defvar command-line-processed
+The value of this variable is @code{t} once the command line has been
+processed.
+
+If you redump XEmacs by calling @code{dump-emacs}, you may wish to set
+this variable to @code{nil} first in order to cause the new dumped XEmacs
+to process its new command line arguments.
+@end defvar
+
+@defvar command-switch-alist
+@cindex switches on command line
+@cindex options on command line
+@cindex command line options
+The value of this variable is an alist of user-defined command-line
+options and associated handler functions. This variable exists so you
+can add elements to it.
+
+A @dfn{command line option} is an argument on the command line of the
+form:
+
+@example
+-@var{option}
+@end example
+
+The elements of the @code{command-switch-alist} look like this:
+
+@example
+(@var{option} . @var{handler-function})
+@end example
+
+The @var{handler-function} is called to handle @var{option} and receives
+the option name as its sole argument.
+
+In some cases, the option is followed in the command line by an
+argument. In these cases, the @var{handler-function} can find all the
+remaining command-line arguments in the variable
+@code{command-line-args-left}. (The entire list of command-line
+arguments is in @code{command-line-args}.)
+
+The command line arguments are parsed by the @code{command-line-1}
+function in the @file{startup.el} file. See also @ref{Command
+Switches, , Command Line Switches and Arguments, xemacs, The XEmacs
+User's Manual}.
+@end defvar
+
+@defvar command-line-args
+The value of this variable is the list of command line arguments passed
+to XEmacs.
+@end defvar
+
+@defvar command-line-functions
+This variable's value is a list of functions for handling an
+unrecognized command-line argument. Each time the next argument to be
+processed has no special meaning, the functions in this list are called,
+in order of appearance, until one of them returns a non-@code{nil}
+value.
+
+These functions are called with no arguments. They can access the
+command-line argument under consideration through the variable
+@code{argi}. The remaining arguments (not including the current one)
+are in the variable @code{command-line-args-left}.
+
+When a function recognizes and processes the argument in @code{argi}, it
+should return a non-@code{nil} value to say it has dealt with that
+argument. If it has also dealt with some of the following arguments, it
+can indicate that by deleting them from @code{command-line-args-left}.
+
+If all of these functions return @code{nil}, then the argument is used
+as a file name to visit.
+@end defvar
+
+@node Getting Out
+@section Getting out of XEmacs
+@cindex exiting XEmacs
+
+ There are two ways to get out of XEmacs: you can kill the XEmacs job,
+which exits permanently, or you can suspend it, which permits you to
+reenter the XEmacs process later. As a practical matter, you seldom kill
+XEmacs---only when you are about to log out. Suspending is much more
+common.
+
+@menu
+* Killing XEmacs:: Exiting XEmacs irreversibly.
+* Suspending XEmacs:: Exiting XEmacs reversibly.
+@end menu
+
+@node Killing XEmacs
+@subsection Killing XEmacs
+@cindex killing XEmacs
+
+ Killing XEmacs means ending the execution of the XEmacs process. The
+parent process normally resumes control. The low-level primitive for
+killing XEmacs is @code{kill-emacs}.
+
+@deffn Command kill-emacs &optional exit-data
+This function exits the XEmacs process and kills it.
+
+If @var{exit-data} is an integer, then it is used as the exit status
+of the XEmacs process. (This is useful primarily in batch operation; see
+@ref{Batch Mode}.)
+
+If @var{exit-data} is a string, its contents are stuffed into the
+terminal input buffer so that the shell (or whatever program next reads
+input) can read them.
+@end deffn
+
+ All the information in the XEmacs process, aside from files that have
+been saved, is lost when the XEmacs is killed. Because killing XEmacs
+inadvertently can lose a lot of work, XEmacs queries for confirmation
+before actually terminating if you have buffers that need saving or
+subprocesses that are running. This is done in the function
+@code{save-buffers-kill-emacs}.
+
+@defvar kill-emacs-query-functions
+After asking the standard questions, @code{save-buffers-kill-emacs}
+calls the functions in the list @code{kill-buffer-query-functions}, in
+order of appearance, with no arguments. These functions can ask for
+additional confirmation from the user. If any of them returns
+non-@code{nil}, XEmacs is not killed.
+@end defvar
+
+@defvar kill-emacs-hook
+This variable is a normal hook; once @code{save-buffers-kill-emacs} is
+finished with all file saving and confirmation, it runs the functions in
+this hook.
+@end defvar
+
+@node Suspending XEmacs
+@subsection Suspending XEmacs
+@cindex suspending XEmacs
+
+ @dfn{Suspending XEmacs} means stopping XEmacs temporarily and returning
+control to its superior process, which is usually the shell. This
+allows you to resume editing later in the same XEmacs process, with the
+same buffers, the same kill ring, the same undo history, and so on. To
+resume XEmacs, use the appropriate command in the parent shell---most
+likely @code{fg}.
+
+ Some operating systems do not support suspension of jobs; on these
+systems, ``suspension'' actually creates a new shell temporarily as a
+subprocess of XEmacs. Then you would exit the shell to return to XEmacs.
+
+ Suspension is not useful with window systems such as X, because the
+XEmacs job may not have a parent that can resume it again, and in any
+case you can give input to some other job such as a shell merely by
+moving to a different window. Therefore, suspending is not allowed
+when XEmacs is an X client.
+
+@deffn Command suspend-emacs &optional stuffstring
+This function stops XEmacs and returns control to the superior process.
+If and when the superior process resumes XEmacs, @code{suspend-emacs}
+returns @code{nil} to its caller in Lisp.
+
+If optional arg @var{stuffstring} is non-@code{nil}, its characters are
+sent to be read as terminal input by XEmacs's superior shell. The
+characters in @var{stuffstring} are not echoed by the superior shell;
+only the results appear.
+
+Before suspending, @code{suspend-emacs} runs the normal hook
+@code{suspend-hook}. In Emacs version 18, @code{suspend-hook} was not a
+normal hook; its value was a single function, and if its value was
+non-@code{nil}, then @code{suspend-emacs} returned immediately without
+actually suspending anything.
+
+After the user resumes XEmacs, @code{suspend-emacs} runs the normal hook
+@code{suspend-resume-hook}. @xref{Hooks}.
+
+The next redisplay after resumption will redraw the entire screen,
+unless the variable @code{no-redraw-on-reenter} is non-@code{nil}
+(@pxref{Refresh Screen}).
+
+In the following example, note that @samp{pwd} is not echoed after
+XEmacs is suspended. But it is read and executed by the shell.
+
+@smallexample
+@group
+(suspend-emacs)
+ @result{} nil
+@end group
+
+@group
+(add-hook 'suspend-hook
+ (function (lambda ()
+ (or (y-or-n-p
+ "Really suspend? ")
+ (error "Suspend cancelled")))))
+ @result{} (lambda nil
+ (or (y-or-n-p "Really suspend? ")
+ (error "Suspend cancelled")))
+@end group
+@group
+(add-hook 'suspend-resume-hook
+ (function (lambda () (message "Resumed!"))))
+ @result{} (lambda nil (message "Resumed!"))
+@end group
+@group
+(suspend-emacs "pwd")
+ @result{} nil
+@end group
+@group
+---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ----------
+Really suspend? @kbd{y}
+---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ----------
+@end group
+
+@group
+---------- Parent Shell ----------
+lewis@@slug[23] % /user/lewis/manual
+lewis@@slug[24] % fg
+@end group
+
+@group
+---------- Echo Area ----------
+Resumed!
+@end group
+@end smallexample
+@end deffn
+
+@defvar suspend-hook
+This variable is a normal hook run before suspending.
+@end defvar
+
+@defvar suspend-resume-hook
+This variable is a normal hook run after suspending.
+@end defvar
+
+@node System Environment
+@section Operating System Environment
+@cindex operating system environment
+
+ XEmacs provides access to variables in the operating system environment
+through various functions. These variables include the name of the
+system, the user's @sc{uid}, and so on.
+
+@defvar system-type
+The value of this variable is a symbol indicating the type of operating
+system XEmacs is operating on. Here is a table of the possible values:
+
+@table @code
+@item aix-v3
+AIX.
+
+@item berkeley-unix
+Berkeley BSD.
+
+@item dgux
+Data General DGUX operating system.
+
+@item gnu
+A GNU system using the GNU HURD and Mach.
+
+@item hpux
+Hewlett-Packard HPUX operating system.
+
+@item irix
+Silicon Graphics Irix system.
+
+@item linux
+A GNU system using the Linux kernel.
+
+@item ms-dos
+Microsoft MS-DOS ``operating system.''
+
+@item next-mach
+NeXT Mach-based system.
+
+@item rtu
+Masscomp RTU, UCB universe.
+
+@item unisoft-unix
+UniSoft UniPlus.
+
+@item usg-unix-v
+AT&T System V.
+
+@item windows-nt
+Microsoft windows NT.
+
+@item xenix
+SCO Xenix 386.
+@end table
+
+We do not wish to add new symbols to make finer distinctions unless it
+is absolutely necessary! In fact, we hope to eliminate some of these
+alternatives in the future. We recommend using
+@code{system-configuration} to distinguish between different operating
+systems.
+@end defvar
+
+@defvar system-configuration
+This variable holds the three-part configuration name for the
+hardware/software configuration of your system, as a string. The
+convenient way to test parts of this string is with @code{string-match}.
+@end defvar
+
+@defun system-name
+This function returns the name of the machine you are running on.
+@example
+(system-name)
+ @result{} "prep.ai.mit.edu"
+@end example
+@end defun
+
+@vindex system-name
+ The symbol @code{system-name} is a variable as well as a function. In
+fact, the function returns whatever value the variable
+@code{system-name} currently holds. Thus, you can set the variable
+@code{system-name} in case Emacs is confused about the name of your
+system. The variable is also useful for constructing frame titles
+(@pxref{Frame Titles}).
+
+@defvar mail-host-address
+If this variable is non-@code{nil}, it is used instead of
+@code{system-name} for purposes of generating email addresses. For
+example, it is used when constructing the default value of
+@code{user-mail-address}. @xref{User Identification}. (Since this is
+done when XEmacs starts up, the value actually used is the one saved when
+XEmacs was dumped. @xref{Building XEmacs}.)
+@end defvar
+
+@deffn Command getenv var &optional interactivep
+@cindex environment variable access
+This function returns the value of the environment variable @var{var},
+as a string. Within XEmacs, the environment variable values are kept in
+the Lisp variable @code{process-environment}.
+
+When invoked interactively, @code{getenv} prints the value in the echo area.
+
+@example
+@group
+(getenv "USER")
+ @result{} "lewis"
+@end group
+
+@group
+lewis@@slug[10] % printenv
+PATH=.:/user/lewis/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin
+USER=lewis
+@end group
+@group
+TERM=ibmapa16
+SHELL=/bin/csh
+HOME=/user/lewis
+@end group
+@end example
+@end deffn
+
+@deffn Command setenv variable &optional value unset
+This command sets the value of the environment variable named
+@var{variable} to @var{value}. Both arguments should be strings. This
+function works by modifying @code{process-environment}; binding that
+variable with @code{let} is also reasonable practice.
+@end deffn
+
+@defvar process-environment
+This variable is a list of strings, each describing one environment
+variable. The functions @code{getenv} and @code{setenv} work by
+manipulating this variable.
+
+@smallexample
+@group
+process-environment
+@result{} ("l=/usr/stanford/lib/gnuemacs/lisp"
+ "PATH=.:/user/lewis/bin:/usr/class:/nfsusr/local/bin"
+ "USER=lewis"
+@end group
+@group
+ "TERM=ibmapa16"
+ "SHELL=/bin/csh"
+ "HOME=/user/lewis")
+@end group
+@end smallexample
+@end defvar
+
+@defvar path-separator
+This variable holds a string which says which character separates
+directories in a search path (as found in an environment variable). Its
+value is @code{":"} for Unix and GNU systems, and @code{";"} for MS-DOS
+and Windows NT.
+@end defvar
+
+@defvar invocation-name
+This variable holds the program name under which Emacs was invoked. The
+value is a string, and does not include a directory name.
+@end defvar
+
+@defvar invocation-directory
+This variable holds the directory from which the Emacs executable was
+invoked, or perhaps @code{nil} if that directory cannot be determined.
+@end defvar
+
+@defvar installation-directory
+If non-@code{nil}, this is a directory within which to look for the
+@file{lib-src} and @file{etc} subdirectories. This is non-@code{nil}
+when Emacs can't find those directories in their standard installed
+locations, but can find them in a directory related somehow to the one
+containing the Emacs executable.
+@end defvar
+
+@defun load-average &optional use-floats
+This function returns a list of the current 1-minute, 5-minute and
+15-minute load averages. The values are integers that are 100 times the
+system load averages. (The load averages indicate the number of
+processes trying to run.)
+
+When @var{use-floats} is non-@code{nil}, floats will be returned instead
+of integers. These floats are not multiplied by 100.
+
+@example
+@group
+(load-average)
+ @result{} (169 158 164)
+(load-average t)
+ @result{} (1.69921875 1.58984375 1.640625)
+@end group
+
+@group
+lewis@@rocky[5] % uptime
+ 8:06pm up 16 day(s), 21:57, 40 users,
+ load average: 1.68, 1.59, 1.64
+@end group
+@end example
+
+If the 5-minute or 15-minute load averages are not available, return a
+shortened list, containing only those averages which are available.
+
+On some systems, this function may require special privileges to run, or
+it may be unimplemented for the particular system type. In that case,
+the function will signal an error.
+@end defun
+
+@defun emacs-pid
+This function returns the process @sc{id} of the Emacs process.
+@end defun
+
+@node User Identification
+@section User Identification
+
+@defvar user-mail-address
+This holds the nominal email address of the user who is using Emacs.
+When Emacs starts up, it computes a default value that is usually right,
+but users often set this themselves when the default value is not right.
+@end defvar
+
+@defun user-login-name &optional uid
+If you don't specify @var{uid}, this function returns the name under
+which the user is logged in. If the environment variable @code{LOGNAME}
+is set, that value is used. Otherwise, if the environment variable
+@code{USER} is set, that value is used. Otherwise, the value is based
+on the effective @sc{uid}, not the real @sc{uid}.
+
+If you specify @var{uid}, the value is the user name that corresponds
+to @var{uid} (which should be an integer).
+
+@example
+@group
+(user-login-name)
+ @result{} "lewis"
+@end group
+@end example
+@end defun
+
+@defun user-real-login-name
+This function returns the user name corresponding to Emacs's real
+@sc{uid}. This ignores the effective @sc{uid} and ignores the
+environment variables @code{LOGNAME} and @code{USER}.
+@end defun
+
+@defvar user-full-name
+This variable holds the name of the user running this Emacs. It is
+initialized at startup time from the value of @code{NAME} environment
+variable. You can change the value of this variable to alter the result
+of the @code{user-full-name} function.
+@end defvar
+
+@defun user-full-name &optional user
+This function returns the full name of @var{user}. If @var{user} is
+@code{nil}, it defaults to the user running this Emacs. In that case,
+the value of @code{user-full-name} variable, if non-@code{nil}, will be
+used.
+
+If @var{user} is specified explicitly, @code{user-full-name} variable is
+ignored.
+
+@example
+@group
+(user-full-name)
+ @result{} "Hrvoje Niksic"
+(setq user-full-name "Hrvoje \"Niksa\" Niksic")
+(user-full-name)
+ @result{} "Hrvoje \"Niksa\" Niksic"
+(user-full-name "hniksic")
+ @result{} "Hrvoje Niksic"
+@end group
+@end example
+@end defun
+
+@vindex user-full-name
+@vindex user-real-login-name
+@vindex user-login-name
+ The symbols @code{user-login-name}, @code{user-real-login-name} and
+@code{user-full-name} are variables as well as functions. The functions
+return the same values that the variables hold. These variables allow
+you to ``fake out'' Emacs by telling the functions what to return. The
+variables are also useful for constructing frame titles (@pxref{Frame
+Titles}).
+
+@defun user-real-uid
+This function returns the real @sc{uid} of the user.
+
+@example
+@group
+(user-real-uid)
+ @result{} 19
+@end group
+@end example
+@end defun
+
+@defun user-uid
+This function returns the effective @sc{uid} of the user.
+@end defun
+
+@defun user-home-directory
+This function returns the ``@code{HOME}'' directory of the user, and is
+intended to replace occurrences of ``@code{(getenv "HOME")}''. Under
+Unix systems, the following is done:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+Return the value of ``@code{(getenv "HOME")}'', if set.
+
+@item
+Return ``/'', as a fallback, but issue a warning. (Future versions of
+XEmacs will also attempt to lookup the @code{HOME} directory via
+@code{getpwent()}, but this has not yet been implemented.)
+@end enumerate
+
+Under MS Windows, this is done:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+Return the value of ``@code{(getenv "HOME")}'', if set.
+
+@item
+If the environment variables @code{HOMEDRIVE} and @code{HOMEDIR} are
+both set, return the concatenation (the following description uses MS
+Windows environment variable substitution syntax):
+@code{%HOMEDRIVE%%HOMEDIR%}.
+
+@item
+Return ``C:\'', as a fallback, but issue a warning.
+@end enumerate
+@end defun
+
+@node Time of Day
+@section Time of Day
+
+ This section explains how to determine the current time and the time
+zone.
+
+@defun current-time-string &optional time-value
+This function returns the current time and date as a humanly-readable
+string. The format of the string is unvarying; the number of characters
+used for each part is always the same, so you can reliably use
+@code{substring} to extract pieces of it. It is wise to count the
+characters from the beginning of the string rather than from the end, as
+additional information may be added at the end.
+
+@c Emacs 19 feature
+The argument @var{time-value}, if given, specifies a time to format
+instead of the current time. The argument should be a list whose first
+two elements are integers. Thus, you can use times obtained from
+@code{current-time} (see below) and from @code{file-attributes}
+(@pxref{File Attributes}).
+
+@example
+@group
+(current-time-string)
+ @result{} "Wed Oct 14 22:21:05 1987"
+@end group
+@end example
+@end defun
+
+@c Emacs 19 feature
+@defun current-time
+This function returns the system's time value as a list of three
+integers: @code{(@var{high} @var{low} @var{microsec})}. The integers
+@var{high} and @var{low} combine to give the number of seconds since
+0:00 January 1, 1970, which is
+@ifinfo
+@var{high} * 2**16 + @var{low}.
+@end ifinfo
+@tex
+$high*2^{16}+low$.
+@end tex
+
+The third element, @var{microsec}, gives the microseconds since the
+start of the current second (or 0 for systems that return time only on
+the resolution of a second).
+
+The first two elements can be compared with file time values such as you
+get with the function @code{file-attributes}. @xref{File Attributes}.
+@end defun
+
+@c Emacs 19 feature
+@defun current-time-zone &optional time-value
+This function returns a list describing the time zone that the user is
+in.
+
+The value has the form @code{(@var{offset} @var{name})}. Here
+@var{offset} is an integer giving the number of seconds ahead of UTC
+(east of Greenwich). A negative value means west of Greenwich. The
+second element, @var{name} is a string giving the name of the time
+zone. Both elements change when daylight savings time begins or ends;
+if the user has specified a time zone that does not use a seasonal time
+adjustment, then the value is constant through time.
+
+If the operating system doesn't supply all the information necessary to
+compute the value, both elements of the list are @code{nil}.
+
+The argument @var{time-value}, if given, specifies a time to analyze
+instead of the current time. The argument should be a cons cell
+containing two integers, or a list whose first two elements are
+integers. Thus, you can use times obtained from @code{current-time}
+(see above) and from @code{file-attributes} (@pxref{File Attributes}).
+@end defun
+
+@node Time Conversion
+@section Time Conversion
+
+ These functions convert time values (lists of two or three integers)
+to strings or to calendrical information. There is also a function to
+convert calendrical information to a time value. You can get time
+values from the functions @code{current-time} (@pxref{Time of Day}) and
+@code{file-attributes} (@pxref{File Attributes}).
+
+@defun format-time-string format-string &optional time
+This function converts @var{time} to a string according to
+@var{format-string}. If @var{time} is omitted, it defaults to the
+current time. The argument @var{format-string} may contain
+@samp{%}-sequences which say to substitute parts of the time. Here is a
+table of what the @samp{%}-sequences mean:
+
+@table @samp
+@item %a
+This stands for the abbreviated name of the day of week.
+@item %A
+This stands for the full name of the day of week.
+@item %b
+This stands for the abbreviated name of the month.
+@item %B
+This stands for the full name of the month.
+@item %c
+This is a synonym for @samp{%x %X}.
+@item %C
+This has a locale-specific meaning. In the default locale (named C), it
+is equivalent to @samp{%A, %B %e, %Y}.
+@item %d
+This stands for the day of month, zero-padded.
+@item %D
+This is a synonym for @samp{%m/%d/%y}.
+@item %e
+This stands for the day of month, blank-padded.
+@item %h
+This is a synonym for @samp{%b}.
+@item %H
+This stands for the hour (00-23).
+@item %I
+This stands for the hour (00-12).
+@item %j
+This stands for the day of the year (001-366).
+@item %k
+This stands for the hour (0-23), blank padded.
+@item %l
+This stands for the hour (1-12), blank padded.
+@item %m
+This stands for the month (01-12).
+@item %M
+This stands for the minute (00-59).
+@item %n
+This stands for a newline.
+@item %p
+This stands for @samp{AM} or @samp{PM}, as appropriate.
+@item %r
+This is a synonym for @samp{%I:%M:%S %p}.
+@item %R
+This is a synonym for @samp{%H:%M}.
+@item %S
+This stands for the seconds (00-60).
+@item %t
+This stands for a tab character.
+@item %T
+This is a synonym for @samp{%H:%M:%S}.
+@item %U
+This stands for the week of the year (01-52), assuming that weeks
+start on Sunday.
+@item %w
+This stands for the numeric day of week (0-6). Sunday is day 0.
+@item %W
+This stands for the week of the year (01-52), assuming that weeks
+start on Monday.
+@item %x
+This has a locale-specific meaning. In the default locale (named C), it
+is equivalent to @samp{%D}.
+@item %X
+This has a locale-specific meaning. In the default locale (named C), it
+is equivalent to @samp{%T}.
+@item %y
+This stands for the year without century (00-99).
+@item %Y
+This stands for the year with century.
+@item %Z
+This stands for the time zone abbreviation.
+@end table
+@end defun
+
+@defun decode-time &optional specified-time
+This function converts a time value into calendrical information. The
+optional @var{specified-time} should be a list of
+(@var{high} @var{low} . @var{ignored}) or (@var{high} . @var{low}), as from
+@code{current-time} and @code{file-attributes}, or @code{nil} to use the
+current time.
+
+The return value is a list of nine elements, as follows:
+
+@example
+(@var{seconds} @var{minutes} @var{hour} @var{day} @var{month} @var{year} @var{dow} @var{dst} @var{zone})
+@end example
+
+Here is what the elements mean:
+
+@table @var
+@item sec
+The number of seconds past the minute, as an integer between 0 and 59.
+@item minute
+The number of minutes past the hour, as an integer between 0 and 59.
+@item hour
+The hour of the day, as an integer between 0 and 23.
+@item day
+The day of the month, as an integer between 1 and 31.
+@item month
+The month of the year, as an integer between 1 and 12.
+@item year
+The year, an integer typically greater than 1900.
+@item dow
+The day of week, as an integer between 0 and 6, where 0 stands for
+Sunday.
+@item dst
+@code{t} if daylight savings time is effect, otherwise @code{nil}.
+@item zone
+An integer indicating the time zone, as the number of seconds east of
+Greenwich.
+@end table
+
+Note that Common Lisp has different meanings for @var{dow} and
+@var{zone}.
+@end defun
+
+@defun encode-time seconds minutes hour day month year &optional zone
+This function is the inverse of @code{decode-time}. It converts seven
+items of calendrical data into a time value. For the meanings of the
+arguments, see the table above under @code{decode-time}.
+
+Year numbers less than 100 are treated just like other year numbers. If
+you want them to stand for years above 1900, you must alter them yourself
+before you call @code{encode-time}.
+
+The optional argument @var{zone} defaults to the current time zone and
+its daylight savings time rules. If specified, it can be either a list
+(as you would get from @code{current-time-zone}) or an integer (as you
+would get from @code{decode-time}). The specified zone is used without
+any further alteration for daylight savings time.
+@end defun
+
+@node Timers
+@section Timers for Delayed Execution
+
+You can set up a timer to call a function at a specified future time.
+
+@c All different in FSF 19
+@defun add-timeout secs function object &optional resignal
+This function adds a timeout, to be signaled after the timeout period
+has elapsed. @var{secs} is a number of seconds, expressed as an integer
+or a float. @var{function} will be called after that many seconds have
+elapsed, with one argument, the given @var{object}. If the optional
+@var{resignal} argument is provided, then after this timeout expires,
+@code{add-timeout} will automatically be called again with
+@var{resignal} as the first argument.
+
+This function returns an object which is the @dfn{id} of this particular
+timeout. You can pass that object to @code{disable-timeout} to turn off
+the timeout before it has been signalled.
+
+The number of seconds may be expressed as a floating-point number, in which
+case some fractional part of a second will be used. Caveat: the usable
+timeout granularity will vary from system to system.
+
+Adding a timeout causes a timeout event to be returned by
+@code{next-event}, and the function will be invoked by
+@code{dispatch-event}, so if XEmacs is in a tight loop, the function will
+not be invoked until the next call to sit-for or until the return to
+top-level (the same is true of process filters).
+
+WARNING: if you are thinking of calling add-timeout from inside of a
+callback function as a way of resignalling a timeout, think again. There
+is a race condition. That's why the @var{resignal} argument exists.
+
+(NOTE: In FSF Emacs, this function is called @code{run-at-time} and
+has different semantics.)
+@end defun
+
+@defun disable-timeout id
+Cancel the requested action for @var{id}, which should be a value
+previously returned by @code{add-timeout}. This cancels the effect of
+that call to @code{add-timeout}; the arrival of the specified time will
+not cause anything special to happen.
+(NOTE: In FSF Emacs, this function is called @code{cancel-timer}.)
+@end defun
+
+@node Terminal Input
+@section Terminal Input
+@cindex terminal input
+
+ This section describes functions and variables for recording or
+manipulating terminal input. See @ref{Display}, for related
+functions.
+
+@menu
+* Input Modes:: Options for how input is processed.
+* Translating Input:: Low level conversion of some characters or events
+ into others.
+* Recording Input:: Saving histories of recent or all input events.
+@end menu
+
+@node Input Modes
+@subsection Input Modes
+@cindex input modes
+@cindex terminal input modes
+
+@defun set-input-mode interrupt flow meta &optional quit-char console
+This function sets the mode for reading keyboard input. If
+@var{interrupt} is non-null, then XEmacs uses input interrupts. If it is
+@code{nil}, then it uses @sc{cbreak} mode. When XEmacs communicates
+directly with X, it ignores this argument and uses interrupts if that is
+the way it knows how to communicate.
+
+If @var{flow} is non-@code{nil}, then XEmacs uses @sc{xon/xoff} (@kbd{C-q},
+@kbd{C-s}) flow control for output to the terminal. This has no effect except
+in @sc{cbreak} mode. @xref{Flow Control}.
+
+The default setting is system dependent. Some systems always use
+@sc{cbreak} mode regardless of what is specified.
+
+@c Emacs 19 feature
+The argument @var{meta} controls support for input character codes
+above 127. If @var{meta} is @code{t}, XEmacs converts characters with
+the 8th bit set into Meta characters. If @var{meta} is @code{nil},
+XEmacs disregards the 8th bit; this is necessary when the terminal uses
+it as a parity bit. If @var{meta} is neither @code{t} nor @code{nil},
+XEmacs uses all 8 bits of input unchanged. This is good for terminals
+using European 8-bit character sets.
+
+@c Emacs 19 feature
+If @var{quit-char} is non-@code{nil}, it specifies the character to
+use for quitting. Normally this character is @kbd{C-g}.
+@xref{Quitting}.
+@end defun
+
+The @code{current-input-mode} function returns the input mode settings
+XEmacs is currently using.
+
+@c Emacs 19 feature
+@defun current-input-mode &optional console
+This function returns current mode for reading keyboard input. It
+returns a list, corresponding to the arguments of @code{set-input-mode},
+of the form @code{(@var{interrupt} @var{flow} @var{meta} @var{quit})} in
+which:
+@table @var
+@item interrupt
+is non-@code{nil} when XEmacs is using interrupt-driven input. If
+@code{nil}, Emacs is using @sc{cbreak} mode.
+@item flow
+is non-@code{nil} if XEmacs uses @sc{xon/xoff} (@kbd{C-q}, @kbd{C-s})
+flow control for output to the terminal. This value has no effect
+unless @var{interrupt} is non-@code{nil}.
+@item meta
+is @code{t} if XEmacs treats the eighth bit of input characters as
+the meta bit; @code{nil} means XEmacs clears the eighth bit of every
+input character; any other value means XEmacs uses all eight bits as the
+basic character code.
+@item quit
+is the character XEmacs currently uses for quitting, usually @kbd{C-g}.
+@end table
+@end defun
+
+@node Translating Input
+@subsection Translating Input Events
+@cindex translating input events
+
+ This section describes features for translating input events into other
+input events before they become part of key sequences.
+
+@ignore Not in XEmacs yet.
+@c Emacs 19 feature
+@defvar extra-keyboard-modifiers
+This variable lets Lisp programs ``press'' the modifier keys on the
+keyboard. The value is a bit mask:
+
+@table @asis
+@item 1
+The @key{SHIFT} key.
+@item 2
+The @key{LOCK} key.
+@item 4
+The @key{CTL} key.
+@item 8
+The @key{META} key.
+@end table
+
+Each time the user types a keyboard key, it is altered as if the
+modifier keys specified in the bit mask were held down.
+
+When using X windows, the program can ``press'' any of the modifier
+keys in this way. Otherwise, only the @key{CTL} and @key{META} keys can
+be virtually pressed.
+@end defvar
+
+@defvar keyboard-translate-table
+This variable is the translate table for keyboard characters. It lets
+you reshuffle the keys on the keyboard without changing any command
+bindings. Its value must be a string or @code{nil}.
+
+If @code{keyboard-translate-table} is a string, then each character read
+from the keyboard is looked up in this string and the character in the
+string is used instead. If the string is of length @var{n}, character codes
+@var{n} and up are untranslated.
+
+In the example below, we set @code{keyboard-translate-table} to a
+string of 128 characters. Then we fill it in to swap the characters
+@kbd{C-s} and @kbd{C-\} and the characters @kbd{C-q} and @kbd{C-^}.
+Subsequently, typing @kbd{C-\} has all the usual effects of typing
+@kbd{C-s}, and vice versa. (@xref{Flow Control} for more information on
+this subject.)
+
+@cindex flow control example
+@example
+@group
+(defun evade-flow-control ()
+ "Replace C-s with C-\ and C-q with C-^."
+ (interactive)
+@end group
+@group
+ (let ((the-table (make-string 128 0)))
+ (let ((i 0))
+ (while (< i 128)
+ (aset the-table i i)
+ (setq i (1+ i))))
+@end group
+ ;; @r{Swap @kbd{C-s} and @kbd{C-\}.}
+ (aset the-table ?\034 ?\^s)
+ (aset the-table ?\^s ?\034)
+@group
+ ;; @r{Swap @kbd{C-q} and @kbd{C-^}.}
+ (aset the-table ?\036 ?\^q)
+ (aset the-table ?\^q ?\036)
+ (setq keyboard-translate-table the-table)))
+@end group
+@end example
+
+Note that this translation is the first thing that happens to a
+character after it is read from the terminal. Record-keeping features
+such as @code{recent-keys} and dribble files record the characters after
+translation.
+@end defvar
+
+@defun keyboard-translate &rest pairs
+This function modifies @code{keyboard-translate-table} to translate
+character code @var{from} into character code @var{to}. It creates
+or enlarges the translate table if necessary. Multiple
+@var{from}-@var{to} pairs may be specified.
+@end defun
+@end ignore
+
+@defvar function-key-map
+This variable holds a keymap that describes the character sequences
+sent by function keys on an ordinary character terminal. This keymap
+uses the same data structure as other keymaps, but is used differently: it
+specifies translations to make while reading events.
+
+If @code{function-key-map} ``binds'' a key sequence @var{k} to a vector
+@var{v}, then when @var{k} appears as a subsequence @emph{anywhere} in a
+key sequence, it is replaced with the events in @var{v}.
+
+For example, VT100 terminals send @kbd{@key{ESC} O P} when the
+keypad PF1 key is pressed. Therefore, we want XEmacs to translate
+that sequence of events into the single event @code{pf1}. We accomplish
+this by ``binding'' @kbd{@key{ESC} O P} to @code{[pf1]} in
+@code{function-key-map}, when using a VT100.
+
+Thus, typing @kbd{C-c @key{PF1}} sends the character sequence @kbd{C-c
+@key{ESC} O P}; later the function @code{read-key-sequence} translates
+this back into @kbd{C-c @key{PF1}}, which it returns as the vector
+@code{[?\C-c pf1]}.
+
+Entries in @code{function-key-map} are ignored if they conflict with
+bindings made in the minor mode, local, or global keymaps. The intent
+is that the character sequences that function keys send should not have
+command bindings in their own right.
+
+The value of @code{function-key-map} is usually set up automatically
+according to the terminal's Terminfo or Termcap entry, but sometimes
+those need help from terminal-specific Lisp files. XEmacs comes with
+terminal-specific files for many common terminals; their main purpose is
+to make entries in @code{function-key-map} beyond those that can be
+deduced from Termcap and Terminfo. @xref{Terminal-Specific}.
+
+Emacs versions 18 and earlier used totally different means of detecting
+the character sequences that represent function keys.
+@end defvar
+
+@defvar key-translation-map
+This variable is another keymap used just like @code{function-key-map}
+to translate input events into other events. It differs from
+@code{function-key-map} in two ways:
+
+@itemize @bullet
+@item
+@code{key-translation-map} goes to work after @code{function-key-map} is
+finished; it receives the results of translation by
+@code{function-key-map}.
+
+@item
+@code{key-translation-map} overrides actual key bindings.
+@end itemize
+
+The intent of @code{key-translation-map} is for users to map one
+character set to another, including ordinary characters normally bound
+to @code{self-insert-command}.
+@end defvar
+
+@cindex key translation function
+You can use @code{function-key-map} or @code{key-translation-map} for
+more than simple aliases, by using a function, instead of a key
+sequence, as the ``translation'' of a key. Then this function is called
+to compute the translation of that key.
+
+The key translation function receives one argument, which is the prompt
+that was specified in @code{read-key-sequence}---or @code{nil} if the
+key sequence is being read by the editor command loop. In most cases
+you can ignore the prompt value.
+
+If the function reads input itself, it can have the effect of altering
+the event that follows. For example, here's how to define @kbd{C-c h}
+to turn the character that follows into a Hyper character:
+
+@example
+@group
+(defun hyperify (prompt)
+ (let ((e (read-event)))
+ (vector (if (numberp e)
+ (logior (lsh 1 20) e)
+ (if (memq 'hyper (event-modifiers e))
+ e
+ (add-event-modifier "H-" e))))))
+
+(defun add-event-modifier (string e)
+ (let ((symbol (if (symbolp e) e (car e))))
+ (setq symbol (intern (concat string
+ (symbol-name symbol))))
+@end group
+@group
+ (if (symbolp e)
+ symbol
+ (cons symbol (cdr e)))))
+
+(define-key function-key-map "\C-ch" 'hyperify)
+@end group
+@end example
+
+@pindex iso-transl
+@cindex Latin-1 character set (input)
+@cindex ISO Latin-1 characters (input)
+The @file{iso-transl} library uses this feature to provide a way of
+inputting non-ASCII Latin-1 characters.
+
+@node Recording Input
+@subsection Recording Input
+
+@defun recent-keys &optional number
+This function returns a vector containing recent input events from the
+keyboard or mouse. By default, 100 events are recorded, which is how
+many @code{recent-keys} returns.
+
+All input events are included, whether or not they were used as parts of
+key sequences. Thus, you always get the last 100 inputs, not counting
+keyboard macros. (Events from keyboard macros are excluded because they
+are less interesting for debugging; it should be enough to see the
+events that invoked the macros.)
+
+If @var{number} is specified, not more than @var{number} events will be
+returned. You may change the number of stored events using
+@code{set-recent-keys-ring-size}.
+@end defun
+
+@defun recent-keys-ring-size
+This function returns the number of recent events stored internally.
+This is also the maximum number of events @code{recent-keys} can
+return. By default, 100 events are stored.
+@end defun
+
+@defun set-recent-keys-ring-size size
+This function changes the number of events stored by XEmacs and returned
+by @code{recent-keys}.
+
+For example, @code{(set-recent-keys-ring-size 250)} will make XEmacs
+remember last 250 events and will make @code{recent-keys} return last
+250 events by default.
+@end defun
+
+@deffn Command open-dribble-file filename
+@cindex dribble file
+This function opens a @dfn{dribble file} named @var{filename}. When a
+dribble file is open, each input event from the keyboard or mouse (but
+not those from keyboard macros) is written in that file. A
+non-character event is expressed using its printed representation
+surrounded by @samp{<@dots{}>}.
+
+You close the dribble file by calling this function with an argument
+of @code{nil}.
+
+This function is normally used to record the input necessary to
+trigger an XEmacs bug, for the sake of a bug report.
+
+@example
+@group
+(open-dribble-file "~/dribble")
+ @result{} nil
+@end group
+@end example
+@end deffn
+
+ See also the @code{open-termscript} function (@pxref{Terminal Output}).
+
+@node Terminal Output
+@section Terminal Output
+@cindex terminal output
+
+ The terminal output functions send output to the terminal or keep
+track of output sent to the terminal. The function
+@code{device-baud-rate} tells you what XEmacs thinks is the output speed
+of the terminal.
+
+@defun device-baud-rate &optional device
+This function's value is the output speed of the terminal associated
+with @var{device}, as far as XEmacs knows. @var{device} defaults to the
+selected device (usually the only device) if omitted. Changing this
+value does not change the speed of actual data transmission, but the
+value is used for calculations such as padding. This value has no
+effect for window-system devices. (This is different in FSF Emacs, where
+the baud rate also affects decisions about whether to scroll part of the
+screen or repaint, even when using a window system.)
+
+The value is measured in bits per second.
+@end defun
+
+XEmacs attempts to automatically initialize the baud rate by querying
+the terminal. If you are running across a network, however, and
+different parts of the network work are at different baud rates, the
+value returned by XEmacs may be different from the value used by your
+local terminal. Some network protocols communicate the local terminal
+speed to the remote machine, so that XEmacs and other programs can get
+the proper value, but others do not. If XEmacs has the wrong value, it
+makes decisions that are less than optimal. To fix the problem, use
+@code{set-device-baud-rate}.
+
+@defun set-device-baud-rate device baud-rate
+This function sets the output speed of @var{device}. See
+@code{device-baud-rate}. @var{device} defaults to the selected device
+(usually the only device) if @code{nil}.
+@end defun
+
+@defun send-string-to-terminal char-or-string &optional stdout-p device
+This function sends @var{char-or-string} to the terminal without
+alteration. Control characters in @var{char-or-string} have
+terminal-dependent effects.
+
+If @var{device} is @code{nil}, this function writes to XEmacs's
+stderr, or to stdout if @var{stdout-p} is non-@code{nil}. Otherwise,
+@var{device} should be a tty or stream device, and the function writes
+to the device's normal or error output, according to @var{stdout-p}.
+
+One use of this function is to define function keys on terminals that
+have downloadable function key definitions. For example, this is how on
+certain terminals to define function key 4 to move forward four
+characters (by transmitting the characters @kbd{C-u C-f} to the
+computer):
+
+@example
+@group
+(send-string-to-terminal "\eF4\^U\^F")
+ @result{} nil
+@end group
+@end example
+@end defun
+
+@deffn Command open-termscript filename
+@cindex termscript file
+This function is used to open a @dfn{termscript file} that will record
+all the characters sent by XEmacs to the terminal. (If there are
+multiple tty or stream devices, all characters sent to all such devices
+are recorded.) The function returns @code{nil}. Termscript files are
+useful for investigating problems where XEmacs garbles the screen,
+problems that are due to incorrect Termcap entries or to undesirable
+settings of terminal options more often than to actual XEmacs bugs.
+Once you are certain which characters were actually output, you can
+determine reliably whether they correspond to the Termcap specifications
+in use.
+
+A @code{nil} value for @var{filename} stops recording terminal output.
+
+See also @code{open-dribble-file} in @ref{Terminal Input}.
+
+@example
+@group
+(open-termscript "../junk/termscript")
+ @result{} nil
+@end group
+@end example
+@end deffn
+
+@ignore Not in XEmacs
+@node Special Keysyms
+@section System-Specific X11 Keysyms
+
+To define system-specific X11 keysyms, set the variable
+@code{system-key-alist}.
+
+@defvar system-key-alist
+This variable's value should be an alist with one element for each
+system-specific keysym. An element has this form: @code{(@var{code}
+. @var{symbol})}, where @var{code} is the numeric keysym code (not
+including the ``vendor specific'' bit, 1 << 28), and @var{symbol} is the
+name for the function key.
+
+For example @code{(168 . mute-acute)} defines a system-specific key used
+by HP X servers whose numeric code is (1 << 28) + 168.
+
+It is not a problem if the alist defines keysyms for other X servers, as
+long as they don't conflict with the ones used by the X server actually
+in use.
+
+The variable is always local to the current X terminal and cannot be
+buffer-local. @xref{Multiple Displays}.
+@end defvar
+@end ignore
+
+@node Flow Control
+@section Flow Control
+@cindex flow control characters
+
+ This section attempts to answer the question ``Why does XEmacs choose
+to use flow-control characters in its command character set?'' For a
+second view on this issue, read the comments on flow control in the
+@file{emacs/INSTALL} file from the distribution; for help with Termcap
+entries and DEC terminal concentrators, see @file{emacs/etc/TERMS}.
+
+@cindex @kbd{C-s}
+@cindex @kbd{C-q}
+ At one time, most terminals did not need flow control, and none used
+@code{C-s} and @kbd{C-q} for flow control. Therefore, the choice of
+@kbd{C-s} and @kbd{C-q} as command characters was uncontroversial.
+XEmacs, for economy of keystrokes and portability, used nearly all the
+@sc{ascii} control characters, with mnemonic meanings when possible;
+thus, @kbd{C-s} for search and @kbd{C-q} for quote.
+
+ Later, some terminals were introduced which required these characters
+for flow control. They were not very good terminals for full-screen
+editing, so XEmacs maintainers did not pay attention. In later years,
+flow control with @kbd{C-s} and @kbd{C-q} became widespread among
+terminals, but by this time it was usually an option. And the majority
+of users, who can turn flow control off, were unwilling to switch to
+less mnemonic key bindings for the sake of flow control.
+
+ So which usage is ``right'', XEmacs's or that of some terminal and
+concentrator manufacturers? This question has no simple answer.
+
+ One reason why we are reluctant to cater to the problems caused by
+@kbd{C-s} and @kbd{C-q} is that they are gratuitous. There are other
+techniques (albeit less common in practice) for flow control that
+preserve transparency of the character stream. Note also that their use
+for flow control is not an official standard. Interestingly, on the
+model 33 teletype with a paper tape punch (which is very old), @kbd{C-s}
+and @kbd{C-q} were sent by the computer to turn the punch on and off!
+
+ As X servers and other window systems replace character-only
+terminals, this problem is gradually being cured. For the mean time,
+XEmacs provides a convenient way of enabling flow control if you want it:
+call the function @code{enable-flow-control}.
+
+@deffn Command enable-flow-control &optional argument
+This function enables use of @kbd{C-s} and @kbd{C-q} for output flow
+control, and provides the characters @kbd{C-\} and @kbd{C-^} as aliases
+for them using @code{keyboard-translate-table} (@pxref{Translating Input}).
+
+With optional argument @var{argument} (interactively the prefix
+argument), enable flow control mode if @var{argument} is positive; else
+disable it.
+@end deffn
+
+You can use the function @code{enable-flow-control-on} in your
+@file{.emacs} file to enable flow control automatically on certain
+terminal types.
+
+@defun enable-flow-control-on &rest termtypes
+This function enables flow control, and the aliases @kbd{C-\} and @kbd{C-^},
+if the terminal type is one of @var{termtypes}. For example:
+
+@smallexample
+(enable-flow-control-on "vt200" "vt300" "vt101" "vt131")
+@end smallexample
+@end defun
+
+ Here is how @code{enable-flow-control} does its job:
+
+@enumerate
+@item
+@cindex @sc{cbreak}
+It sets @sc{cbreak} mode for terminal input, and tells the operating
+system to handle flow control, with @code{(set-input-mode nil t)}.
+
+@item
+It sets up @code{keyboard-translate-table} to translate @kbd{C-\} and
+@kbd{C-^} into @kbd{C-s} and @kbd{C-q}. Except at its very
+lowest level, XEmacs never knows that the characters typed were anything
+but @kbd{C-s} and @kbd{C-q}, so you can in effect type them as @kbd{C-\}
+and @kbd{C-^} even when they are input for other commands.
+@xref{Translating Input}.
+@end enumerate
+
+If the terminal is the source of the flow control characters, then once
+you enable kernel flow control handling, you probably can make do with
+less padding than normal for that terminal. You can reduce the amount
+of padding by customizing the Termcap entry. You can also reduce it by
+setting @code{baud-rate} to a smaller value so that XEmacs uses a smaller
+speed when calculating the padding needed. @xref{Terminal Output}.
+
+@node Batch Mode
+@section Batch Mode
+@cindex batch mode
+@cindex noninteractive use
+
+ The command line option @samp{-batch} causes XEmacs to run
+noninteractively. In this mode, XEmacs does not read commands from the
+terminal, it does not alter the terminal modes, and it does not expect
+to be outputting to an erasable screen. The idea is that you specify
+Lisp programs to run; when they are finished, XEmacs should exit. The
+way to specify the programs to run is with @samp{-l @var{file}}, which
+loads the library named @var{file}, and @samp{-f @var{function}}, which
+calls @var{function} with no arguments.
+
+ Any Lisp program output that would normally go to the echo area,
+either using @code{message} or using @code{prin1}, etc., with @code{t}
+as the stream, goes instead to XEmacs's standard error descriptor when
+in batch mode. Thus, XEmacs behaves much like a noninteractive
+application program. (The echo area output that XEmacs itself normally
+generates, such as command echoing, is suppressed entirely.)
+
+@defun noninteractive
+This function returns non-@code{nil} when XEmacs is running in batch mode.
+@end defun
+
+@defvar noninteractive
+This variable is non-@code{nil} when XEmacs is running in batch mode.
+Setting this variable to @code{nil}, however, will not change whether
+XEmacs is running in batch mode, and will not change the return value
+of the @code{noninteractive} function.
+@end defvar
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