This commit was generated by cvs2svn to compensate for changes in r5670,

[chise/xemacs-chise.git.1] / info / texinfo.info-5

This is Info file ../info/texinfo.info, produced by Makeinfo version
1.68 from the input file texinfo.texi.

INFO-DIR-SECTION Texinfo documentation system
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* Texinfo: (texinfo).           The GNU documentation format.
* install-info: (texinfo)Invoking install-info. Updating info/dir entries.
* texi2dvi: (texinfo)Format with texi2dvi.      Printing Texinfo documentation.
* texindex: (texinfo)Format with tex/texindex.  Sorting Texinfo index files.
* makeinfo: (texinfo)makeinfo Preferred.        Translate Texinfo source.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY

  This file documents Texinfo, a documentation system that can produce
both on-line information and a printed manual from a single source file.

  Copyright (C) 1988, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 98 Free Software
Foundation, Inc.

  This edition is for Texinfo version 3.12.

  Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
preserved on all copies.

  Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
permission notice identical to this one.

  Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified
versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a
translation approved by the Free Software Foundation.

\1f
File: texinfo.info,  Node: Indicating,  Next: Emphasis,  Prev: Marking Text,  Up: Marking Text

Indicating Definitions, Commands, etc.
======================================

  Texinfo has commands for indicating just what kind of object a piece
of text refers to.  For example, metasyntactic variables are marked by
`@var', and code by `@code'.  Since the pieces of text are labelled by
commands that tell what kind of object they are, it is easy to change
the way the Texinfo formatters prepare such text.  (Texinfo is an
*intentional* formatting language rather than a *typesetting*
formatting language.)

  For example, in a printed manual, code is usually illustrated in a
typewriter font; `@code' tells TeX to typeset this text in this font.
But it would be easy to change the way TeX highlights code to use
another font, and this change would not effect how keystroke examples
are highlighted.  If straight typesetting commands were used in the body
of the file and you wanted to make a change, you would need to check
every single occurrence to make sure that you were changing code and
not something else that should not be changed.

* Menu:

* Useful Highlighting::         Highlighting provides useful information.
* code::                        How to indicate code.
* kbd::                         How to show keyboard input.
* key::                         How to specify keys.
* samp::                        How to show a literal sequence of characters.
* var::                         How to indicate a metasyntactic variable.
* file::                        How to indicate the name of a file.
* dfn::                         How to specify a definition.
* cite::                        How to refer to a book that is not in Info.
* url::                         How to indicate a world wide web reference.
* email::                       How to indicate an electronic mail address.

\1f
File: texinfo.info,  Node: Useful Highlighting,  Next: code,  Prev: Indicating,  Up: Indicating

Highlighting Commands are Useful
--------------------------------

  The highlighting commands can be used to generate useful information
from the file, such as lists of functions or file names.  It is
possible, for example, to write a program in Emacs Lisp (or a keyboard
macro) to insert an index entry after every paragraph that contains
words or phrases marked by a specified command.  You could do this to
construct an index of functions if you had not already made the entries.

  The commands serve a variety of purposes:

`@code{SAMPLE-CODE}'
     Indicate text that is a literal example of a piece of a program.

`@kbd{KEYBOARD-CHARACTERS}'
     Indicate keyboard input.

`@key{KEY-NAME}'
     Indicate the conventional name for a key on a keyboard.

`@samp{TEXT}'
     Indicate text that is a literal example of a sequence of
     characters.

`@var{METASYNTACTIC-VARIABLE}'
     Indicate a metasyntactic variable.

`@url{UNIFORM-RESOURCE-LOCATOR}'
     Indicate a uniform resource locator for the World Wide Web.

`@file{FILE-NAME}'
     Indicate the name of a file.

`@email{EMAIL-ADDRESS[, DISPLAYED-TEXT]}'
     Indicate an electronic mail address.

`@dfn{TERM}'
     Indicate the introductory or defining use of a term.

`@cite{REFERENCE}'
     Indicate the name of a book.

\1f
File: texinfo.info,  Node: code,  Next: kbd,  Prev: Useful Highlighting,  Up: Indicating

`@code'{SAMPLE-CODE}
--------------------

  Use the `@code' command to indicate text that is a piece of a program
and which consists of entire syntactic tokens.  Enclose the text in
braces.

  Thus, you should use `@code' for an expression in a program, for the
name of a variable or function used in a program, or for a keyword.
Also, you should use `@code' for the name of a program, such as `diff',
that is a name used in the machine. (You should write the name of a
program in the ordinary text font if you regard it as a new English
word, such as `Emacs' or `Bison'.)

  Use `@code' for environment variables such as `TEXINPUTS', and other
variables.

  Use `@code' for command names in command languages that resemble
programming languages, such as Texinfo or the shell.  For example,
`@code' and `@samp' are produced by writing `@code{@@code}' and
`@code{@@samp}' in the Texinfo source, respectively.

  Note, however, that you should not use `@code' for shell options such
as `-c' when such options stand alone. (Use `@samp'.)  Also, an entire
shell command often looks better if written using `@samp' rather than
`@code'.  In this case, the rule is to choose the more pleasing format.

  It is incorrect to alter the case of a word inside an `@code' command
when it appears at the beginning of a sentence.  Most computer
languages are case sensitive.  In C, for example, `Printf' is different
from the identifier `printf', and most likely is a misspelling of it.
Even in languages which are not case sensitive, it is confusing to a
human reader to see identifiers spelled in different ways.  Pick one
spelling and always use that.  If you do not want to start a sentence
with a command written all in lower case, you should rearrange the
sentence.

  Do not use the `@code' command for a string of characters shorter
than a syntactic token.  If you are writing about `TEXINPU', which is
just a part of the name for the `TEXINPUTS' environment variable, you
should use `@samp'.

  In particular, you should not use the `@code' command when writing
about the characters used in a token; do not, for example, use `@code'
when you are explaining what letters or printable symbols can be used
in the names of functions.  (Use `@samp'.)  Also, you should not use
`@code' to mark text that is considered input to programs unless the
input is written in a language that is like a programming language.
For example, you should not use `@code' for the keystroke commands of
GNU Emacs (use `@kbd' instead) although you may use `@code' for the
names of the Emacs Lisp functions that the keystroke commands invoke.

  In the printed manual, `@code' causes TeX to typeset the argument in
a typewriter face.  In the Info file, it causes the Info formatting
commands to use single quotation marks around the text.

  For example,

     Use @code{diff} to compare two files.

produces this in the printed manual:

     Use `diff' to compare two files.

\1f
File: texinfo.info,  Node: kbd,  Next: key,  Prev: code,  Up: Indicating

`@kbd'{KEYBOARD-CHARACTERS}
---------------------------

  Use the `@kbd' command for characters of input to be typed by users.
For example, to refer to the characters `M-a', write

     @kbd{M-a}

and to refer to the characters `M-x shell', write

     @kbd{M-x shell}

  The `@kbd' command has the same effect as `@code' in Info, but by
default produces a different font (slanted typewriter instead of normal
typewriter) in the printed manual, so users can distinguish the
characters they are supposed to type from those the computer outputs.

  Since the usage of `@kbd' varies from manual to manual, you can
control the font switching with the `@kbdinputstyle' command.  This
command has no effect on Info output.  Write this command at the
beginning of a line with a single word as an argument, one of the
following:
`code'
     Always use the same font for `@kbd' as `@code'.

`example'
     Use the distinguishing font for `@kbd' only in `@example' and
     similar environments.

`example'
     (the default) Always use the distinguishing font for `@kbd'.

  You can embed another @-command inside the braces of an `@kbd'
command.  Here, for example, is the way to describe a command that
would be described more verbosely as "press an `r' and then press the
<RET> key":

     @kbd{r @key{RET}}

This produces: `r <RET>'

  You also use the `@kbd' command if you are spelling out the letters
you type; for example:

     To give the @code{logout} command,
     type the characters @kbd{l o g o u t @key{RET}}.

This produces:

     To give the `logout' command, type the characters `l o g o u t
     <RET>'.

  (Also, this example shows that you can add spaces for clarity.  If you
really want to mention a space character as one of the characters of
input, write `@key{SPC}' for it.)

\1f
File: texinfo.info,  Node: key,  Next: samp,  Prev: kbd,  Up: Indicating

`@key'{KEY-NAME}
----------------

  Use the `@key' command for the conventional name for a key on a
keyboard, as in:

     @key{RET}

  You can use the `@key' command within the argument of an `@kbd'
command when the sequence of characters to be typed includes one or
more keys that are described by name.

  For example, to produce `C-x <ESC>' you would type:

     @kbd{C-x @key{ESC}}

  Here is a list of the recommended names for keys:

    SPC
          Space

    RET
          Return

    LFD
          Linefeed (however, since most keyboards nowadays do not have
          a Linefeed key, it might be better to call this character
          `C-j'.

    TAB
          Tab

    BS
          Backspace

    ESC
          Escape

    DEL
          Delete

    SHIFT
          Shift

    CTRL
          Control

    META
          Meta

  There are subtleties to handling words like `meta' or `ctrl' that are
names of modifier keys.  When mentioning a character in which the
modifier key is used, such as `Meta-a', use the `@kbd' command alone;
do not use the `@key' command; but when you are referring to the
modifier key in isolation, use the `@key' command.  For example, write
`@kbd{Meta-a}' to produce `Meta-a' and `@key{META}' to produce <META>.

\1f
File: texinfo.info,  Node: samp,  Next: var,  Prev: key,  Up: Indicating

`@samp'{TEXT}
-------------

  Use the `@samp' command to indicate text that is a literal example or
`sample' of a sequence of characters in a file, string, pattern, etc.
Enclose the text in braces.  The argument appears within single
quotation marks in both the Info file and the printed manual; in
addition, it is printed in a fixed-width font.

     To match @samp{foo} at the end of the line,
     use the regexp @samp{foo$}.

produces

     To match `foo' at the end of the line, use the regexp `foo$'.

  Any time you are referring to single characters, you should use
`@samp' unless `@kbd' or `@key' is more appropriate.  Use `@samp' for
the names of command-line options (except in an `@table', where `@code'
seems to read more easily).  Also, you may use `@samp' for entire
statements in C and for entire shell commands--in this case, `@samp'
often looks better than `@code'.  Basically, `@samp' is a catchall for
whatever is not covered by `@code', `@kbd', or `@key'.

  Only include punctuation marks within braces if they are part of the
string you are specifying.  Write punctuation marks outside the braces
if those punctuation marks are part of the English text that surrounds
the string.  In the following sentence, for example, the commas and
period are outside of the braces:

     In English, the vowels are @samp{a}, @samp{e},
     @samp{i}, @samp{o}, @samp{u}, and sometimes
     @samp{y}.

This produces:

     In English, the vowels are `a', `e', `i', `o', `u',  and sometimes
     `y'.

\1f
File: texinfo.info,  Node: var,  Next: file,  Prev: samp,  Up: Indicating

`@var'{METASYNTACTIC-VARIABLE}
------------------------------

  Use the `@var' command to indicate metasyntactic variables.  A
"metasyntactic variable" is something that stands for another piece of
text.  For example, you should use a metasyntactic variable in the
documentation of a function to describe the arguments that are passed
to that function.

  Do not use `@var' for the names of particular variables in
programming languages.  These are specific names from a program, so
`@code' is correct for them.  For example, the Emacs Lisp variable
`texinfo-tex-command' is not a metasyntactic variable; it is properly
formatted using `@code'.

  The effect of `@var' in the Info file is to change the case of the
argument to all upper case; in the printed manual, to italicize it.

  For example,

     To delete file @var{filename},
     type @code{rm @var{filename}}.

produces

     To delete file FILENAME, type `rm FILENAME'.

(Note that `@var' may appear inside `@code', `@samp', `@file', etc.)

  Write a metasyntactic variable all in lower case without spaces, and
use hyphens to make it more readable.  Thus, the Texinfo source for the
illustration of how to begin a Texinfo manual looks like this:

     \input texinfo
     @@setfilename @var{info-file-name}
     @@settitle @var{name-of-manual}

This produces:

     \input texinfo
     @setfilename INFO-FILE-NAME
     @settitle NAME-OF-MANUAL

  In some documentation styles, metasyntactic variables are shown with
angle brackets, for example:

     ..., type rm <filename>

However, that is not the style that Texinfo uses.  (You can, of course,
modify the sources to TeX and the Info formatting commands to output
the `<...>' format if you wish.)

\1f
File: texinfo.info,  Node: file,  Next: dfn,  Prev: var,  Up: Indicating

`@file'{FILE-NAME}
------------------

  Use the `@file' command to indicate text that is the name of a file,
buffer, or directory, or is the name of a node in Info.  You can also
use the command for file name suffixes.  Do not use `@file' for symbols
in a programming language; use `@code'.

  Currently, `@file' is equivalent to `@samp' in its effects.  For
example,

     The @file{.el} files are in
     the @file{/usr/local/emacs/lisp} directory.

produces

     The `.el' files are in the `/usr/local/emacs/lisp' directory.

\1f
File: texinfo.info,  Node: dfn,  Next: cite,  Prev: file,  Up: Indicating

`@dfn'{TERM}
------------

  Use the `@dfn' command to identify the introductory or defining use
of a technical term.  Use the command only in passages whose purpose is
to introduce a term which will be used again or which the reader ought
to know.  Mere passing mention of a term for the first time does not
deserve `@dfn'.  The command generates italics in the printed manual,
and double quotation marks in the Info file.  For example:

     Getting rid of a file is called @dfn{deleting} it.

produces

     Getting rid of a file is called "deleting" it.

  As a general rule, a sentence containing the defining occurrence of a
term should be a definition of the term.  The sentence does not need to
say explicitly that it is a definition, but it should contain the
information of a definition--it should make the meaning clear.

\1f
File: texinfo.info,  Node: cite,  Next: url,  Prev: dfn,  Up: Indicating

`@cite'{REFERENCE}
------------------

  Use the `@cite' command for the name of a book that lacks a companion
Info file. The command produces italics in the printed manual, and
quotation marks in the Info file.

  (If a book is written in Texinfo, it is better to use a cross
reference command since a reader can easily follow such a reference in
Info.  *Note `@xref': xref.)

\1f
File: texinfo.info,  Node: url,  Next: email,  Prev: cite,  Up: Indicating

`@url'{UNIFORM-RESOURCE-LOCATOR}
--------------------------------

  Use the `@url' to indicate a uniform resource locator on the World
Wide Web.  This is analogous to `@file', `@var', etc., and is purely
for markup purposes.  It does not produce a link you can follow in HTML
output (the `@uref' command does, *note `@uref': uref.).  It is useful
for example URL's which do not actually exist.  For example:

     For example, the url might be
     @url{http://host.domain.org/path}.

\1f
File: texinfo.info,  Node: email,  Prev: url,  Up: Indicating

`@email'{EMAIL-ADDRESS[, DISPLAYED-TEXT]}
-----------------------------------------

  Use the `@email' command to indicate an electronic mail address.  It
takes one mandatory argument, the address, and one optional argument,
the text to display (the default is the address itself).

  In Info and TeX, the address is shown in angle brackets, preceded by
the text to display if any.  In HTML output, `@email' produces a
`mailto' link that usually brings up a mail composition window.  For
example:

     Send bug reports to @email{bug-texinfo@@gnu.org}.
     Send suggestions to the @email{bug-texinfo@@gnu.org, same place}.

produces
     Send bug reports to <bug-texinfo@gnu.org>.
     Send suggestions to the same place <bug-texinfo@gnu.org>.

\1f
File: texinfo.info,  Node: Emphasis,  Prev: Indicating,  Up: Marking Text

Emphasizing Text
================

  Usually, Texinfo changes the font to mark words in the text according
to what category the words belong to; an example is the `@code' command.
Most often, this is the best way to mark words.  However, sometimes you
will want to emphasize text without indicating a category.  Texinfo has
two commands to do this.  Also, Texinfo has several commands that
specify the font in which TeX will typeset text.  These commands have
no affect on Info and only one of them, the `@r' command, has any
regular use.

* Menu:

* emph & strong::               How to emphasize text in Texinfo.
* Smallcaps::                   How to use the small caps font.
* Fonts::                       Various font commands for printed output.
* Customized Highlighting::     How to define highlighting commands.

\1f
File: texinfo.info,  Node: emph & strong,  Next: Smallcaps,  Prev: Emphasis,  Up: Emphasis

`@emph'{TEXT} and `@strong'{TEXT}
---------------------------------

  The `@emph' and `@strong' commands are for emphasis; `@strong' is
stronger.  In printed output, `@emph' produces *italics* and `@strong'
produces *bold*.

  For example,

     @quotation
     @strong{Caution:} @samp{rm * .[^.]*} removes @emph{all}
     files in the directory.
     @end quotation

produces:

          *Caution*: `rm * .[^.]*' removes *all*
          files in the directory.

  The `@strong' command is seldom used except to mark what is, in
effect, a typographical element, such as the word `Caution' in the
preceding example.

  In the Info file, both `@emph' and `@strong' put asterisks around the
text.

     *Caution:* Do not use `@emph' or `@strong' with the word `Note';
     Info will mistake the combination for a cross reference.  Use a
     phrase such as *Please note* or *Caution* instead.

\1f
File: texinfo.info,  Node: Smallcaps,  Next: Fonts,  Prev: emph & strong,  Up: Emphasis

`@sc'{TEXT}: The Small Caps Font
--------------------------------

  Use the `@sc' command to set text in the printed output in a small
caps font and set text in the Info file in upper case letters.

  Write the text between braces in lower case, like this:

     The @sc{acm} and @sc{ieee} are technical societies.

This produces:

     The ACM and IEEE are technical societies.

  TeX typesets the small caps font in a manner that prevents the
letters from `jumping out at you on the page'.  This makes small caps
text easier to read than text in all upper case.  The Info formatting
commands set all small caps text in upper case.

  If the text between the braces of an `@sc' command is upper case, TeX
typesets in full-size capitals.  Use full-size capitals sparingly.

  You may also use the small caps font for a jargon word such as ATO (a
NASA word meaning `abort to orbit').

  There are subtleties to using the small caps font with a jargon word
such as CDR, a word used in Lisp programming.  In this case, you should
use the small caps font when the word refers to the second and
subsequent elements of a list (the CDR of the list), but you should use
`@code' when the word refers to the Lisp function of the same spelling.

\1f
File: texinfo.info,  Node: Fonts,  Next: Customized Highlighting,  Prev: Smallcaps,  Up: Emphasis

Fonts for Printing, Not Info
----------------------------

  Texinfo provides four font commands that specify font changes in the
printed manual but have no effect in the Info file.  `@i' requests
italic font (in some versions of TeX, a slanted font is used), `@b'
requests bold face, `@t' requests the fixed-width, typewriter-style
font used by `@code', and `@r' requests a roman font, which is the
usual font in which text is printed.  All four commands apply to an
argument that follows, surrounded by braces.

  Only the `@r' command has much use: in example programs, you can use
the `@r' command to convert code comments from the fixed-width font to
a roman font.  This looks better in printed output.

  For example,

     @lisp
     (+ 2 2)    ; @r{Add two plus two.}
     @end lisp

produces

     (+ 2 2)    ; Add two plus two.

  If possible, you should avoid using the other three font commands.  If
you need to use one, it probably indicates a gap in the Texinfo
language.

\1f
File: texinfo.info,  Node: Customized Highlighting,  Prev: Fonts,  Up: Emphasis

Customized Highlighting
-----------------------

  You can use regular TeX commands inside of `@iftex' ...  `@end iftex'
to create your own customized highlighting commands for Texinfo.  The
easiest way to do this is to equate your customized commands with
pre-existing commands, such as those for italics.  Such new commands
work only with TeX.

  You can use the `@definfoenclose' command inside of `@ifinfo' ...
`@end ifinfo' to define commands for Info with the same names as new
commands for TeX.  `@definfoenclose' creates new commands for Info that
mark text by enclosing it in strings that precede and follow the text.
(1) (*note Customized Highlighting-Footnotes::)

  Here is how to create a new @-command called `@phoo' that causes TeX
to typeset its argument in italics and causes Info to display the
argument between `//' and `\\'.

  For TeX, write the following to equate the `@phoo' command with the
existing `@i' italics command:

     @iftex
     @global@let@phoo=@i
     @end iftex

This defines `@phoo' as a command that causes TeX to typeset the
argument to `@phoo' in italics.  `@global@let' tells TeX to equate the
next argument with the argument that follows the equals sign.

  For Info, write the following to tell the Info formatters to enclose
the argument between `//' and `\\':

     @ifinfo
     @definfoenclose phoo, //, \\
     @end ifinfo

Write the `@definfoenclose' command on a line and follow it with three
arguments separated by commas (commas are used as separators in an
`@node' line in the same way).

   * The first argument to `@definfoenclose' is the @-command name
     *without* the `@';

   * the second argument is the Info start delimiter string; and,

   * the third argument is the Info end delimiter string.

The latter two arguments enclose the highlighted text in the Info file.
A delimiter string may contain spaces.  Neither the start nor end
delimiter is required.  However, if you do not provide a start
delimiter, you must follow the command name with two commas in a row;
otherwise, the Info formatting commands will misinterpret the end
delimiter string as a start delimiter string.

  After you have defined `@phoo' both for TeX and for Info, you can
then write `@phoo{bar}' to see `//bar\\' in Info and see `bar' in
italics in printed output.

  Note that each definition applies to its own formatter: one for TeX,
the other for Info.

  Here is another example:

     @ifinfo
     @definfoenclose headword, , :
     @end ifinfo
     @iftex
     @global@let@headword=@b
     @end iftex

This defines `@headword' as an Info formatting command that inserts
nothing before and a colon after the argument and as a TeX formatting
command to typeset its argument in bold.

\1f
File: texinfo.info,  Node: Customized Highlighting-Footnotes,  Up: Customized Highlighting

  (1) Currently, `@definfoenclose' works only with
`texinfo-format-buffer' and `texinfo-format-region', not with
`makeinfo'.

\1f
File: texinfo.info,  Node: Quotations and Examples,  Next: Lists and Tables,  Prev: Marking Text,  Up: Top

Quotations and Examples
***********************

  Quotations and examples are blocks of text consisting of one or more
whole paragraphs that are set off from the bulk of the text and treated
differently.  They are usually indented.

  In Texinfo, you always begin a quotation or example by writing an
@-command at the beginning of a line by itself, and end it by writing
an `@end' command that is also at the beginning of a line by itself.
For instance, you begin an example by writing `@example' by itself at
the beginning of a line and end the example by writing `@end example'
on a line by itself, at the beginning of that line.

* Menu:

* Block Enclosing Commands::    Use different constructs for
                                  different purposes.
* quotation::                   How to write a quotation.
* example::                     How to write an example in a fixed-width font.
* noindent::                    How to prevent paragraph indentation.
* Lisp Example::                How to illustrate Lisp code.
* smallexample & smalllisp::    Forms for the `@smallbook' option.
* display::                     How to write an example in the current font.
* format::                      How to write an example that does not narrow
                                  the margins.
* exdent::                      How to undo the indentation of a line.
* flushleft & flushright::      How to push text flushleft or flushright.
* cartouche::                   How to draw cartouches around examples.

\1f
File: texinfo.info,  Node: Block Enclosing Commands,  Next: quotation,  Prev: Quotations and Examples,  Up: Quotations and Examples

The Block Enclosing Commands
============================

  Here are commands for quotations and examples:

`@quotation'
     Indicate text that is quoted. The text is filled, indented, and
     printed in a roman font by default.

`@example'
     Illustrate code, commands, and the like. The text is printed in a
     fixed-width font, and indented but not filled.

`@lisp'
     Illustrate Lisp code. The text is printed in a fixed-width font,
     and indented but not filled.

`@smallexample'
     Illustrate code, commands, and the like.  Similar to `@example',
     except that in TeX this command typesets text in a smaller font
     for the smaller `@smallbook' format than for the 8.5 by 11 inch
     format.

`@smalllisp'
     Illustrate Lisp code.  Similar to `@lisp', except that in TeX this
     command typesets text in a smaller font for the smaller
     `@smallbook' format than for the 8.5 by 11 inch format.

`@display'
     Display illustrative text.  The text is indented but not filled,
     and no font is specified (so, by default, the font is roman).

`@format'
     Print illustrative text.  The text is not indented and not filled
     and no font is specified (so, by default, the font is roman).

  The `@exdent' command is used within the above constructs to undo the
indentation of a line.

  The `@flushleft' and `@flushright' commands are used to line up the
left or right margins of unfilled text.

  The `@noindent' command may be used after one of the above constructs
to prevent the following text from being indented as a new paragraph.

  You can use the `@cartouche' command within one of the above
constructs to highlight the example or quotation by drawing a box with
rounded corners around it.  (The `@cartouche' command affects only the
printed manual; it has no effect in the Info file; see *Note Drawing
Cartouches Around Examples: cartouche.)

\1f
File: texinfo.info,  Node: quotation,  Next: example,  Prev: Block Enclosing Commands,  Up: Quotations and Examples

`@quotation'
============

  The text of a quotation is processed normally except that:

   * the margins are closer to the center of the page, so the whole of
     the quotation is indented;

   * the first lines of paragraphs are indented no more than other
     lines;

   * in the printed output, interparagraph spacing is reduced.

     This is an example of text written between an `@quotation' command
     and an `@end quotation' command.  An `@quotation' command is most
     often used to indicate text that is excerpted from another (real
     or hypothetical) printed work.

  Write an `@quotation' command as text on a line by itself.  This line
will disappear from the output.  Mark the end of the quotation with a
line beginning with and containing only `@end quotation'.  The `@end
quotation' line will likewise disappear from the output.  Thus, the
following,

     @quotation
     This is
     a foo.
     @end quotation

produces

     This is a foo.

\1f
File: texinfo.info,  Node: example,  Next: noindent,  Prev: quotation,  Up: Quotations and Examples

`@example'
==========

  The `@example' command is used to indicate an example that is not
part of the running text, such as computer input or output.

     This is an example of text written between an
     `@example' command
     and an `@end example' command.
     The text is indented but not filled.
     
     In the printed manual, the text is typeset in a
     fixed-width font, and extra spaces and blank lines are
     significant.  In the Info file, an analogous result is
     obtained by indenting each line with five spaces.

  Write an `@example' command at the beginning of a line by itself.
This line will disappear from the output.  Mark the end of the example
with an `@end example' command, also written at the beginning of a line
by itself.  The `@end example' will disappear from the output.

  For example,

     @example
     mv foo bar
     @end example

produces

     mv foo bar

  Since the lines containing `@example' and `@end example' will
disappear, you should put a blank line before the `@example' and
another blank line after the `@end example'.  (Remember that blank
lines between the beginning `@example' and the ending `@end example'
will appear in the output.)

     *Caution:* Do not use tabs in the lines of an example (or anywhere
     else in Texinfo, for that matter)!  TeX treats tabs as single
     spaces, and that is not what they look like.  This is a problem
     with TeX.  (If necessary, in Emacs, you can use `M-x untabify' to
     convert tabs in a region to multiple spaces.)

  Examples are often, logically speaking, "in the middle" of a
paragraph, and the text continues after an example should not be
indented.  The `@noindent' command prevents a piece of text from being
indented as if it were a new paragraph.  (*Note noindent::.)

  (The `@code' command is used for examples of code that are embedded
within sentences, not set off from preceding and following text.  *Note
`@code': code.)

\1f
File: texinfo.info,  Node: noindent,  Next: Lisp Example,  Prev: example,  Up: Quotations and Examples

`@noindent'
===========

  An example or other inclusion can break a paragraph into segments.
Ordinarily, the formatters indent text that follows an example as a new
paragraph.  However, you can prevent this by writing `@noindent' at the
beginning of a line by itself preceding the continuation text.

  For example:

     @example
     This is an example
     @end example
     
     @noindent
     This line is not indented.  As you can see, the
     beginning of the line is fully flush left with the line
     that follows after it.  (This whole example is between
     @code{@@display} and @code{@@end display}.)

produces

          This is an example
     
     
     This line is not indented.  As you can see, the
     beginning of the line is fully flush left with the line
     that follows after it.  (This whole example is between
     `@display' and `@end display'.)

  To adjust the number of blank lines properly in the Info file output,
remember that the line containing `@noindent' does not generate a blank
line, and neither does the `@end example' line.

  In the Texinfo source file for this manual, each line that says
`produces' is preceded by a line containing `@noindent'.

  Do not put braces after an `@noindent' command; they are not
necessary, since `@noindent' is a command used outside of paragraphs
(*note Command Syntax::.).

\1f
File: texinfo.info,  Node: Lisp Example,  Next: smallexample & smalllisp,  Prev: noindent,  Up: Quotations and Examples

`@lisp'
=======

  The `@lisp' command is used for Lisp code.  It is synonymous with the
`@example' command.

     This is an example of text written between an
     `@lisp' command and an `@end lisp' command.

  Use `@lisp' instead of `@example' to preserve information regarding
the nature of the example.  This is useful, for example, if you write a
function that evaluates only and all the Lisp code in a Texinfo file.
Then you can use the Texinfo file as a Lisp library.(1) (*note Lisp
Example-Footnotes::)

  Mark the end of `@lisp' with `@end lisp' on a line by itself.

\1f
File: texinfo.info,  Node: Lisp Example-Footnotes,  Up: Lisp Example

  (1) It would be straightforward to extend Texinfo to work in a
similar fashion for C, Fortran, or other languages.

\1f
File: texinfo.info,  Node: smallexample & smalllisp,  Next: display,  Prev: Lisp Example,  Up: Quotations and Examples

`@smallexample' and `@smalllisp'
================================

  In addition to the regular `@example' and `@lisp' commands, Texinfo
has two other "example-style" commands.  These are the `@smallexample'
and `@smalllisp' commands.  Both these commands are designed for use
with the `@smallbook' command that causes TeX to produce a printed
manual in a 7 by 9.25 inch format rather than the regular 8.5 by 11
inch format.

  In TeX, the `@smallexample' and `@smalllisp' commands typeset text in
a smaller font for the smaller `@smallbook' format than for the 8.5 by
11 inch format.  Consequently, many examples containing long lines fit
in a narrower, `@smallbook' page without needing to be shortened.  Both
commands typeset in the normal font size when you format for the 8.5 by
11 inch size; indeed, in this situation, the `@smallexample' and
`@smalllisp' commands are defined to be the `@example' and `@lisp'
commands.

  In Info, the `@smallexample' and `@smalllisp' commands are equivalent
to the `@example' and `@lisp' commands, and work exactly the same.

  Mark the end of `@smallexample' or `@smalllisp' with `@end
smallexample' or `@end smalllisp', respectively.

     This is an example of text written between `@smallexample' and
     `@end smallexample'.  In Info and in an 8.5 by 11 inch manual,
     this text appears in its normal size; but in a 7 by 9.25 inch manual,
     this text appears in a smaller font.

  The `@smallexample' and `@smalllisp' commands make it easier to
prepare smaller format manuals without forcing you to edit examples by
hand to fit them onto narrower pages.

  As a general rule, a printed document looks better if you write all
the examples in a chapter consistently in `@example' or in
`@smallexample'.  Only occasionally should you mix the two formats.

  *Note Printing "Small" Books: smallbook, for more information about
the `@smallbook' command.

\1f
File: texinfo.info,  Node: display,  Next: format,  Prev: smallexample & smalllisp,  Up: Quotations and Examples

`@display'
==========

  The `@display' command begins a kind of example.  It is like the
`@example' command except that, in a printed manual, `@display' does
not select the fixed-width font.  In fact, it does not specify the font
at all, so that the text appears in the same font it would have
appeared in without the `@display' command.

     This is an example of text written between an `@display' command
     and an `@end display' command.  The `@display' command
     indents the text, but does not fill it.

\1f
File: texinfo.info,  Node: format,  Next: exdent,  Prev: display,  Up: Quotations and Examples

`@format'
=========

  The `@format' command is similar to `@example' except that, in the
printed manual, `@format' does not select the fixed-width font and does
not narrow the margins.

This is an example of text written between an `@format' command
and an `@end format' command.  As you can see
from this example,
the `@format' command does not fill the text.

\1f
File: texinfo.info,  Node: exdent,  Next: flushleft & flushright,  Prev: format,  Up: Quotations and Examples

`@exdent': Undoing a Line's Indentation
=======================================

  The `@exdent' command removes any indentation a line might have.  The
command is written at the beginning of a line and applies only to the
text that follows the command that is on the same line.  Do not use
braces around the text.  In a printed manual, the text on an `@exdent'
line is printed in the roman font.

  `@exdent' is usually used within examples.  Thus,

     @example
     This line follows an @@example command.
     @exdent This line is exdented.
     This line follows the exdented line.
     The @@end example comes on the next line.
     @end group

produces

     This line follows an @example command.
This line is exdented.
     This line follows the exdented line.
     The @end example comes on the next line.

  In practice, the `@exdent' command is rarely used.  Usually, you
un-indent text by ending the example and returning the page to its
normal width.

\1f
File: texinfo.info,  Node: flushleft & flushright,  Next: cartouche,  Prev: exdent,  Up: Quotations and Examples

`@flushleft' and `@flushright'
==============================

  The `@flushleft' and `@flushright' commands line up the ends of lines
on the left and right margins of a page, but do not fill the text.  The
commands are written on lines of their own, without braces.  The
`@flushleft' and `@flushright' commands are ended by `@end flushleft'
and `@end flushright' commands on lines of their own.

  For example,

     @flushleft
     This text is
     written flushleft.
     @end flushleft

produces

     This text is
     written flushleft.

  `@flushright' produces the type of indentation often used in the
return address of letters.  For example,

     @flushright
     Here is an example of text written
     flushright.  The @code{@flushright} command
     right justifies every line but leaves the
     left end ragged.
     @end flushright

produces

                                     Here is an example of text written
                                 flushright.  The `@flushright' command
                              right justifies every line but leaves the
                                                       left end ragged.

\1f
File: texinfo.info,  Node: cartouche,  Prev: flushleft & flushright,  Up: Quotations and Examples

Drawing Cartouches Around Examples
==================================

  In a printed manual, the `@cartouche' command draws a box with
rounded corners around its contents.  You can use this command to
further highlight an example or quotation.  For instance, you could
write a manual in which one type of example is surrounded by a cartouche
for emphasis.

  The `@cartouche' command affects only the printed manual; it has no
effect in the Info file.

  For example,

     @example
     @cartouche
     % pwd
     /usr/local/share/emacs
     @end cartouche
     @end example

surrounds the two-line example with a box with rounded corners, in the
printed manual.

\1f
File: texinfo.info,  Node: Lists and Tables,  Next: Indices,  Prev: Quotations and Examples,  Up: Top

Lists and Tables
****************

  Texinfo has several ways of making lists and tables.  Lists can be
bulleted or numbered; two-column tables can highlight the items in the
first column; multi-column tables are also supported.

* Menu:

* Introducing Lists::           Texinfo formats lists for you.
* itemize::                     How to construct a simple list.
* enumerate::                   How to construct a numbered list.
* Two-column Tables::           How to construct a two-column table.
* Multi-column Tables::         How to construct generalized tables.

\1f
File: texinfo.info,  Node: Introducing Lists,  Next: itemize,  Prev: Lists and Tables,  Up: Lists and Tables

Introducing Lists
=================

  Texinfo automatically indents the text in lists or tables, and numbers
an enumerated list.  This last feature is useful if you modify the
list, since you do not need to renumber it yourself.

  Numbered lists and tables begin with the appropriate @-command at the
beginning of a line, and end with the corresponding `@end' command on a
line by itself.  The table and itemized-list commands also require that
you write formatting information on the same line as the beginning
@-command.

  Begin an enumerated list, for example, with an `@enumerate' command
and end the list with an `@end enumerate' command.  Begin an itemized
list with an `@itemize' command, followed on the same line by a
formatting command such as `@bullet', and end the list with an `@end
itemize' command.

  Precede each element of a list with an `@item' or `@itemx' command.

Here is an itemized list of the different kinds of table and lists:

   * Itemized lists with and without bullets.

   * Enumerated lists, using numbers or letters.

   * Two-column tables with highlighting.

Here is an enumerated list with the same items:

  1. Itemized lists with and without bullets.

  2. Enumerated lists, using numbers or letters.

  3. Two-column tables with highlighting.

And here is a two-column table with the same items and their @-commands:

`@itemize'
     Itemized lists with and without bullets.

`@enumerate'
     Enumerated lists, using numbers or letters.

`@table'
`@ftable'
`@vtable'
     Two-column tables with indexing.

\1f
File: texinfo.info,  Node: itemize,  Next: enumerate,  Prev: Introducing Lists,  Up: Lists and Tables

Making an Itemized List
=======================

  The `@itemize' command produces sequences of indented paragraphs,
with a bullet or other mark inside the left margin at the beginning of
each paragraph for which such a mark is desired.

  Begin an itemized list by writing `@itemize' at the beginning of a
line.  Follow the command, on the same line, with a character or a
Texinfo command that generates a mark.  Usually, you will write
`@bullet' after `@itemize', but you can use `@minus', or any character
or any special symbol that results in a single character in the Info
file.  (When you write `@bullet' or `@minus' after an `@itemize'
command, you may omit the `{}'.)

  Write the text of the indented paragraphs themselves after the
`@itemize', up to another line that says `@end itemize'.

  Before each paragraph for which a mark in the margin is desired, write
a line that says just `@item'.  Do not write any other text on this
line.

  Usually, you should put a blank line before an `@item'.  This puts a
blank line in the Info file. (TeX inserts the proper interline
whitespace in either case.)  Except when the entries are very brief,
these blank lines make the list look better.

  Here is an example of the use of `@itemize', followed by the output
it produces.  Note that `@bullet' produces an `*' in Info and a round
dot in TeX.

     @itemize @bullet
     @item
     Some text for foo.
     
     @item
     Some text
     for bar.
     @end itemize

This produces:

        * Some text for foo.

        * Some text for bar.

  Itemized lists may be embedded within other itemized lists.  Here is a
list marked with dashes embedded in a list marked with bullets:

     @itemize @bullet
     @item
     First item.
     
     @itemize @minus
     @item
     Inner item.
     
     @item
     Second inner item.
     @end itemize
     
     @item
     Second outer item.
     @end itemize

This produces:

        * First item.

             - Inner item.

             - Second inner item.

        * Second outer item.

\1f
File: texinfo.info,  Node: enumerate,  Next: Two-column Tables,  Prev: itemize,  Up: Lists and Tables

Making a Numbered or Lettered List
==================================

  `@enumerate' is like `@itemize' (*note `@itemize': itemize.), except
that the labels on the items are successive integers or letters instead
of bullets.

  Write the `@enumerate' command at the beginning of a line.  The
command does not require an argument, but accepts either a number or a
letter as an option.  Without an argument, `@enumerate' starts the list
with the number `1'.  With a numeric argument, such as `3', the command
starts the list with that number.  With an upper or lower case letter,
such as `a' or `A', the command starts the list with that letter.

  Write the text of the enumerated list in the same way you write an
itemized list: put `@item' on a line of its own before the start of
each paragraph that you want enumerated.  Do not write any other text
on the line beginning with `@item'.

  You should put a blank line between entries in the list.  This
generally makes it easier to read the Info file.

  Here is an example of `@enumerate' without an argument:

     @enumerate
     @item
     Underlying causes.
     
     @item
     Proximate causes.
     @end enumerate

This produces:

  1. Underlying causes.

  2. Proximate causes.

  Here is an example with an argument of `3':

     @enumerate 3
     @item
     Predisposing causes.
     
     @item
     Precipitating causes.
     
     @item
     Perpetuating causes.
     @end enumerate

This produces:

  3. Predisposing causes.

  4. Precipitating causes.

  5. Perpetuating causes.

  Here is a brief summary of the alternatives.  The summary is
constructed using `@enumerate' with an argument of `a'.

  a. `@enumerate'

     Without an argument, produce a numbered list, starting with the
     number 1.

  b. `@enumerate POSITIVE-INTEGER'

     With a (positive) numeric argument, start a numbered list with that
     number.  You can use this to continue a list that you interrupted
     with other text.

  c. `@enumerate UPPER-CASE-LETTER'

     With an upper case letter as argument, start a list in which each
     item is marked by a letter, beginning with that upper case letter.

  d. `@enumerate LOWER-CASE-LETTER'

     With a lower case letter as argument, start a list in which each
     item is marked by a letter, beginning with that lower case letter.

  You can also nest enumerated lists, as in an outline.

\1f
File: texinfo.info,  Node: Two-column Tables,  Next: Multi-column Tables,  Prev: enumerate,  Up: Lists and Tables

Making a Two-column Table
=========================

  `@table' is similar to `@itemize' (*note `@itemize': itemize.), but
allows you to specify a name or heading line for each item.  The
`@table' command is used to produce two-column tables, and is
especially useful for glossaries, explanatory exhibits, and
command-line option summaries.

* Menu:

* table::                       How to construct a two-column table.
* ftable vtable::               Automatic indexing for two-column tables.
* itemx::                       How to put more entries in the first column.

\1f
File: texinfo.info,  Node: table,  Next: ftable vtable,  Prev: Two-column Tables,  Up: Two-column Tables

Using the `@table' Command
--------------------------

  Use the `@table' command to produce two-column tables.

  Write the `@table' command at the beginning of a line and follow it
on the same line with an argument that is a Texinfo "indicating"
command such as `@code', `@samp', `@var', or `@kbd' (*note
Indicating::.).  Although these commands are usually followed by
arguments in braces, in this case you use the command name without an
argument because `@item' will supply the argument.  This command will
be applied to the text that goes into the first column of each item and
determines how it will be highlighted.  For example, `@code' will cause
the text in the first column to be highlighted with an `@code' command.
(We recommend `@code' for `@table''s of command-line options.)

  You may also choose to use the `@asis' command as an argument to
`@table'.  `@asis' is a command that does nothing; if you use this
command after `@table', TeX and the Info formatting commands output the
first column entries without added highlighting ("as is").

  (The `@table' command may work with other commands besides those
listed here.  However, you can only use commands that normally take
arguments in braces.)

  Begin each table entry with an `@item' command at the beginning of a
line.  Write the first column text on the same line as the `@item'
command.  Write the second column text on the line following the
`@item' line and on subsequent lines.  (You do not need to type
anything for an empty second column entry.)  You may write as many
lines of supporting text as you wish, even several paragraphs.  But
only text on the same line as the `@item' will be placed in the first
column.

  Normally, you should put a blank line before an `@item' line.  This
puts a blank like in the Info file.  Except when the entries are very
brief, a blank line looks better.

  The following table, for example, highlights the text in the first
column with an `@samp' command:

     @table @samp
     @item foo
     This is the text for
     @samp{foo}.
     
     @item bar
     Text for @samp{bar}.
     @end table

This produces:

`foo'
     This is the text for `foo'.

`bar'
     Text for `bar'.

  If you want to list two or more named items with a single block of
text, use the `@itemx' command.  (*Note `@itemx': itemx.)