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INFO-DIR-SECTION XEmacs Editor
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* XEmacs: (xemacs).             XEmacs Editor.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY

   This file documents the XEmacs editor.

   Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1988 Richard M. Stallman.  Copyright (C)
1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 Lucid, Inc.  Copyright (C) 1993, 1994 Sun
Microsystems, Inc.  Copyright (C) 1995 Amdahl Corporation.

   Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
preserved on all copies.

   Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of
this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also
that the sections entitled "The GNU Manifesto", "Distribution" and "GNU
General Public License" are included exactly as in the original, and
provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the
terms of a permission notice identical to this one.

   Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified
versions, except that the sections entitled "The GNU Manifesto",
"Distribution" and "GNU General Public License" may be included in a
translation approved by the author instead of in the original English.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Basic Picture,  Next: Insert in Picture,  Prev: Picture,  Up: Picture

Basic Editing in Picture Mode
=============================

   Most keys do the same thing in Picture mode that they usually do,
but do it in a quarter-plane style.  For example, `C-f' is rebound to
run `picture-forward-column', which moves point one column to the
right, by inserting a space if necessary, so that the actual end of the
line makes no difference.  `C-b' is rebound to run
`picture-backward-column', which always moves point left one column,
converting a tab to multiple spaces if necessary.  `C-n' and `C-p' are
rebound to run `picture-move-down' and `picture-move-up', which can
either insert spaces or convert tabs as necessary to make sure that
point stays in exactly the same column.  `C-e' runs
`picture-end-of-line', which moves to after the last non-blank
character on the line.  There was no need to change `C-a', as the choice
of screen model does not affect beginnings of lines.

   Insertion of text is adapted to the quarter-plane screen model
through the use of Overwrite mode (*note Minor Modes::.).
Self-inserting characters replace existing text, column by column,
rather than pushing existing text to the right.  <RET> runs
`picture-newline', which just moves to the beginning of the following
line so that new text will replace that line.

   Text is erased instead of deleted and killed.  <DEL>
(`picture-backward-clear-column') replaces the preceding character with
a space rather than removing it.  `C-d' (`picture-clear-column') does
the same in a forward direction.  `C-k' (`picture-clear-line') really
kills the contents of lines, but never removes the newlines from a
buffer.

   To do actual insertion, you must use special commands.  `C-o'
(`picture-open-line') creates a blank line, but does so after the
current line; it never splits a line.  `C-M-o', `split-line', makes
sense in Picture mode, so it remains unchanged.  <LFD>
(`picture-duplicate-line') inserts another line with the same contents
below the current line.

   To actually delete parts of the picture, use `C-w', or with `C-c
C-d' (which is defined as `delete-char', as `C-d' is in other modes),
or with one of the picture rectangle commands (*note Rectangles in
Picture::.).

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Insert in Picture,  Next: Tabs in Picture,  Prev: Basic Picture,  Up: Picture

Controlling Motion After Insert
===============================

   Since "self-inserting" characters just overwrite and move point in
Picture mode, there is no essential restriction on how point should be
moved.  Normally point moves right, but you can specify any of the eight
orthogonal or diagonal directions for motion after a "self-inserting"
character.  This is useful for drawing lines in the buffer.

`C-c <'
     Move left after insertion (`picture-movement-left').

`C-c >'
     Move right after insertion (`picture-movement-right').

`C-c ^'
     Move up after insertion (`picture-movement-up').

`C-c .'
     Move down after insertion (`picture-movement-down').

`C-c `'
     Move up and left ("northwest") after insertion
     (`picture-movement-nw').

`C-c ''
     Move up and right ("northeast") after insertion
     (`picture-movement-ne').

`C-c /'
     Move down and left ("southwest") after insertion
     (`picture-movement-sw').

`C-c \'
     Move down and right ("southeast") after insertion
     (`picture-movement-se').

   Two motion commands move based on the current Picture insertion
direction.  The command `C-c C-f' (`picture-motion') moves in the same
direction as motion after "insertion" currently does, while `C-c C-b'
(`picture-motion-reverse') moves in the opposite direction.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Tabs in Picture,  Next: Rectangles in Picture,  Prev: Insert in Picture,  Up: Picture

Picture Mode Tabs
=================

   Two kinds of tab-like action are provided in Picture mode.
Context-based tabbing is done with `M-<TAB>' (`picture-tab-search').
With no argument, it moves to a point underneath the next "interesting"
character that follows whitespace in the previous non-blank line.
"Next" here means "appearing at a horizontal position greater than the
one point starts out at".  With an argument, as in `C-u M-<TAB>', the
command moves to the next such interesting character in the current
line.  `M-<TAB>' does not change the text; it only moves point.
"Interesting" characters are defined by the variable
`picture-tab-chars', which contains a string of characters considered
interesting.  Its default value is `"!-~"'.

   <TAB> itself runs `picture-tab', which operates based on the current
tab stop settings; it is the Picture mode equivalent of
`tab-to-tab-stop'.  Without arguments it just moves point, but with a
numeric argument it clears the text that it moves over.

   The context-based and tab-stop-based forms of tabbing are brought
together by the command `C-c <TAB>' (`picture-set-tab-stops'.)  This
command sets the tab stops to the positions which `M-<TAB>' would
consider significant in the current line.  If you use this command with
<TAB>, you can get the effect of context-based tabbing.  But `M-<TAB>'
is more convenient in the cases where it is sufficient.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Rectangles in Picture,  Prev: Tabs in Picture,  Up: Picture

Picture Mode Rectangle Commands
===============================

   Picture mode defines commands for working on rectangular pieces of
the text in ways that fit with the quarter-plane model.  The standard
rectangle commands may also be useful (*note Rectangles::.).

`C-c C-k'
     Clear out the region-rectangle (`picture-clear-rectangle').  With
     argument, kill it.

`C-c C-w R'
     Similar but save rectangle contents in register R first
     (`picture-clear-rectangle-to-register').

`C-c C-y'
     Copy last killed rectangle into the buffer by overwriting, with
     upper left corner at point (`picture-yank-rectangle').  With
     argument, insert instead.

`C-c C-x R'
     Similar, but use the rectangle in register R
     (`picture-yank-rectangle-from-register').

   The picture rectangle commands `C-c C-k' (`picture-clear-rectangle')
and `C-c C-w' (`picture-clear-rectangle-to-register') differ from the
standard rectangle commands in that they normally clear the rectangle
instead of deleting it; this is analogous with the way `C-d' is changed
in Picture mode.

   However, deletion of rectangles can be useful in Picture mode, so
these commands delete the rectangle if given a numeric argument.

   The Picture mode commands for yanking rectangles differ from the
standard ones in overwriting instead of inserting.  This is the same
way that Picture mode insertion of other text is different from other
modes.  `C-c C-y' (`picture-yank-rectangle') inserts (by overwriting)
the rectangle that was most recently killed, while `C-c C-x'
(`picture-yank-rectangle-from-register') does for the rectangle found
in a specified register.

   Since most region commands in Picture mode operate on rectangles,
when you select a region of text with the mouse in Picture mode, it is
highlighted as a rectangle.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Sending Mail,  Next: Reading Mail,  Prev: Picture,  Up: Top

Sending Mail
************

   To send a message in Emacs, start by typing the command (`C-x m') to
select and initialize the `*mail*' buffer.  You can then edit the text
and headers of the message in the mail buffer, and type the command
(`C-c C-c') to send the message.

`C-x m'
     Begin composing a message to send (`mail').

`C-x 4 m'
     Likewise, but display the message in another window
     (`mail-other-window').

`C-c C-c'
     In Mail mode, send the message and switch to another buffer
     (`mail-send-and-exit').

   The command `C-x m' (`mail') selects a buffer named `*mail*' and
initializes it with the skeleton of an outgoing message.  `C-x 4 m'
(`mail-other-window') selects the `*mail*' buffer in a different
window, leaving the previous current buffer visible.

   Because the buffer for mail composition is an ordinary Emacs buffer,
you can switch to other buffers while in the middle of composing mail,
and switch back later (or never).  If you use the `C-x m' command again
when you have been composing another message but have not sent it, a
new mail buffer will be created; in this way, you can compose multiple
messages at once.  You can switch back to and complete an unsent
message by using the normal buffer selection mechanisms.

   `C-u C-x m' is another way to switch back to a message in progress:
it will search for an existing, unsent mail message buffer and select
it.

* Menu:

* Format: Mail Format.    Format of the mail being composed.
* Headers: Mail Headers.  Details of allowed mail header fields.
* Mode: Mail Mode.        Special commands for editing mail being composed.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Mail Format,  Next: Mail Headers,  Prev: Sending Mail,  Up: Sending Mail

The Format of the Mail Buffer
=============================

   In addition to the "text" or contents, a message has "header
fields", which say who sent it, when, to whom, why, and so on.  Some
header fields, such as the date and sender, are created automatically
after the message is sent.  Others, such as the recipient names, must
be specified by you in order to send the message properly.

   Mail mode provides a few commands to help you edit some header
fields, and some are preinitialized in the buffer automatically at
times.  You can insert or edit any header fields using ordinary editing
commands.

   The line in the buffer that says:

     --text follows this line--

is a special delimiter that separates the headers you have specified
from the text.  Whatever follows this line is the text of the message;
the headers precede it.  The delimiter line itself does not appear in
the message actually sent.  The text used for the delimiter line is
controlled by the variable `mail-header-separator'.

   Here is an example of what the headers and text in the `*mail*'
buffer might look like.

     To: rms@mc
     CC: mly@mc, rg@oz
     Subject: The XEmacs User's Manual
     --Text follows this line--
     Please ignore this message.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Mail Headers,  Next: Mail Mode,  Prev: Mail Format,  Up: Sending Mail

Mail Header Fields
==================

   There are several header fields you can use in the `*mail*' buffer.
Each header field starts with a field name at the beginning of a line,
terminated by a colon.  It does not matter whether you use upper or
lower case in the field name.  After the colon and optional whitespace
comes the contents of the field.

`To'
     This field contains the mailing addresses of the message.

`Subject'
     The contents of the `Subject' field should be a piece of text that
     says what the message is about.  Subject fields are useful because
     most mail-reading programs can provide a summary of messages,
     listing the subject of each message but not its text.

`CC'
     This field contains additional mailing addresses to send the
     message to, but whose readers should not regard the message as
     addressed to them.

`BCC'
     This field contains additional mailing addresses to send the
     message to, but which should not appear in the header of the
     message actually sent.

`FCC'
     This field contains the name of one file (in Unix mail file
     format) to which a copy of the message should be appended when the
     message is sent.

`From'
     Use the `From' field to say who you are, when the account you are
     using to send the mail is not your own.  The contents of the
     `From' field should be a valid mailing address, since replies will
     normally go there.

`Reply-To'
     Use the `Reply-To' field to direct replies to a different address,
     not your own. `From' and `Reply-To' have the same effect on where
     replies go, but they convey a different meaning to the person who
     reads the message.

`In-Reply-To'
     This field contains a piece of text describing a message you are
     replying to.  Some mail systems can use the information to
     correlate related pieces of mail.  This field is normally filled
     in by your mail handling package when you are replying to a
     message and you never need to think about it.

The `To', `CC', `BCC' and `FCC' fields can appear any number of times,
to specify many places to send the message.

The `To', `CC', and `BCC', fields can have continuation lines.  All the
lines starting with whitespace, following the line on which the field
starts, are considered part of the field.  For example,

     To: foo@here, this@there,
       me@gnu.cambridge.mass.usa.earth.spiral3281

If you have a `~/.mailrc' file, Emacs scans it for mail aliases the
first time you try to send mail in an Emacs session.  Emacs expands
aliases found in the `To', `CC', and `BCC' fields where appropriate.
You can set the variable `mail-abbrev-mailrc-file' to the name of the
file with mail aliases.  If `nil', `~/.mailrc' is used.

   Your `.mailrc' file ensures that word-abbrevs are defined for each
of your mail aliases when point is in a `To', `CC', `BCC', or `From'
field.  The aliases are defined in your `.mailrc' file or in a file
specified by the MAILRC environment variable if it exists.  Your mail
aliases expand any time you type a word-delimiter at the end of an
abbreviation.

   In this version of Emacs, what you see is what you get: in contrast
to some other versions, no abbreviations are expanded after you have
sent the mail.  This means you don't suffer the annoyance of having the
system do things behind your back -- if the system rewrites an address
you typed, you know it immediately, instead of after the mail has been
sent and it's too late to do anything about it.  For example, you will
never again be in trouble because you forgot to delete an old alias
from your `.mailrc' and a new local user is given a userid which
conflicts with one of your aliases.

   Your mail alias abbrevs are in effect only when point is in an
appropriate header field. The mail aliases will not expand in the body
of the message, or in other header fields.  The default mode-specific
abbrev table `mail-mode-abbrev-table' is used instead if defined.  That
means if you have been using mail-mode specific abbrevs, this code will
not adversely affect you.  You can control which header fields the
abbrevs are used in by changing the variable `mail-abbrev-mode-regexp'.

   If auto-fill mode is on, abbrevs wrap at commas instead of at word
boundaries, and header continuation lines will be properly indented.

   You can also insert a mail alias with
`mail-interactive-insert-alias'.  This function, which is bound to `C-c
C-a', prompts you for an alias (with completion) and inserts its
expansion at point.

   In this version of Emacs, it is possible to have lines like the
following in your `.mailrc' file:

          alias someone "John Doe <doe@quux.com>"

   That is, if you want an address to have embedded spaces, simply
surround it with double-quotes.  The quotes are necessary because the
format of the `.mailrc' file uses spaces as address delimiters.

   Aliases in the `.mailrc' file may be nested. For example, assume you
define aliases like:
          alias group1 fred ethel
          alias group2 larry curly moe
          alias everybody group1 group2

   When you now type `everybody' on the `To' line, it will expand to:
          fred, ethyl, larry, curly, moe

   Aliases may contain forward references; the alias of `everybody' in
the example above can precede the aliases of `group1' and `group2'.

   In this version of Emacs, you can use the `source' `.mailrc' command
for reading aliases from some other file as well.

   Aliases may contain hyphens, as in `"alias foo-bar foo@bar"', even
though word-abbrevs normally cannot contain hyphens.

   To read in the contents of another `.mailrc'-type file from Emacs,
use the command `M-x merge-mail-aliases'.  The `rebuild-mail-aliases'
command is similar, but deletes existing aliases first.

   If you want multiple addresses separated by a string other than `,'
(a comma), then set the variable `mail-alias-seperator-string' to it.
This has to be a comma bracketed by whitespace if you want any kind  of
reasonable behavior.

   If the variable `mail-archive-file-name' is non-`nil', it should be
a string naming a file.  Each time you start to edit a message to send,
an `FCC' field is entered for that file.  Unless you remove the `FCC'
field, every message is written into that file when it is sent.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Mail Mode,  Prev: Mail Headers,  Up: Sending Mail

Mail Mode
=========

   The major mode used in the `*mail*' buffer is Mail mode.  Mail mode
is similar to Text mode, but several commands are provided on the `C-c'
prefix.  These commands all deal specifically with editing or sending
the message.

`C-c C-s'
     Send the message, and leave the `*mail*' buffer selected
     (`mail-send').

`C-c C-c'
     Send the message, and select some other buffer
     (`mail-send-and-exit').

`C-c C-f C-t'
     Move to the `To' header field, creating one if there is none
     (`mail-to').

`C-c C-f C-s'
     Move to the `Subject' header field, creating one if there is none
     (`mail-subject').

`C-c C-f C-c'
     Move to the `CC' header field, creating one if there is none
     (`mail-cc').

`C-c C-w'
     Insert the file `~/.signature' at the end of the message text
     (`mail-signature').

`C-c C-y'
     Yank the selected message (`mail-yank-original').

`C-c C-q'
     Fill all paragraphs of yanked old messages, each individually
     (`mail-fill-yanked-message').

`<button3>'
     Pops up a menu of useful mail-mode commands.

   There are two ways to send a message.  `C-c C-c'
(`mail-send-and-exit') is the usual way to send the message.  It sends
the message and then deletes the window (if there is another window) or
switches to another buffer.  It puts the `*mail*' buffer at the lowest
priority for automatic reselection, since you are finished with using
it.  `C-c C-s' (`mail-send') sends the message and marks the `*mail*'
buffer unmodified, but leaves that buffer selected so that you can
modify the message (perhaps with new recipients) and send it again.

   Mail mode provides some other special commands that are useful for
editing the headers and text of the message before you send it.  There
are three commands defined to move point to particular header fields,
all based on the prefix `C-c C-f' (`C-f' is for "field").  They are
`C-c C-f C-t' (`mail-to') to move to the `To' field, `C-c C-f C-s'
(`mail-subject') for the `Subject' field, and `C-c C-f C-c' (`mail-cc')
for the `CC' field.  These fields have special motion commands because
they are edited most frequently.

   `C-c C-w' (`mail-signature') adds a standard piece of text at the
end of the message to say more about who you are.  The text comes from
the file `.signature' in your home directory.

   When you use an Rmail command to send mail from the Rmail mail
reader, you can use `C-c C-y' `mail-yank-original' inside the `*mail*'
buffer to insert the text of the message you are replying to.  Normally
Rmail indents each line of that message four spaces and eliminates most
header fields.  A numeric argument specifies the number of spaces to
indent.  An argument of just `C-u' says not to indent at all and not to
eliminate anything.  `C-c C-y' always uses the current message from the
`RMAIL' buffer, so you can insert several old messages by selecting one
in `RMAIL', switching to `*mail*' and yanking it, then switching back
to `RMAIL' to select another.

   After using `C-c C-y', you can use the command `C-c C-q'
(`mail-fill-yanked-message') to fill the paragraphs of the yanked old
message or messages.  One use of `C-c C-q' fills all such paragraphs,
each one separately.

   Clicking the right mouse button in a mail buffer pops up a menu of
the above commands, for easy access.

   Turning on Mail mode (which `C-x m' does automatically) calls the
value of `text-mode-hook', if it is not void or `nil', and then calls
the value of `mail-mode-hook' if that is not void or `nil'.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Reading Mail,  Next: Calendar/Diary,  Prev: Sending Mail,  Up: Top

Reading Mail
************

   XEmacs provides three separate mail-reading packages.  Each one
comes with its own manual, which is included standard with the XEmacs
distribution.

   The recommended mail-reading package for new users is VM.  VM works
with standard Unix-mail-format folders and was designed as a replacement
for the older Rmail.

   XEmacs also provides a sophisticated and comfortable front-end to the
MH mail-processing system, called `mh-e'.  Unlike in other mail
programs, folders in MH are stored as file-system directories, with
each message occupying one (numbered) file.  This facilitates working
with mail using shell commands, and many other features of MH are also
designed to integrate well with the shell and with shell scripts.  Keep
in mind, however, that in order to use mh-e you must have the MH
mail-processing system installed on your computer.

   Finally, XEmacs provides the Rmail package.  Rmail is (currently) the
only mail reading package distributed with FSF GNU Emacs, and is
powerful in its own right.  However, it stores mail folders in a special
format called `Babyl', that is incompatible with all other
frequently-used mail programs.  A utility program is provided for
converting Babyl folders to standard Unix-mail format; however, unless
you already have mail in Babyl-format folders, you should consider
using VM or mh-e instead. (If at times you have to use FSF Emacs, it is
not hard to obtain and install VM for that editor.)

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Calendar/Diary,  Next: Sorting,  Prev: Reading Mail,  Up: Top

Calendar Mode and the Diary
===========================

   Emacs provides the functions of a desk calendar, with a diary of
planned or past events.  To enter the calendar, type `M-x calendar';
this displays a three-month calendar centered on the current month, with
point on the current date.  With a numeric argument, as in `C-u M-x
calendar', it prompts you for the month and year to be the center of the
three-month calendar.  The calendar uses its own buffer, whose major
mode is Calendar mode.

   `Button2' in the calendar brings up a menu of operations on a
particular date; `Buttons3' brings up a menu of commonly used calendar
features that are independent of any particular date.  To exit the
calendar, type `q'.  *Note Customizing the Calendar and Diary:
(elisp)Calendar, for customization information about the calendar and
diary.

* Menu:

* Calendar Motion::        Moving through the calendar; selecting a date.
* Scroll Calendar::        Bringing earlier or later months onto the screen.
* Mark and Region::        Remembering dates, the mark ring.
* General Calendar::       Exiting or recomputing the calendar.
* LaTeX Calendar::         Print a calendar using LaTeX.
* Holidays::               Displaying dates of holidays.
* Sunrise/Sunset::         Displaying local times of sunrise and sunset.
* Lunar Phases::           Displaying phases of the moon.
* Other Calendars::        Converting dates to other calendar systems.
* Diary::                  Displaying events from your diary.
* Calendar Customization:: Altering the behavior of the features above.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Calendar Motion,  Next: Scroll Calendar,  Prev: Calendar/Diary,  Up: Calendar/Diary

Movement in the Calendar
------------------------

   Calendar mode lets you move through the calendar in logical units of
time such as days, weeks, months, and years.  If you move outside the
three months originally displayed, the calendar display "scrolls"
automatically through time to make the selected date visible.  Moving to
a date lets you view its holidays or diary entries, or convert it to
other calendars; moving longer time periods is also useful simply to
scroll the calendar.

* Menu:

* Calendar Unit Motion::       Moving by days, weeks, months, and years.
* Move to Beginning or End::   Moving to start/end of weeks, months, and years.
* Specified Dates::            Moving to the current date or another
                               specific date.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Calendar Unit Motion,  Next: Move to Beginning or End,  Prev: Calendar Motion,  Up: Calendar Motion

Motion by Integral Days, Weeks, Months, Years
.............................................

   The commands for movement in the calendar buffer parallel the
commands for movement in text.  You can move forward and backward by
days, weeks, months, and years.

`C-f'
     Move point one day forward (`calendar-forward-day').

`C-b'
     Move point one day backward (`calendar-backward-day').

`C-n'
     Move point one week forward (`calendar-forward-week').

`C-p'
     Move point one week backward (`calendar-backward-week').

`M-}'
     Move point one month forward (`calendar-forward-month').

`M-{'
     Move point one month backward (`calendar-backward-month').

`C-x ]'
     Move point one year forward (`calendar-forward-year').

`C-x ['
     Move point one year backward (`calendar-backward-year').

   The day and week commands are natural analogues of the usual Emacs
commands for moving by characters and by lines.  Just as `C-n' usually
moves to the same column in the following line, in Calendar mode it
moves to the same day in the following week.  And `C-p' moves to the
same day in the previous week.

   The arrow keys are equivalent to `C-f', `C-b', `C-n' and `C-p', just
as they normally are in other modes.

   The commands for motion by months and years work like those for
weeks, but move a larger distance.  The month commands `M-}' and `M-{'
move forward or backward by an entire month's time.  The year commands
`C-x ]' and `C-x [' move forward or backward a whole year.

   The easiest way to remember these commands is to consider months and
years analogous to paragraphs and pages of text, respectively.  But the
commands themselves are not quite analogous.  The ordinary Emacs
paragraph commands move to the beginning or end of a paragraph, whereas
these month and year commands move by an entire month or an entire
year, which usually involves skipping across the end of a month or year.

   All these commands accept a numeric argument as a repeat count.  For
convenience, the digit keys and the minus sign specify numeric
arguments in Calendar mode even without the Meta modifier.  For example,
`100 C-f' moves point 100 days forward from its present location.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Move to Beginning or End,  Next: Specified Dates,  Prev: Calendar Unit Motion,  Up: Calendar Motion

Beginning or End of Week, Month or Year
.......................................

   A week (or month, or year) is not just a quantity of days; we think
of weeks (months, years) as starting on particular dates.  So Calendar
mode provides commands to move to the beginning or end of a week, month
or year:

`C-a'
     Move point to start of week (`calendar-beginning-of-week').

`C-e'
     Move point to end of week (`calendar-end-of-week').

`M-a'
     Move point to start of month (`calendar-beginning-of-month').

`M-e'
     Move point to end of month (`calendar-end-of-month').

`M-<'
     Move point to start of year (`calendar-beginning-of-year').

`M->'
     Move point to end of year (`calendar-end-of-year').

   These commands also take numeric arguments as repeat counts, with the
repeat count indicating how many weeks, months, or years to move
backward or forward.

   By default, weeks begin on Sunday.  To make them begin on Monday
instead, set the variable `calendar-week-start-day' to 1.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Specified Dates,  Prev: Move to Beginning or End,  Up: Calendar Motion

Particular Dates
................

   Calendar mode provides commands for moving to a particular date
specified in various ways.

`g d'
     Move point to specified date (`calendar-goto-date').

`o'
     Center calendar around specified month (`calendar-other-month').

`.'
     Move point to today's date (`calendar-goto-today').

   `g d' (`calendar-goto-date') prompts for a year, a month, and a day
of the month, and then moves to that date.  Because the calendar
includes all dates from the beginning of the current era, you must type
the year in its entirety; that is, type `1990', not `90'.

   `o' (`calendar-other-month') prompts for a month and year, then
centers the three-month calendar around that month.

   You can return to today's date with `.'  (`calendar-goto-today').

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Scroll Calendar,  Next: Mark and Region,  Prev: Calendar Motion,  Up: Calendar/Diary

Scrolling the Calendar through Time
-----------------------------------

   The calendar display scrolls automatically through time when you
move out of the visible portion.  You can also scroll it manually.
Imagine that the calendar window contains a long strip of paper with
the months on it.  Scrolling it means moving the strip so that new
months become visible in the window.

`C-x <'
     Scroll calendar one month forward (`scroll-calendar-left').

`C-x >'
     Scroll calendar one month backward (`scroll-calendar-right').

`C-v'
`<NEXT>'
     Scroll calendar three months forward
     (`scroll-calendar-left-three-months').

`M-v'
`<PRIOR>'
     Scroll calendar three months backward
     (`scroll-calendar-right-three-months').

   The most basic calendar scroll commands scroll by one month at a
time.  This means that there are two months of overlap between the
display before the command and the display after.  `C-x <' scrolls the
calendar contents one month to the left; that is, it moves the display
forward in time.  `C-x >' scrolls the contents to the right, which
moves backwards in time.

   The commands `C-v' and `M-v' scroll the calendar by an entire
"screenful"--three months--in analogy with the usual meaning of these
commands.  `C-v' makes later dates visible and `M-v' makes earlier
dates visible.  These commands take a numeric argument as a repeat
count; in particular, since `C-u' multiplies the next command by four,
typing `C-u C-v' scrolls the calendar forward by a year and typing `C-u
M-v' scrolls the calendar backward by a year.

   The function keys <NEXT> and <PRIOR> are equivalent to `C-v' and
`M-v', just as they are in other modes.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Mark and Region,  Next: General Calendar,  Prev: Scroll Calendar,  Up: Calendar/Diary

The Mark and the Region
-----------------------

   The concept of the mark applies to the calendar just as to any other
buffer, but it marks a *date*, not a *position* in the buffer.  The
region consists of the days between the mark and point (including the
starting and stopping dates).

`C-SPC'
     Set the mark to today's date (`calendar-set-mark').

`C-@'
     The same.

`C-x C-x'
     Interchange mark and point (`calendar-exchange-point-and-mark').

`M-='
     Display the number of days in the current region
     (`calendar-count-days-region').

   You set the mark in the calendar, as in any other buffer, by using
`C-@' or `C-SPC' (`calendar-set-mark').  You return to the marked date
with the command `C-x C-x' (`calendar-exchange-point-and-mark') which
puts the mark where point was and point where mark was.  The calendar
is scrolled as necessary, if the marked date was not visible on the
screen.  This does not change the extent of the region.

   To determine the number of days in the region, type `M-='
(`calendar-count-days-region').  The numbers of days printed is
*inclusive*; that is, it includes the days specified by mark and point.

   The main use of the mark in the calendar is to remember dates that
you may want to go back to.  To make this feature more useful, the mark
ring (*note Mark Ring::.) operates exactly as in other buffers:  Emacs
remembers 16 previous locations of the mark.  To return to a marked
date, type `C-u C-SPC' (or `C-u C-@'); this is the command
`calendar-set-mark' given a numeric argument.  It moves point to where
the mark was, restores the mark from the ring of former marks, and
stores the previous point at the end of the mark ring.  So, repeated
use of this command moves point through all the old marks on the ring,
one by one.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: General Calendar,  Next: LaTeX Calendar,  Prev: Mark and Region,  Up: Calendar/Diary

Miscellaneous Calendar Commands
-------------------------------

`p d'
     Display day-in-year (`calendar-print-day-of-year').

`?'
     Briefly describe calendar commands (`describe-calendar-mode').

`C-c C-l'
     Regenerate the calendar window (`redraw-calendar').

`SPC'
     Scroll the next window (`scroll-other-window').

`q'
     Exit from calendar (`exit-calendar').

   If you want to know how many days have elapsed since the start of
the year, or the number of days remaining in the year, type the `p d'
command (`calendar-print-day-of-year').  This displays both of those
numbers in the echo area.

   To display a brief description of the calendar commands, type `?'
(`describe-calendar-mode').  For a fuller description, type `C-h m'.

   You can use `SPC' (`scroll-other-window') to scroll the other
window.  This is handy when you display a list of holidays or diary
entries in another window.

   If the calendar window text gets corrupted, type `C-c C-l'
(`redraw-calendar') to redraw it.  (This can only happen if you use
non-Calendar-mode editing commands.)

   In Calendar mode, you can use `SPC' (`scroll-other-window') to
scroll the other window.  This is handy when you display a list of
holidays or diary entries in another window.

   To exit from the calendar, type `q' (`exit-calendar').  This buries
all buffers related to the calendar, selecting other buffers.  (If a
frame contains a dedicated calendar window, exiting from the calendar
iconifies that frame.)

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: LaTeX Calendar,  Next: Holidays,  Prev: General Calendar,  Up: Calendar/Diary

LaTeX Calendar
==============

   The Calendar LaTeX commands produce a buffer of LaTeX code that
prints as a calendar.  Depending on the command you use, the printed
calendar covers the day, week, month or year that point is in.

`t m'
     Generate a one-month calendar (`cal-tex-cursor-month').

`t M'
     Generate a sideways-printing one-month calendar
     (`cal-tex-cursor-month-landscape').

`t d'
     Generate a one-day calendar (`cal-tex-cursor-day').

`t w 1'
     Generate a one-page calendar for one week (`cal-tex-cursor-week').

`t w 2'
     Generate a two-page calendar for one week (`cal-tex-cursor-week2').

`t w 3'
     Generate an ISO-style calendar for one week
     (`cal-tex-cursor-week-iso').

`t w 4'
     Generate a calendar for one Monday-starting week
     (`cal-tex-cursor-week-monday').

`t f w'
     Generate a Filofax-style two-weeks-at-a-glance calendar
     (`cal-tex-cursor-filofax-2week').

`t f W'
     Generate a Filofax-style one-week-at-a-glance calendar
     (`cal-tex-cursor-filofax-week').

`t y'
     Generate a calendar for one year (`cal-tex-cursor-year').

`t Y'
     Generate a sideways-printing calendar for one year
     (`cal-tex-cursor-year-landscape').

`t f y'
     Generate a Filofax-style calendar for one year
     (`cal-tex-cursor-filofax-year').

   Some of these commands print the calendar sideways (in "landscape
mode"), so it can be wider than it is long.  Some of them use Filofax
paper size (3.75in x 6.75in).  All of these commands accept a prefix
argument which specifies how many days, weeks, months or years to print
(starting always with the selected one).

   If the variable `cal-tex-holidays' is non-`nil' (the default), then
the printed calendars show the holidays in `calendar-holidays'.  If the
variable `cal-tex-diary' is non-`nil' (the default is `nil'), diary
entries are included also (in weekly and monthly calendars only).

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Holidays,  Next: Sunrise/Sunset,  Prev: LaTeX Calendar,  Up: Calendar/Diary

Holidays
--------

   The Emacs calendar knows about all major and many minor holidays,
and can display them.

`h'
     Display holidays for the selected date
     (`calendar-cursor-holidays').

`Button2 Holidays'
     Display any holidays for the date you click on.

`x'
     Mark holidays in the calendar window (`mark-calendar-holidays').

`u'
     Unmark calendar window (`calendar-unmark').

`a'
     List all holidays for the displayed three months in another window
     (`list-calendar-holidays').

`M-x holidays'
     List all holidays for three months around today's date in another
     window.

`M-x list-holidays'
     List holidays in another window for a specified range of years.

   To see if any holidays fall on a given date, position point on that
date in the calendar window and use the `h' command.  Alternatively,
click on that date with `Button2' and then choose `Holidays' from the
menu that appears.  Either way, this displays the holidays for that
date, in the echo area if they fit there, otherwise in a separate
window.

   To view the distribution of holidays for all the dates shown in the
calendar, use the `x' command.  This displays the dates that are
holidays in a different face (or places a `*' after these dates, if
display with multiple faces is not available). The command applies both
to the currently visible months and to other months that subsequently
become visible by scrolling.  To turn marking off and erase the current
marks, type `u', which also erases any diary marks (*note Diary::.).

   To get even more detailed information, use the `a' command, which
displays a separate buffer containing a list of all holidays in the
current three-month range.  You can use <SPC> in the calendar window to
scroll that list.

   The command `M-x holidays' displays the list of holidays for the
current month and the preceding and succeeding months; this works even
if you don't have a calendar window.  If you want the list of holidays
centered around a different month, use `C-u M-x holidays', which
prompts for the month and year.

   The holidays known to Emacs include United States holidays and the
major Christian, Jewish, and Islamic holidays; also the solstices and
equinoxes.

   The command `M-x list-holidays' displays the list of holidays for a
range of years.  This function asks you for the starting and stopping
years, and allows you to choose all the holidays or one of several
categories of holidays.  You can use this command even if you don't have
a calendar window.

   The dates used by Emacs for holidays are based on *current
practice*, not historical fact.  Historically, for instance, the start
of daylight savings time and even its existence have varied from year to
year, but present United States law mandates that daylight savings time
begins on the first Sunday in April.  When the daylight savings rules
are set up for the United States, Emacs always uses the present
definition, even though it is wrong for some prior years.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Sunrise/Sunset,  Next: Lunar Phases,  Prev: Holidays,  Up: Calendar/Diary

Times of Sunrise and Sunset
---------------------------

   Special calendar commands can tell you, to within a minute or two,
the times of sunrise and sunset for any date.

`S'
     Display times of sunrise and sunset for the selected date
     (`calendar-sunrise-sunset').

`Button2 Sunrise/Sunset'
     Display times of sunrise and sunset for the date you click on.

`M-x sunrise-sunset'
     Display times of sunrise and sunset for today's date.

`C-u M-x sunrise-sunset'
     Display times of sunrise and sunset for a specified date.

   Within the calendar, to display the *local times* of sunrise and
sunset in the echo area, move point to the date you want, and type `S'.
Alternatively, click `Button2' on the date, then choose
`Sunrise/Sunset' from the menu that appears.  The command `M-x
sunrise-sunset' is available outside the calendar to display this
information for today's date or a specified date.  To specify a date
other than today, use `C-u M-x sunrise-sunset', which prompts for the
year, month, and day.

   You can display the times of sunrise and sunset for any location and
any date with `C-u C-u M-x sunrise-sunset'.  This asks you for a
longitude, latitude, number of minutes difference from Coordinated
Universal Time, and date, and then tells you the times of sunrise and
sunset for that location on that date.

   Because the times of sunrise and sunset depend on the location on
earth, you need to tell Emacs your latitude, longitude, and location
name before using these commands.  Here is an example of what to set:

     (setq calendar-latitude 40.1)
     (setq calendar-longitude -88.2)
     (setq calendar-location-name "Urbana, IL")

Use one decimal place in the values of `calendar-latitude' and
`calendar-longitude'.

   Your time zone also affects the local time of sunrise and sunset.
Emacs usually gets time zone information from the operating system, but
if these values are not what you want (or if the operating system does
not supply them), you must set them yourself.  Here is an example:

     (setq calendar-time-zone -360)
     (setq calendar-standard-time-zone-name "CST")
     (setq calendar-daylight-time-zone-name "CDT")

The value of `calendar-time-zone' is the number of minutes difference
between your local standard time and Coordinated Universal Time
(Greenwich time).  The values of `calendar-standard-time-zone-name' and
`calendar-daylight-time-zone-name' are the abbreviations used in your
time zone.  Emacs displays the times of sunrise and sunset *corrected
for daylight savings time*.  *Note Daylight Savings::, for how daylight
savings time is determined.

   As a user, you might find it convenient to set the calendar location
variables for your usual physical location in your `.emacs' file.  And
when you install Emacs on a machine, you can create a `default.el' file
which sets them properly for the typical location of most users of that
machine.  *Note Init File::.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Lunar Phases,  Next: Other Calendars,  Prev: Sunrise/Sunset,  Up: Calendar/Diary

Phases of the Moon
------------------

   These calendar commands display the dates and times of the phases of
the moon (new moon, first quarter, full moon, last quarter).  This
feature is useful for debugging problems that "depend on the phase of
the moon."

`M'
     Display the dates and times for all the quarters of the moon for
     the three-month period shown (`calendar-phases-of-moon').

`M-x phases-of-moon'
     Display dates and times of the quarters of the moon for three
     months around today's date.

   Within the calendar, use the `M' command to display a separate
buffer of the phases of the moon for the current three-month range.  The
dates and times listed are accurate to within a few minutes.

   Outside the calendar, use the command `M-x phases-of-moon' to
display the list of the phases of the moon for the current month and the
preceding and succeeding months.  For information about a different
month, use `C-u M-x phases-of-moon', which prompts for the month and
year.

   The dates and times given for the phases of the moon are given in
local time (corrected for daylight savings, when appropriate); but if
the variable `calendar-time-zone' is void, Coordinated Universal Time
(the Greenwich time zone) is used.  *Note Daylight Savings::.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Other Calendars,  Next: Calendar Systems,  Prev: Lunar Phases,  Up: Calendar/Diary

Conversion To and From Other Calendars
--------------------------------------

   The Emacs calendar displayed is *always* the Gregorian calendar,
sometimes called the "new style" calendar, which is used in most of the
world today.  However, this calendar did not exist before the sixteenth
century and was not widely used before the eighteenth century; it did
not fully displace the Julian calendar and gain universal acceptance
until the early twentieth century.  The Emacs calendar can display any
month since January, year 1 of the current era, but the calendar
displayed is the Gregorian, even for a date at which the Gregorian
calendar did not exist.

   While Emacs cannot display other calendars, it can convert dates to
and from several other calendars.

* Menu:

* Calendar Systems::      The calendars Emacs understands
                            (aside from Gregorian).
* To Other Calendar::     Converting the selected date to various calendars.
* From Other Calendar::   Moving to a date specified in another calendar.
* Mayan Calendar::        Moving to a date specified in a Mayan calendar.

   If you are interested in these calendars, you can convert dates one
at a time.  Put point on the desired date of the Gregorian calendar and
press the appropriate keys.  The `p' is a mnemonic for "print" since
Emacs "prints' the equivalent date in the echo area.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Calendar Systems,  Next: To Other Calendar,  Prev: Other Calendars,  Up: Other Calendars

Supported Calendar Systems
==========================

   The ISO commercial calendar is used largely in Europe.

   The Julian calendar, named after Julius Caesar, was the one used in
Europe throughout medieval times, and in many countries up until the
nineteenth century.

   Astronomers use a simple counting of days elapsed since noon, Monday,
January 1, 4713 B.C. on the Julian calendar.  The number of days elapsed
is called the *Julian day number* or the *Astronomical day number*.

   The Hebrew calendar is used by tradition in the Jewish religion.  The
Emacs calendar program uses the Hebrew calendar to determine the dates
of Jewish holidays.  Hebrew calendar dates begin and end at sunset.

   The Islamic calendar is used in many predominantly Islamic countries.
Emacs uses it to determine the dates of Islamic holidays.  There is no
universal agreement in the Islamic world about the calendar; Emacs uses
a widely accepted version, but the precise dates of Islamic holidays
often depend on proclamation by religious authorities, not on
calculations.  As a consequence, the actual dates of observance can vary
slightly from the dates computed by Emacs.  Islamic calendar dates begin
and end at sunset.

   The French Revolutionary calendar was created by the Jacobins after
the 1789 revolution, to represent a more secular and nature-based view
of the annual cycle, and to install a 10-day week in a rationalization
measure similar to the metric system.  The French government officially
abandoned this calendar at the end of 1805.

   The Maya of Central America used three separate, overlapping calendar
systems, the *long count*, the *tzolkin*, and the *haab*.  Emacs knows
about all three of these calendars.  Experts dispute the exact
correlation between the Mayan calendar and our calendar; Emacs uses the
Goodman-Martinez-Thompson correlation in its calculations.

   The Copts use a calendar based on the ancient Egyptian solar
calendar.  Their calendar consists of twelve 30-day months followed by
an extra five-day period.  Once every fourth year they add a leap day
to this extra period to make it six days.  The Ethiopic calendar is
identical in structure, but has different year numbers and month names.

   The Persians use a solar calendar based on a design of Omar Khayyam.
Their calendar consists of twelve months of which the first six have 31
days, the next five have 30 days, and the last has 29 in ordinary years
and 30 in leap years.  Leap years occur in a complicated pattern every
four or five years.

   The Chinese calendar is a complicated system of lunar months arranged
into solar years.  The years go in cycles of sixty, each year containing
either twelve months in an ordinary year or thirteen months in a leap
year; each month has either 29 or 30 days.  Years, ordinary months, and
days are named by combining one of ten "celestial stems" with one of
twelve "terrestrial branches" for a total of sixty names that are
repeated in a cycle of sixty.