1 This is Info file ../../info/xemacs.info, produced by Makeinfo version
2 1.68 from the input file xemacs.texi.
4 INFO-DIR-SECTION XEmacs Editor
6 * XEmacs: (xemacs). XEmacs Editor.
9 This file documents the XEmacs editor.
11 Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1988 Richard M. Stallman. Copyright (C)
12 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 Lucid, Inc. Copyright (C) 1993, 1994 Sun
13 Microsystems, Inc. Copyright (C) 1995 Amdahl Corporation.
15 Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
16 manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
17 preserved on all copies.
19 Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of
20 this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also
21 that the sections entitled "The GNU Manifesto", "Distribution" and "GNU
22 General Public License" are included exactly as in the original, and
23 provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the
24 terms of a permission notice identical to this one.
26 Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
27 manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified
28 versions, except that the sections entitled "The GNU Manifesto",
29 "Distribution" and "GNU General Public License" may be included in a
30 translation approved by the author instead of in the original English.
33 File: xemacs.info, Node: Manifesto, Next: Key Index, Prev: Glossary, Up: Top
38 What's GNU? GNU's Not Unix!
39 ============================
41 GNU, which stands for GNU's Not Unix, is the name for the complete
42 Unix-compatible software system which I am writing so that I can give it
43 away free to everyone who can use it. Several other volunteers are
44 helping me. Contributions of time, money, programs, and equipment are
47 So far we have an Emacs text editor with Lisp for writing editor
48 commands, a source level debugger, a yacc-compatible parser generator,
49 a linker, and around 35 utilities. A shell (command interpreter) is
50 nearly completed. A new portable optimizing C compiler has compiled
51 itself and may be released this year. An initial kernel exists, but
52 many more features are needed to emulate Unix. When the kernel and
53 compiler are finished, it will be possible to distribute a GNU system
54 suitable for program development. We will use TeX as our text
55 formatter, but an nroff is being worked on. We will use the free,
56 portable X window system as well. After this we will add a portable
57 Common Lisp, an Empire game, a spreadsheet, and hundreds of other
58 things, plus online documentation. We hope to supply, eventually,
59 everything useful that normally comes with a Unix system, and more.
61 GNU will be able to run Unix programs, but will not be identical to
62 Unix. We will make all improvements that are convenient, based on our
63 experience with other operating systems. In particular, we plan to
64 have longer filenames, file version numbers, a crashproof file system,
65 filename completion perhaps, terminal-independent display support, and
66 perhaps eventually a Lisp-based window system through which several
67 Lisp programs and ordinary Unix programs can share a screen. Both C
68 and Lisp will be available as system programming languages. We will
69 try to support UUCP, MIT Chaosnet, and Internet protocols for
72 GNU is aimed initially at machines in the 68000/16000 class with
73 virtual memory, because they are the easiest machines to make it run
74 on. The extra effort to make it run on smaller machines will be left
75 to someone who wants to use it on them.
77 To avoid horrible confusion, please pronounce the `G' in the word
78 `GNU' when it is the name of this project.
83 I consider that the golden rule requires that if I like a program I
84 must share it with other people who like it. Software sellers want to
85 divide the users and conquer them, making each user agree not to share
86 with others. I refuse to break solidarity with other users in this
87 way. I cannot in good conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a
88 software license agreement. For years I worked within the Artificial
89 Intelligence Lab to resist such tendencies and other inhospitalities,
90 but eventually they had gone too far: I could not remain in an
91 institution where such things are done for me against my will.
93 So that I can continue to use computers without dishonor, I have
94 decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so that I
95 will be able to get along without any software that is not free. I
96 have resigned from the AI lab to deny MIT any legal excuse to prevent
97 me from giving GNU away.
99 Why GNU Will Be Compatible With Unix
100 ====================================
102 Unix is not my ideal system, but it is not too bad. The essential
103 features of Unix seem to be good ones, and I think I can fill in what
104 Unix lacks without spoiling them. And a system compatible with Unix
105 would be convenient for many other people to adopt.
107 How GNU Will Be Available
108 =========================
110 GNU is not in the public domain. Everyone will be permitted to
111 modify and redistribute GNU, but no distributor will be allowed to
112 restrict its further redistribution. That is to say, proprietary
113 modifications will not be allowed. I want to make sure that all
114 versions of GNU remain free.
116 Why Many Other Programmers Want to Help
117 =======================================
119 I have found many other programmers who are excited about GNU and
122 Many programmers are unhappy about the commercialization of system
123 software. It may enable them to make more money, but it requires them
124 to feel in conflict with other programmers in general rather than feel
125 as comrades. The fundamental act of friendship among programmers is the
126 sharing of programs; marketing arrangements now typically used
127 essentially forbid programmers to treat others as friends. The
128 purchaser of software must choose between friendship and obeying the
129 law. Naturally, many decide that friendship is more important. But
130 those who believe in law often do not feel at ease with either choice.
131 They become cynical and think that programming is just a way of making
134 By working on and using GNU rather than proprietary programs, we can
135 be hospitable to everyone and obey the law. In addition, GNU serves as
136 an example to inspire and a banner to rally others to join us in
137 sharing. This can give us a feeling of harmony which is impossible if
138 we use software that is not free. For about half the programmers I
139 talk to, this is an important happiness that money cannot replace.
141 How You Can Contribute
142 ======================
144 I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and
145 money. I'm asking individuals for donations of programs and work.
147 One consequence you can expect if you donate machines is that GNU
148 will run on them at an early date. The machines should be complete,
149 ready-to-use systems, approved for use in a residential area, and not
150 in need of sophisticated cooling or power.
152 I have found very many programmers eager to contribute part-time
153 work for GNU. For most projects, such part-time distributed work would
154 be very hard to coordinate; the independently-written parts would not
155 work together. But for the particular task of replacing Unix, this
156 problem is absent. A complete Unix system contains hundreds of utility
157 programs, each of which is documented separately. Most interface
158 specifications are fixed by Unix compatibility. If each contributor
159 can write a compatible replacement for a single Unix utility, and make
160 it work properly in place of the original on a Unix system, then these
161 utilities will work right when put together. Even allowing for Murphy
162 to create a few unexpected problems, assembling these components will
163 be a feasible task. (The kernel will require closer communication and
164 will be worked on by a small, tight group.)
166 If I get donations of money, I may be able to hire a few people full
167 or part time. The salary won't be high by programmers' standards, but
168 I'm looking for people for whom building community spirit is as
169 important as making money. I view this as a way of enabling dedicated
170 people to devote their full energies to working on GNU by sparing them
171 the need to make a living in another way.
173 Why All Computer Users Will Benefit
174 ===================================
176 Once GNU is written, everyone will be able to obtain good system
177 software free, just like air.
179 This means much more than just saving everyone the price of a Unix
180 license. It means that much wasteful duplication of system programming
181 effort will be avoided. This effort can go instead into advancing the
184 Complete system sources will be available to everyone. As a result,
185 a user who needs changes in the system will always be free to make them
186 himself, or hire any available programmer or company to make them for
187 him. Users will no longer be at the mercy of one programmer or company
188 which owns the sources and is in sole position to make changes.
190 Schools will be able to provide a much more educational environment
191 by encouraging all students to study and improve the system code.
192 Harvard's computer lab used to have the policy that no program could be
193 installed on the system if its sources were not on public display, and
194 upheld it by actually refusing to install certain programs. I was very
195 much inspired by this.
197 Finally, the overhead of considering who owns the system software
198 and what one is or is not entitled to do with it will be lifted.
200 Arrangements to make people pay for using a program, including
201 licensing of copies, always incur a tremendous cost to society through
202 the cumbersome mechanisms necessary to figure out how much (that is,
203 which programs) a person must pay for. And only a police state can
204 force everyone to obey them. Consider a space station where air must
205 be manufactured at great cost: charging each breather per liter of air
206 may be fair, but wearing the metered gas mask all day and all night is
207 intolerable even if everyone can afford to pay the air bill. And the
208 TV cameras everywhere to see if you ever take the mask off are
209 outrageous. It's better to support the air plant with a head tax and
212 Copying all or parts of a program is as natural to a programmer as
213 breathing, and as productive. It ought to be as free.
215 Some Easily Rebutted Objections to GNU's Goals
216 ==============================================
218 "Nobody will use it if it is free, because that means they can't
219 rely on any support."
221 "You have to charge for the program to pay for providing the
224 If people would rather pay for GNU plus service than get GNU free
225 without service, a company to provide just service to people who have
226 obtained GNU free ought to be profitable.
228 We must distinguish between support in the form of real programming
229 work and mere handholding. The former is something one cannot rely on
230 from a software vendor. If your problem is not shared by enough
231 people, the vendor will tell you to get lost.
233 If your business needs to be able to rely on support, the only way
234 is to have all the necessary sources and tools. Then you can hire any
235 available person to fix your problem; you are not at the mercy of any
236 individual. With Unix, the price of sources puts this out of
237 consideration for most businesses. With GNU this will be easy. It is
238 still possible for there to be no available competent person, but this
239 problem cannot be blamed on distibution arrangements. GNU does not
240 eliminate all the world's problems, only some of them.
242 Meanwhile, the users who know nothing about computers need
243 handholding: doing things for them which they could easily do
244 themselves but don't know how.
246 Such services could be provided by companies that sell just
247 hand-holding and repair service. If it is true that users would rather
248 spend money and get a product with service, they will also be willing
249 to buy the service having got the product free. The service companies
250 will compete in quality and price; users will not be tied to any
251 particular one. Meanwhile, those of us who don't need the service
252 should be able to use the program without paying for the service.
254 "You cannot reach many people without advertising, and you must
255 charge for the program to support that."
257 "It's no use advertising a program people can get free."
259 There are various forms of free or very cheap publicity that can be
260 used to inform numbers of computer users about something like GNU. But
261 it may be true that one can reach more microcomputer users with
262 advertising. If this is really so, a business which advertises the
263 service of copying and mailing GNU for a fee ought to be successful
264 enough to pay for its advertising and more. This way, only the users
265 who benefit from the advertising pay for it.
267 On the other hand, if many people get GNU from their friends, and
268 such companies don't succeed, this will show that advertising was not
269 really necessary to spread GNU. Why is it that free market advocates
270 don't want to let the free market decide this?
272 "My company needs a proprietary operating system to get a
275 GNU will remove operating system software from the realm of
276 competition. You will not be able to get an edge in this area, but
277 neither will your competitors be able to get an edge over you. You and
278 they will compete in other areas, while benefitting mutually in this
279 one. If your business is selling an operating system, you will not
280 like GNU, but that's tough on you. If your business is something else,
281 GNU can save you from being pushed into the expensive business of
282 selling operating systems.
284 I would like to see GNU development supported by gifts from many
285 manufacturers and users, reducing the cost to each.
287 "Don't programmers deserve a reward for their creativity?"
289 If anything deserves a reward, it is social contribution.
290 Creativity can be a social contribution, but only in so far as society
291 is free to use the results. If programmers deserve to be rewarded for
292 creating innovative programs, by the same token they deserve to be
293 punished if they restrict the use of these programs.
295 "Shouldn't a programmer be able to ask for a reward for his
298 There is nothing wrong with wanting pay for work, or seeking to
299 maximize one's income, as long as one does not use means that are
300 destructive. But the means customary in the field of software today
301 are based on destruction.
303 Extracting money from users of a program by restricting their use of
304 it is destructive because the restrictions reduce the amount and the
305 ways that the program can be used. This reduces the amount of wealth
306 that humanity derives from the program. When there is a deliberate
307 choice to restrict, the harmful consequences are deliberate destruction.
309 The reason a good citizen does not use such destructive means to
310 become wealthier is that, if everyone did so, we would all become
311 poorer from the mutual destructiveness. This is Kantian ethics; or,
312 the Golden Rule. Since I do not like the consequences that result if
313 everyone hoards information, I am required to consider it wrong for one
314 to do so. Specifically, the desire to be rewarded for one's creativity
315 does not justify depriving the world in general of all or part of that
318 "Won't programmers starve?"
320 I could answer that nobody is forced to be a programmer. Most of us
321 cannot manage to get any money for standing on the street and making
322 faces. But we are not, as a result, condemned to spend our lives
323 standing on the street making faces, and starving. We do something
326 But that is the wrong answer because it accepts the questioner's
327 implicit assumption: that without ownership of software, programmers
328 cannot possibly be paid a cent. Supposedly it is all or nothing.
330 The real reason programmers will not starve is that it will still be
331 possible for them to get paid for programming; just not paid as much as
334 Restricting copying is not the only basis for business in software.
335 It is the most common basis because it brings in the most money. If it
336 were prohibited, or rejected by the customer, software business would
337 move to other bases of organization which are now used less often.
338 There are always numerous ways to organize any kind of business.
340 Probably programming will not be as lucrative on the new basis as it
341 is now. But that is not an argument against the change. It is not
342 considered an injustice that sales clerks make the salaries that they
343 now do. If programmers made the same, that would not be an injustice
344 either. (In practice they would still make considerably more than
347 "Don't people have a right to control how their creativity is
350 "Control over the use of one's ideas" really constitutes control over
351 other people's lives; and it is usually used to make their lives more
354 People who have studied the issue of intellectual property rights
355 carefully (such as lawyers) say that there is no intrinsic right to
356 intellectual property. The kinds of supposed intellectual property
357 rights that the government recognizes were created by specific acts of
358 legislation for specific purposes.
360 For example, the patent system was established to encourage
361 inventors to disclose the details of their inventions. Its purpose was
362 to help society rather than to help inventors. At the time, the life
363 span of 17 years for a patent was short compared with the rate of
364 advance of the state of the art. Since patents are an issue only among
365 manufacturers, for whom the cost and effort of a license agreement are
366 small compared with setting up production, the patents often do not do
367 much harm. They do not obstruct most individuals who use patented
370 The idea of copyright did not exist in ancient times, when authors
371 frequently copied other authors at length in works of non-fiction. This
372 practice was useful, and is the only way many authors' works have
373 survived even in part. The copyright system was created expressly for
374 the purpose of encouraging authorship. In the domain for which it was
375 invented--books, which could be copied economically only on a printing
376 press--it did little harm, and did not obstruct most of the individuals
379 All intellectual property rights are just licenses granted by society
380 because it was thought, rightly or wrongly, that society as a whole
381 would benefit by granting them. But in any particular situation, we
382 have to ask: are we really better off granting such license? What kind
383 of act are we licensing a person to do?
385 The case of programs today is very different from that of books a
386 hundred years ago. The fact that the easiest way to copy a program is
387 from one neighbor to another, the fact that a program has both source
388 code and object code which are distinct, and the fact that a program is
389 used rather than read and enjoyed, combine to create a situation in
390 which a person who enforces a copyright is harming society as a whole
391 both materially and spiritually; in which a person should not do so
392 regardless of whether the law enables him to.
394 "Competition makes things get done better."
396 The paradigm of competition is a race: by rewarding the winner, we
397 encourage everyone to run faster. When capitalism really works this
398 way, it does a good job; but its defenders are wrong in assuming it
399 always works this way. If the runners forget why the reward is offered
400 and become intent on winning, no matter how, they may find other
401 strategies--such as, attacking other runners. If the runners get into
402 a fist fight, they will all finish late.
404 Proprietary and secret software is the moral equivalent of runners
405 in a fist fight. Sad to say, the only referee we've got does not seem
406 to object to fights; he just regulates them ("For every ten yards you
407 run, you can fire one shot"). He really ought to break them up, and
408 penalize runners for even trying to fight.
410 "Won't everyone stop programming without a monetary incentive?"
412 Actually, many people will program with absolutely no monetary
413 incentive. Programming has an irresistible fascination for some
414 people, usually the people who are best at it. There is no shortage of
415 professional musicians who keep at it even though they have no hope of
416 making a living that way.
418 But really this question, though commonly asked, is not appropriate
419 to the situation. Pay for programmers will not disappear, only become
420 less. So the right question is, will anyone program with a reduced
421 monetary incentive? My experience shows that they will.
423 For more than ten years, many of the world's best programmers worked
424 at the Artificial Intelligence Lab for far less money than they could
425 have had anywhere else. They got many kinds of non-monetary rewards:
426 fame and appreciation, for example. And creativity is also fun, a
429 Then most of them left when offered a chance to do the same
430 interesting work for a lot of money.
432 What the facts show is that people will program for reasons other
433 than riches; but if given a chance to make a lot of money as well, they
434 will come to expect and demand it. Low-paying organizations do poorly
435 in competition with high-paying ones, but they do not have to do badly
436 if the high-paying ones are banned.
438 "We need the programmers desperately. If they demand that we stop
439 helping our neighbors, we have to obey."
441 You're never so desperate that you have to obey this sort of demand.
442 Remember: millions for defense, but not a cent for tribute!
444 "Programmers need to make a living somehow."
446 In the short run, this is true. However, there are plenty of ways
447 that programmers could make a living without selling the right to use a
448 program. This way is customary now because it brings programmers and
449 businessmen the most money, not because it is the only way to make a
450 living. It is easy to find other ways if you want to find them. Here
451 are a number of examples.
453 A manufacturer introducing a new computer will pay for the porting of
454 operating systems onto the new hardware.
456 The sale of teaching, hand-holding, and maintenance services could
457 also employ programmers.
459 People with new ideas could distribute programs as freeware and ask
460 for donations from satisfied users or sell hand-holding services. I
461 have met people who are already working this way successfully.
463 Users with related needs can form users' groups and pay dues. A
464 group would contract with programming companies to write programs that
465 the group's members would like to use.
467 All sorts of development can be funded with a Software Tax:
469 Suppose everyone who buys a computer has to pay a certain percent
470 of the price as a software tax. The government gives this to an
471 agency like the NSF to spend on software development.
473 But if the computer buyer makes a donation to software development
474 himself, he can take a credit against the tax. He can donate to
475 the project of his own choosing--often, chosen because he hopes to
478 it is done. He can take a credit for any amount of donation up to
479 the total tax he had to pay.
481 The total tax rate could be decided by a vote of the payers of the
482 tax, weighted according to the amount they will be taxed on.
486 * The computer-using community supports software development.
488 * This community decides what level of support is needed.
490 * Users who care which projects their share is spent on can
491 choose this for themselves.
493 In the long run, making programs free is a step toward the
494 post-scarcity world, where nobody will have to work very hard just to
495 make a living. People will be free to devote themselves to activities
496 that are fun, such as programming, after spending the necessary ten
497 hours a week on required tasks such as legislation, family counseling,
498 robot repair, and asteroid prospecting. There will be no need to be
499 able to make a living from programming.
501 We have already greatly reduced the amount of work that the whole
502 society must do for its actual productivity, but only a little of this
503 has translated itself into leisure for workers because much
504 nonproductive activity is required to accompany productive activity.
505 The main causes of this are bureaucracy and isometric struggles against
506 competition. Free software will greatly reduce these drains in the
507 area of software production. We must do this, in order for technical
508 gains in productivity to translate into less work for us.
511 File: xemacs.info, Node: Key Index, Next: Command Index, Prev: Manifesto, Up: Top
513 Key (Character) Index
514 *********************
518 * ! (query-replace): Query Replace.
519 * " (TeX mode): TeX Editing.
520 * , (query-replace): Query Replace.
521 * . (Calendar mode): Specified Dates.
522 * . (query-replace): Query Replace.
523 * ? (Calendar mode): General Calendar.
524 * ^ (query-replace): Query Replace.
525 * a (Calendar mode): Holidays.
526 * button1: Intro to Keystrokes.
527 * button1up: Intro to Keystrokes.
528 * button2: Intro to Keystrokes.
529 * button2up: Intro to Keystrokes.
530 * button3: Intro to Keystrokes.
531 * button3up: Intro to Keystrokes.
534 * C-@ (Calendar mode): Mark and Region.
535 * C-\: Select Input Method.
536 * C-] <1>: Recursive Edit.
540 * C-a (Calendar mode): Move to Beginning or End.
542 * C-b (Calendar mode): Calendar Unit Motion.
543 * C-c: Key Sequences.
544 * C-c ' (Picture mode): Insert in Picture.
545 * C-c . (Picture mode): Insert in Picture.
546 * C-c / (Picture mode): Insert in Picture.
547 * C-c ; (Fortran mode): Fortran Comments.
548 * C-c < (Picture mode): Insert in Picture.
549 * C-c > (Picture mode): Insert in Picture.
550 * C-c \ (Picture mode): Insert in Picture.
551 * C-c ^ (Picture mode): Insert in Picture.
552 * C-c ` (Picture mode): Insert in Picture.
553 * C-c C-\ (Shell mode): Shell Mode.
554 * C-c C-b (Outline mode): Outline Motion.
555 * C-c C-b (Picture mode): Insert in Picture.
556 * C-c C-b (TeX mode): TeX Print.
557 * C-c C-c (Edit Abbrevs): Editing Abbrevs.
558 * C-c C-c (Edit Tab Stops): Tab Stops.
559 * C-c C-c (Mail mode): Mail Mode.
560 * C-c C-c (Occur mode): Other Repeating Search.
561 * C-c C-c (Shell mode): Shell Mode.
562 * C-c C-d (Picture mode): Basic Picture.
563 * C-c C-d (Shell mode): Shell Mode.
564 * C-c C-f (LaTeX mode): TeX Editing.
565 * C-c C-f (Outline mode): Outline Motion.
566 * C-c C-f (Picture mode): Insert in Picture.
567 * C-c C-f C-c (Mail mode): Mail Mode.
568 * C-c C-f C-s (Mail mode): Mail Mode.
569 * C-c C-f C-t (Mail mode): Mail Mode.
570 * C-c C-h (Outline mode): Outline Visibility.
571 * C-c C-i (Outline mode): Outline Visibility.
572 * C-c C-j (Term mode): Term Mode.
573 * C-c C-k (Picture mode): Rectangles in Picture.
574 * C-c C-k (Term mode): Term Mode.
575 * C-c C-k (TeX mode): TeX Print.
576 * C-c C-l (Calendar mode): General Calendar.
577 * C-c C-l (TeX mode): TeX Print.
578 * C-c C-n (Fortran mode): Fortran Motion.
579 * C-c C-n (Outline mode): Outline Motion.
580 * C-c C-o (Shell mode): Shell Mode.
581 * C-c C-p (Fortran mode): Fortran Motion.
582 * C-c C-p (Outline mode): Outline Motion.
583 * C-c C-p (TeX mode): TeX Print.
584 * C-c C-q (Mail mode): Mail Mode.
585 * C-c C-q (Term mode): Paging in Term.
586 * C-c C-q (TeX mode): TeX Print.
587 * C-c C-r (Fortran mode): Fortran Columns.
588 * C-c C-r (Shell mode): Shell Mode.
589 * C-c C-r (TeX mode): TeX Print.
590 * C-c C-s (Mail mode): Mail Mode.
591 * C-c C-s (Outline mode): Outline Visibility.
592 * C-c C-u (Outline mode): Outline Motion.
593 * C-c C-u (Shell mode): Shell Mode.
594 * C-c C-w (Fortran mode): Fortran Columns.
595 * C-c C-w (Mail mode): Mail Mode.
596 * C-c C-w (Picture mode): Rectangles in Picture.
597 * C-c C-w (Shell mode): Shell Mode.
598 * C-c C-x (Picture mode): Rectangles in Picture.
599 * C-c C-y (Mail mode): Mail Mode.
600 * C-c C-y (Picture mode): Rectangles in Picture.
601 * C-c C-y (Shell mode): Shell Mode.
602 * C-c C-z (Shell mode): Shell Mode.
603 * C-c TAB (Picture mode): Tabs in Picture.
604 * C-c { (TeX mode): TeX Editing.
605 * C-c } (TeX mode): TeX Editing.
607 * C-d (Shell mode): Shell Mode.
609 * C-e (Calendar mode): Move to Beginning or End.
612 * C-f (Calendar mode): Calendar Unit Motion.
615 * C-g (isearch-mode): Incremental Search.
616 * C-h: Key Sequences.
619 * C-h C: Coding Systems.
621 * C-h C-\: Select Input Method.
626 * C-h f: Documentation.
628 * C-h I: Select Input Method.
631 * C-h L: Language Environments.
635 * C-h s: Syntax Change.
639 * C-h v <2>: Examining.
640 * C-h v: Documentation.
646 * C-l (query-replace): Query Replace.
648 * C-M-@ <1>: Marking Objects.
650 * C-M-\ <1>: Indentation Commands.
651 * C-M-\: Multi-line Indent.
653 * C-M-a (Fortran mode): Fortran Motion.
655 * C-M-c: Recursive Edit.
658 * C-M-e (Fortran mode): Fortran Motion.
660 * C-M-h <1>: Marking Objects.
662 * C-M-h (Fortran mode): Fortran Motion.
663 * C-M-k <1>: Killing.
666 * C-M-o: Indentation Commands.
668 * C-M-q: Multi-line Indent.
669 * C-M-q (Fortran mode): ForIndent Commands.
670 * C-M-t <1>: Transpose.
673 * C-M-v <1>: Other Window.
674 * C-M-v: Minibuffer Edit.
675 * C-M-w: Appending Kills.
676 * C-M-x <1>: External Lisp.
679 * C-n (Calendar mode): Calendar Unit Motion.
682 * C-p (Calendar mode): Calendar Unit Motion.
684 * C-q (isearch-mode): Incremental Search.
685 * C-r: Incremental Search.
686 * C-r (isearch-mode): Incremental Search.
687 * C-r (query-replace): Query Replace.
689 * C-s: Incremental Search.
690 * C-s (isearch-mode): Incremental Search.
691 * C-SPC: Setting Mark.
692 * C-SPC (Calendar mode): Mark and Region.
693 * C-t <1>: Transpose.
696 * C-u - C-x ;: Comments.
697 * C-u C-@: Mark Ring.
698 * C-u C-SPC: Mark Ring.
699 * C-u C-x v v: Editing with VC.
700 * C-u TAB: Multi-line Indent.
701 * C-v <1>: Scrolling.
703 * C-v (Calendar mode): Scroll Calendar.
705 * C-w (isearch-mode): Incremental Search.
706 * C-w (query-replace): Query Replace.
707 * C-x: Key Sequences.
708 * C-x $: Selective Display.
709 * C-x (: Basic Kbd Macro.
710 * C-x ): Basic Kbd Macro.
711 * C-x .: Fill Prefix.
712 * C-x 0: Change Window.
713 * C-x 1: Change Window.
714 * C-x 2: Split Window.
715 * C-x 3: Split Window.
716 * C-x 4: Pop Up Window.
718 * C-x 4 b: Select Buffer.
719 * C-x 4 d: Dired Enter.
721 * C-x 4 m: Sending Mail.
722 * C-x 5 b: Select Buffer.
723 * C-x 5 C-f: Visiting.
725 * C-x <: Horizontal Scrolling.
726 * C-x < (Calendar mode): Scroll Calendar.
727 * C-x =: Position Info.
728 * C-x >: Horizontal Scrolling.
729 * C-x > (Calendar mode): Scroll Calendar.
731 * C-x [ (Calendar mode): Calendar Unit Motion.
733 * C-x ] (Calendar mode): Calendar Unit Motion.
734 * C-x ^: Change Window.
735 * C-x `: Compilation.
736 * C-x a g: Defining Abbrevs.
737 * C-x a i g: Defining Abbrevs.
738 * C-x a i l: Defining Abbrevs.
739 * C-x a l: Defining Abbrevs.
740 * C-x b: Select Buffer.
741 * C-x C-b: List Buffers.
744 * C-x C-e: Lisp Eval.
746 * C-x C-o <1>: Killing.
747 * C-x C-o: Blank Lines.
748 * C-x C-p <1>: Marking Objects.
750 * C-x C-q: Misc Buffer.
751 * C-x C-q (version control): Editing with VC.
753 * C-x C-t: Transpose.
757 * C-x C-x: Setting Mark.
758 * C-x C-x (Calendar mode): Mark and Region.
759 * C-x d: Dired Enter.
760 * C-x DEL <1>: Sentences.
761 * C-x DEL <2>: Kill Errors.
763 * C-x e: Basic Kbd Macro.
764 * C-x ESC: Repetition.
765 * C-x f: Fill Commands.
766 * C-x h: Marking Objects.
767 * C-x k: Kill Buffer.
769 * C-x m: Sending Mail.
770 * C-x n n: Narrowing.
771 * C-x n w: Narrowing.
772 * C-x o: Other Window.
773 * C-x q: Kbd Macro Query.
778 * C-x RET: Mule Intro.
779 * C-x RET c: Specify Coding.
780 * C-x RET C-\: Select Input Method.
781 * C-x RET f: Specify Coding.
782 * C-x RET k: Specify Coding.
783 * C-x RET p: Specify Coding.
784 * C-x RET t: Specify Coding.
786 * C-x TAB: Indentation Commands.
788 * C-x v =: Old Versions.
789 * C-x v a: Change Logs and VC.
790 * C-x v c: Editing with VC.
791 * C-x v d: VC Status.
792 * C-x v h: Version Headers.
793 * C-x v i: Editing with VC.
794 * C-x v l: VC Status.
795 * C-x v r: Making Snapshots.
796 * C-x v s: Making Snapshots.
797 * C-x v u: Editing with VC.
798 * C-x v ~: Old Versions.
799 * C-x }: Change Window.
801 * C-y (isearch-mode): Incremental Search.
803 * control key: Intro to Keystrokes.
804 * d (Calendar mode): Diary Commands.
807 * DEL <3>: Kill Errors.
808 * DEL <4>: Program Modes.
810 * DEL (isearch-mode): Incremental Search.
811 * DEL (query-replace): Query Replace.
814 * ESC <1>: Key Sequences.
816 * ESC (query-replace): Query Replace.
817 * g CHAR (Calendar mode): From Other Calendar.
818 * g d (Calendar mode): Specified Dates.
819 * g m l (Calendar mode): Mayan Calendar.
820 * h (Calendar mode): Holidays.
822 * hyper key <1>: Intro to Keystrokes.
823 * hyper key <2>: Representing Keystrokes.
824 * hyper key: Super and Hyper Keys.
825 * i a (Calendar mode): Special Diary Entries.
826 * i b (Calendar mode): Special Diary Entries.
827 * i c (Calendar mode): Special Diary Entries.
828 * i d (Calendar mode): Adding to Diary.
829 * i m (Calendar mode): Adding to Diary.
830 * i w (Calendar mode): Adding to Diary.
831 * i y (Calendar mode): Adding to Diary.
833 * LFD <1>: Basic Indent.
834 * LFD <2>: String Key Sequences.
836 * LFD (TeX mode): TeX Editing.
837 * M (Calendar mode): Lunar Phases.
838 * m (Calendar mode): Diary Commands.
841 * M-%: Query Replace.
842 * M-': Expanding Abbrevs.
843 * M-(: Balanced Editing.
844 * M-): Balanced Editing.
847 * M-- M-c: Fixing Case.
848 * M-- M-l: Fixing Case.
849 * M-- M-u: Fixing Case.
851 * M-/: Dynamic Abbrevs.
855 * M-< (Calendar mode): Move to Beginning or End.
856 * M-=: Position Info.
857 * M-= (Calendar mode): Mark and Region.
859 * M-> (Calendar mode): Move to Beginning or End.
862 * M-@: Marking Objects.
864 * M-\ <1>: Indentation Commands.
868 * M-^: Indentation Commands.
870 * M-a (Calendar mode): Move to Beginning or End.
873 * M-C-s: Regexp Search.
876 * M-DEL <1>: Killing.
877 * M-DEL <2>: Kill Errors.
880 * M-e (Calendar mode): Move to Beginning or End.
883 * M-g: Fill Commands.
884 * M-h <1>: Paragraphs.
885 * M-h: Marking Objects.
891 * M-LFD (Fortran mode): ForIndent Commands.
892 * M-m: Indentation Commands.
893 * M-n <1>: Nroff Mode.
895 * M-n (isearch-mode): Incremental Search.
896 * M-n (Shell mode): Shell Mode.
897 * M-p <1>: Repetition.
899 * M-p (isearch-mode): Incremental Search.
900 * M-p (Shell mode): Shell Mode.
901 * M-q: Fill Commands.
903 * M-s: Fill Commands.
905 * M-t <1>: Transpose.
907 * M-TAB <1>: Tabs in Picture.
908 * M-TAB: Lisp Completion.
909 * M-TAB (customization buffer): Changing an Option.
910 * M-TAB (isearch-mode): Incremental Search.
914 * M-v (Calendar mode): Scroll Calendar.
917 * M-y: Earlier Kills.
919 * M-{ (Calendar mode): Calendar Unit Motion.
921 * M-} (Calendar mode): Calendar Unit Motion.
924 * meta key: Intro to Keystrokes.
926 * o (Calendar mode): Specified Dates.
927 * p (Calendar mode): To Other Calendar.
928 * p d (Calendar mode): General Calendar.
934 * q (Calendar mode): General Calendar.
936 * RET (isearch-mode): Incremental Search.
937 * RET (Shell mode): Shell Mode.
939 * s (Calendar mode): Diary Commands.
940 * S (Calendar mode): Sunrise/Sunset.
941 * S-TAB (customization buffer): Changing an Option.
942 * shift key: Intro to Keystrokes.
944 * SPC (Calendar mode): General Calendar.
945 * SPC (query-replace): Query Replace.
946 * super key <1>: Intro to Keystrokes.
947 * super key <2>: Super and Hyper Keys.
948 * super key: Representing Keystrokes.
949 * t (Calendar mode): LaTeX Calendar.
950 * TAB <1>: String Key Sequences.
951 * TAB <2>: Major Modes.
952 * TAB <3>: Basic Indent.
953 * TAB <4>: Text Mode.
954 * TAB <5>: Completion.
956 * TAB (customization buffer): Changing an Option.
957 * TAB (Shell mode): Shell Mode.
958 * u (Calendar mode) <1>: Diary Commands.
959 * u (Calendar mode): Holidays.
961 * x (Calendar mode): Holidays.
projects / chise / xemacs-chise.git.1 / blob