This is ../info/xemacs.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.6 from xemacs/xemacs.texi. INFO-DIR-SECTION XEmacs Editor START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY * XEmacs: (xemacs). XEmacs Editor. END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY This file documents the XEmacs editor. Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1988 Richard M. Stallman. Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 Lucid, Inc. Copyright (C) 1993, 1994 Sun Microsystems, Inc. Copyright (C) 1995 Amdahl Corporation. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the sections entitled "The GNU Manifesto", "Distribution" and "GNU General Public License" are included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that the sections entitled "The GNU Manifesto", "Distribution" and "GNU General Public License" may be included in a translation approved by the author instead of in the original English.  File: xemacs.info, Node: Glossary, Next: Manifesto, Prev: Intro, Up: Top Glossary ******** Abbrev An abbrev is a text string which expands into a different text string when present in the buffer. For example, you might define a short word as an abbrev for a long phrase that you want to insert frequently. *Note Abbrevs::. Aborting Aborting means getting out of a recursive edit (q.v.). You can use the commands `C-]' and `M-x top-level' for this. *Note Quitting::. Auto Fill mode Auto Fill mode is a minor mode in which text you insert is automatically broken into lines of fixed width. *Note Filling::. Auto Saving Auto saving means that Emacs automatically stores the contents of an Emacs buffer in a specially-named file so the information will not be lost if the buffer is lost due to a system error or user error. *Note Auto Save::. Backup File A backup file records the contents that a file had before the current editing session. Emacs creates backup files automatically to help you track down or cancel changes you later regret. *Note Backup::. Balance Parentheses Emacs can balance parentheses manually or automatically. Manual balancing is done by the commands to move over balanced expressions (*note Lists::). Automatic balancing is done by blinking the parenthesis that matches one just inserted (*note Matching Parens: Matching.). Bind To bind a key is to change its binding (q.v.). *Note Rebinding::. Binding A key gets its meaning in Emacs by having a binding which is a command (q.v.), a Lisp function that is run when the key is typed. *Note Binding: Commands. Customization often involves rebinding a character to a different command function. The bindings of all keys are recorded in the keymaps (q.v.). *Note Keymaps::. Blank Lines Blank lines are lines that contain only whitespace. Emacs has several commands for operating on the blank lines in a buffer. Buffer The buffer is the basic editing unit; one buffer corresponds to one piece of text being edited. You can have several buffers, but at any time you are editing only one, the `selected' buffer, though several buffers can be visible when you are using multiple windows. *Note Buffers::. Buffer Selection History Emacs keeps a buffer selection history which records how recently each Emacs buffer was selected. Emacs uses this list when choosing a buffer to select. *Note Buffers::. C- `C' in the name of a character is an abbreviation for Control. *Note C-: Keystrokes. C-M- `C-M-' in the name of a character is an abbreviation for Control-Meta. *Note C-M-: Keystrokes. Case Conversion Case conversion means changing text from upper case to lower case or vice versa. *Note Case::, for the commands for case conversion. Characters Characters form the contents of an Emacs buffer; also, Emacs commands are invoked by keys (q.v.), which are sequences of one or more characters. *Note Keystrokes::. Command A command is a Lisp function specially defined to be able to serve as a key binding in Emacs. When you type a key (q.v.), Emacs looks up its binding (q.v.) in the relevant keymaps (q.v.) to find the command to run. *Note Commands::. Command Name A command name is the name of a Lisp symbol which is a command (*note Commands::). You can invoke any command by its name using `M-x' (*note M-x::). Comments A comment is text in a program which is intended only for the people reading the program, and is marked specially so that it will be ignored when the program is loaded or compiled. Emacs offers special commands for creating, aligning, and killing comments. *Note Comments::. Compilation Compilation is the process of creating an executable program from source code. Emacs has commands for compiling files of Emacs Lisp code (*note Lisp Libraries::) and programs in C and other languages (*note Compilation::). Complete Key A complete key is a character or sequence of characters which, when typed by the user, fully specifies one action to be performed by Emacs. For example, `X' and `Control-f' and `Control-x m' are keys. Keys derive their meanings from being bound (q.v.) to commands (q.v.). Thus, `X' is conventionally bound to a command to insert `X' in the buffer; `C-x m' is conventionally bound to a command to begin composing a mail message. *Note Keystrokes::. Completion When Emacs automatically fills an abbreviation for a name into the entire name, that process is called completion. Completion is done for minibuffer (q.v.) arguments when the set of possible valid inputs is known; for example, on command names, buffer names, and file names. Completion occurs when you type , , or . *Note Completion::. Continuation Line When a line of text is longer than the width of the frame, it takes up more than one screen line when displayed. We say that the text line is continued, and all screen lines used for it after the first are called continuation lines. *Note Continuation: Basic. Control-Character ASCII characters with octal codes 0 through 037, and also code 0177, do not have graphic images assigned to them. These are the control characters. Any control character can be typed by holding down the key and typing some other character; some have special keys on the keyboard. , , , , and are all control characters. *Note Keystrokes::. Copyleft A copyleft is a notice giving the public legal permission to redistribute a program or other work of art. Copylefts are used by leftists to enrich the public just as copyrights are used by rightists to gain power over the public. Current Buffer The current buffer in Emacs is the Emacs buffer on which most editing commands operate. You can select any Emacs buffer as the current one. *Note Buffers::. Current Line The line point is on (*note Point::). Current Paragraph The paragraph that point is in. If point is between paragraphs, the current paragraph is the one that follows point. *Note Paragraphs::. Current Defun The defun (q.v.) that point is in. If point is between defuns, the current defun is the one that follows point. *Note Defuns::. Cursor The cursor is the rectangle on the screen which indicates the position called point (q.v.) at which insertion and deletion takes place. The cursor is on or under the character that follows point. Often people speak of `the cursor' when, strictly speaking, they mean `point'. *Note Cursor: Basic. Customization Customization is making minor changes in the way Emacs works. It is often done by setting variables (*note Variables::) or by rebinding keys (*note Keymaps::). Default Argument The default for an argument is the value that is used if you do not specify one. When Emacs prompts you in the minibuffer for an argument, the default argument is used if you just type . *Note Minibuffer::. Default Directory When you specify a file name that does not start with `/' or `~', it is interpreted relative to the current buffer's default directory. *Note Default Directory: Minibuffer File. Defun A defun is a list at the top level of parenthesis or bracket structure in a program. It is so named because most such lists in Lisp programs are calls to the Lisp function `defun'. *Note Defuns::. The character runs the command that deletes one character of text. *Note DEL: Basic. Deletion Deleting text means erasing it without saving it. Emacs deletes text only when it is expected not to be worth saving (all whitespace, or only one character). The alternative is killing (q.v.). *Note Deletion: Killing. Deletion of Files Deleting a file means removing it from the file system. *Note Misc File Ops::. Deletion of Messages Deleting a message means flagging it to be eliminated from your mail file. Until the mail file is expunged, you can undo this by undeleting the message. Deletion of Frames When working under the multi-frame X-based version of XEmacs, you can delete individual frames using the Close menu item from the File menu. Deletion of Windows When you delete a subwindow of an Emacs frame, you eliminate it from the frame. Other windows expand to use up the space. The deleted window can never come back, but no actual text is lost. *Note Windows::. Directory Files in the Unix file system are grouped into file directories. *Note Directories: ListDir. Dired Dired is the Emacs facility that displays the contents of a file directory and allows you to "edit the directory", performing operations on the files in the directory. *Note Dired::. Disabled Command A disabled command is one that you may not run without special confirmation. Commands are usually disabled because they are confusing for beginning users. *Note Disabling::. Dribble File A file into which Emacs writes all the characters that the user types on the keyboard. Dribble files are used to make a record for debugging Emacs bugs. Emacs does not make a dribble file unless you tell it to. *Note Bugs::. Echo Area The area at the bottom of the Emacs frame which is used for echoing the arguments to commands, for asking questions, and for printing brief messages (including error messages). *Note Echo Area::. Echoing Echoing refers to acknowledging the receipt of commands by displaying them (in the echo area). Emacs never echoes single-character keys; longer keys echo only if you pause while typing them. Error An error occurs when an Emacs command cannot execute in the current circumstances. When an error occurs, execution of the command stops (unless the command has been programmed to do otherwise) and Emacs reports the error by printing an error message (q.v.). Type-ahead is discarded. Then Emacs is ready to read another editing command. Error Messages Error messages are single lines of output printed by Emacs when the user asks for something impossible to do (such as killing text forward when point is at the end of the buffer). They appear in the echo area, accompanied by a beep. is a character used as a prefix for typing Meta characters on keyboards lacking a key. Unlike the key (which, like the key, is held down while another character is typed), the key is pressed and released, and applies to the next character typed. Fill Prefix The fill prefix is a string that Emacs enters at the beginning of each line when it performs filling. It is not regarded as part of the text to be filled. *Note Filling::. Filling Filling text means moving text from line to line so that all the lines are approximately the same length. *Note Filling::. Frame When running Emacs on a TTY terminal, "frame" means the terminal's screen. When running Emacs under X, you can have multiple frames, each corresponding to a top-level X window and each looking like the screen on a TTY. Each frame contains one or more non-overlapping Emacs windows (possibly with associated scrollbars, under X), an echo area, and (under X) possibly a menubar, toolbar, and/or gutter. Global Global means `independent of the current environment; in effect throughout Emacs'. It is the opposite of local (q.v.). Examples of the use of `global' appear below. Global Abbrev A global definition of an abbrev (q.v.) is effective in all major modes that do not have local (q.v.) definitions for the same abbrev. *Note Abbrevs::. Global Keymap The global keymap (q.v.) contains key bindings that are in effect unless local key bindings in a major mode's local keymap (q.v.) override them.*Note Keymaps::. Global Substitution Global substitution means replacing each occurrence of one string by another string through a large amount of text. *Note Replace::. Global Variable The global value of a variable (q.v.) takes effect in all buffers that do not have their own local (q.v.) values for the variable. *Note Variables::. Graphic Character Graphic characters are those assigned pictorial images rather than just names. All the non-Meta (q.v.) characters except for the Control (q.v.) character are graphic characters. These include letters, digits, punctuation, and spaces; they do not include or . In Emacs, typing a graphic character inserts that character (in ordinary editing modes). *Note Basic Editing: Basic. Grinding Grinding means adjusting the indentation in a program to fit the nesting structure. *Note Grinding: Indentation. Hardcopy Hardcopy means printed output. Emacs has commands for making printed listings of text in Emacs buffers. *Note Hardcopy::. You can type at any time to ask what options you have, or to ask what any command does. is really `Control-h'. *Note Help::. Inbox An inbox is a file in which mail is delivered by the operating system. Some mail handlers transfers mail from inboxes to mail files (q.v.) in which the mail is then stored permanently or until explicitly deleted. Indentation Indentation means blank space at the beginning of a line. Most programming languages have conventions for using indentation to illuminate the structure of the program, and Emacs has special features to help you set up the correct indentation. *Note Indentation::. Insertion Insertion means copying text into the buffer, either from the keyboard or from some other place in Emacs. Justification Justification means adding extra spaces to lines of text to make them come exactly to a specified width. *Note Justification: Filling. Keyboard Macros Keyboard macros are a way of defining new Emacs commands from sequences of existing ones, with no need to write a Lisp program. *Note Keyboard Macros::. Key A key is a sequence of characters that, when input to Emacs, specify or begin to specify a single action for Emacs to perform. That is, the sequence is considered a single unit. If the key is enough to specify one action, it is a complete key (q.v.); if it is less than enough, it is a prefix key (q.v.). *Note Keystrokes::. Keymap The keymap is the data structure that records the bindings (q.v.) of keys to the commands that they run. For example, the keymap binds the character `C-n' to the command function `next-line'. *Note Keymaps::. Kill Ring The kill ring is the place where all text you have killed recently is saved. You can re-insert any of the killed text still in the ring; this is called yanking (q.v.). *Note Yanking::. Killing Killing means erasing text and saving it on the kill ring so it can be yanked (q.v.) later. Some other systems call this "cutting." Most Emacs commands to erase text do killing, as opposed to deletion (q.v.). *Note Killing::. Killing Jobs Killing a job (such as, an invocation of Emacs) means making it cease to exist. Any data within it, if not saved in a file, is lost. *Note Exiting::. List A list is, approximately, a text string beginning with an open parenthesis and ending with the matching close parenthesis. In C mode and other non-Lisp modes, groupings surrounded by other kinds of matched delimiters appropriate to the language, such as braces, are also considered lists. Emacs has special commands for many operations on lists. *Note Lists::. Local Local means `in effect only in a particular context'; the relevant kind of context is a particular function execution, a particular buffer, or a particular major mode. Local is the opposite of `global' (q.v.). Specific uses of `local' in Emacs terminology appear below. Local Abbrev A local abbrev definition is effective only if a particular major mode is selected. In that major mode, it overrides any global definition for the same abbrev. *Note Abbrevs::. Local Keymap A local keymap is used in a particular major mode; the key bindings (q.v.) in the current local keymap override global bindings of the same keys. *Note Keymaps::. Local Variable A local value of a variable (q.v.) applies to only one buffer. *Note Locals::. M- `M-' in the name of a character is an abbreviation for , one of the modifier keys that can accompany any character. *Note Keystrokes::. M-C- `M-C-' in the name of a character is an abbreviation for Control-Meta; it means the same thing as `C-M-'. If your terminal lacks a real key, you type a Control-Meta character by typing and then typing the corresponding Control character. *Note C-M-: Keystrokes. M-x `M-x' is the key which is used to call an Emacs command by name. You use it to call commands that are not bound to keys. *Note M-x::. Mail Mail means messages sent from one user to another through the computer system, to be read at the recipient's convenience. Emacs has commands for composing and sending mail, and for reading and editing the mail you have received. *Note Sending Mail::. Major Mode The major modes are a mutually exclusive set of options each of which configures Emacs for editing a certain sort of text. Ideally, each programming language has its own major mode. *Note Major Modes::. Mark The mark points to a position in the text. It specifies one end of the region (q.v.), point being the other end. Many commands operate on the whole region, that is, all the text from point to the mark. *Note Mark::. Mark Ring The mark ring is used to hold several recent previous locations of the mark, just in case you want to move back to them. *Note Mark Ring::. Message See `mail'. Meta Meta is the name of a modifier bit which a command character may have. It is present in a character if the character is typed with the key held down. Such characters are given names that start with `Meta-'. For example, `Meta-<' is typed by holding down and at the same time typing `<' (which itself is done, on most terminals, by holding down and typing `,'). *Note Meta: Keystrokes. Meta Character A Meta character is one whose character code includes the Meta bit. Minibuffer The minibuffer is the window that Emacs displays inside the echo area (q.v.) when it prompts you for arguments to commands. *Note Minibuffer::. Minor Mode A minor mode is an optional feature of Emacs which can be switched on or off independent of the major mode. Each minor mode has a command to turn it on or off. *Note Minor Modes::. Mode Line The mode line is the line at the bottom of each text window (q.v.), which gives status information on the buffer displayed in that window. *Note Mode Line::. Modified Buffer A buffer (q.v.) is modified if its text has been changed since the last time the buffer was saved (or since it was created, if it has never been saved). *Note Saving::. Moving Text Moving text means erasing it from one place and inserting it in another. This is done by killing (q.v.) and then yanking (q.v.). *Note Killing::. Named Mark A named mark is a register (q.v.) in its role of recording a location in text so that you can move point to that location. *Note Registers::. Narrowing Narrowing means creating a restriction (q.v.) that limits editing in the current buffer to only a part of the text in the buffer. Text outside that part is inaccessible to the user until the boundaries are widened again, but it is still there, and saving the file saves the invisible text. *Note Narrowing::. Newline characters in the buffer terminate lines of text and are called newlines. *Note Newline: Keystrokes. Numeric Argument A numeric argument is a number, specified before a command, to change the effect of the command. Often the numeric argument serves as a repeat count. *Note Arguments::. Option An option is a variable (q.v.) that allows you to customize Emacs by giving it a new value. *Note Variables::. Overwrite Mode Overwrite mode is a minor mode. When it is enabled, ordinary text characters replace the existing text after point rather than pushing it to the right. *Note Minor Modes::. Page A page is a unit of text, delimited by formfeed characters (ASCII Control-L, code 014) coming at the beginning of a line. Some Emacs commands are provided for moving over and operating on pages. *Note Pages::. Paragraphs Paragraphs are the medium-size unit of English text. There are special Emacs commands for moving over and operating on paragraphs. *Note Paragraphs::. Parsing We say that Emacs parses words or expressions in the text being edited. Really, all it knows how to do is find the other end of a word or expression. *Note Syntax::. Point Point is the place in the buffer at which insertion and deletion occur. Point is considered to be between two characters, not at one character. The terminal's cursor (q.v.) indicates the location of point. *Note Point: Basic. Prefix Key A prefix key is a key (q.v.) whose sole function is to introduce a set of multi-character keys. `Control-x' is an example of a prefix key; any two-character sequence starting with `C-x' is also a legitimate key. *Note Keystrokes::. Prompt A prompt is text printed to ask the user for input. Printing a prompt is called prompting. Emacs prompts always appear in the echo area (q.v.). One kind of prompting happens when the minibuffer is used to read an argument (*note Minibuffer::); the echoing which happens when you pause in the middle of typing a multi-character key is also a kind of prompting (*note Echo Area::). Quitting Quitting means cancelling a partially typed command or a running command, using `C-g'. *Note Quitting::. Quoting Quoting means depriving a character of its usual special significance. In Emacs this is usually done with `Control-q'. What constitutes special significance depends on the context and on convention. For example, an "ordinary" character as an Emacs command inserts itself; so in this context, a special character is any character that does not normally insert itself (such as , for example), and quoting it makes it insert itself as if it were not special. Not all contexts allow quoting. *Note Quoting: Basic. Read-only Buffer A read-only buffer is one whose text you are not allowed to change. Normally Emacs makes buffers read-only when they contain text which has a special significance to Emacs, such as Dired buffers. Visiting a file that is write-protected also makes a read-only buffer. *Note Buffers::. Recursive Editing Level A recursive editing level is a state in which part of the execution of a command involves asking the user to edit some text. This text may or may not be the same as the text to which the command was applied. The mode line indicates recursive editing levels with square brackets (`[' and `]'). *Note Recursive Edit::. Redisplay Redisplay is the process of correcting the image on the screen to correspond to changes that have been made in the text being edited. *Note Redisplay: Frame. Regexp See `regular expression'. Region The region is the text between point (q.v.) and the mark (q.v.). Many commands operate on the text of the region. *Note Region: Mark. Registers Registers are named slots in which text or buffer positions or rectangles can be saved for later use. *Note Registers::. Regular Expression A regular expression is a pattern that can match various text strings; for example, `l[0-9]+' matches `l' followed by one or more digits. *Note Regexps::. Replacement See `global substitution'. Restriction A buffer's restriction is the amount of text, at the beginning or the end of the buffer, that is temporarily invisible and inaccessible. Giving a buffer a nonzero amount of restriction is called narrowing (q.v.). *Note Narrowing::. is the character than runs the command to insert a newline into the text. It is also used to terminate most arguments read in the minibuffer (q.v.). *Note Return: Keystrokes. Saving Saving a buffer means copying its text into the file that was visited (q.v.) in that buffer. To actually change a file you have edited in Emacs, you have to save it. *Note Saving::. Scrolling Scrolling means shifting the text in the Emacs window to make a different part of the buffer visible. *Note Scrolling: Display. Searching Searching means moving point to the next occurrence of a specified string. *Note Search::. Selecting Selecting a buffer means making it the current (q.v.) buffer. *Note Selecting: Buffers. Self-documentation Self-documentation is the feature of Emacs which can tell you what any command does, or can give you a list of all commands related to a topic you specify. You ask for self-documentation with the help character, `C-h'. *Note Help::. Sentences Emacs has commands for moving by or killing by sentences. *Note Sentences::. Sexp An sexp (short for `s-expression,' itself short for `symbolic expression') is the basic syntactic unit of Lisp in its textual form: either a list, or Lisp atom. Many Emacs commands operate on sexps. The term `sexp' is generalized to languages other than Lisp to mean a syntactically recognizable expression. *Note Sexps: Lists. Simultaneous Editing Simultaneous editing means two users modifying the same file at once. If simultaneous editing is not detected, you may lose your work. Emacs detects all cases of simultaneous editing and warns the user to investigate them. *Note Simultaneous Editing: Interlocking. String A string is a kind of Lisp data object which contains a sequence of characters. Many Emacs variables are intended to have strings as values. The Lisp syntax for a string consists of the characters in the string with a `"' before and another `"' after. Write a `"' that is part of the string as `\"' and a `\' that is part of the string as `\\'. You can include all other characters, including newline, just by writing them inside the string. You can also include escape sequences as in C, such as `\n' for newline or `\241' using an octal character code. String Substitution See `global substitution'. Syntax Table The syntax table tells Emacs which characters are part of a word, which characters balance each other like parentheses, etc. *Note Syntax::. Tag Table A tag table is a file that serves as an index to the function definitions in one or more other files. *Note Tags::. Termscript File A termscript file contains a record of all characters Emacs sent to the terminal. It is used for tracking down bugs in Emacs redisplay. Emacs does not make a termscript file unless explicitly instructed to do so. *Note Bugs::. Text Text has two meanings (*note Text::): * Data consisting of a sequence of characters, as opposed to binary numbers, images, graphics commands, executable programs, and the like. The contents of an Emacs buffer are always text in this sense. * Data consisting of written human language, as opposed to programs, or something that follows the stylistic conventions of human language. Top Level Top level is the normal state of Emacs, in which you are editing the text of the file you have visited. You are at top level whenever you are not in a recursive editing level (q.v.) or the minibuffer (q.v.), and not in the middle of a command. You can get back to top level by aborting (q.v.) and quitting (q.v.). *Note Quitting::. Transposition Transposing two units of text means putting each one into the place formerly occupied by the other. There are Emacs commands to transpose two adjacent characters, words, sexps (q.v.), or lines (*note Transpose::). Truncation Truncating text lines in the display means leaving out any text on a line that does not fit within the right margin of the window displaying it. See also `continuation line'. *Note Truncation: Basic. Undoing Undoing means making your previous editing go in reverse, bringing back the text that existed earlier in the editing session. *Note Undo::. Variable A variable is Lisp object that can store an arbitrary value. Emacs uses some variables for internal purposes, and has others (known as `options' (q.v.)) you can set to control the behavior of Emacs. The variables used in Emacs that you are likely to be interested in are listed in the Variables Index of this manual. *Note Variables::, for information on variables. Visiting Visiting a file means loading its contents into a buffer (q.v.) where they can be edited. *Note Visiting::. Whitespace Whitespace is any run of consecutive formatting characters (spaces, tabs, newlines, and backspaces). Widening Widening is removing any restriction (q.v.) on the current buffer; it is the opposite of narrowing (q.v.). *Note Narrowing::. Window Emacs divides the frame into one or more windows, each of which can display the contents of one buffer (q.v.) at any time. *Note Frame::, for basic information on how Emacs uses the frame. *Note Windows::, for commands to control the use of windows. Note that if you are running Emacs under X, terminology can be confusing: Each Emacs frame occupies a separate X window and can, in turn, be divided into different subwindows. Word Abbrev Synonymous with `abbrev'. Word Search Word search is searching for a sequence of words, considering the punctuation between them as insignificant. *Note Word Search::. Yanking Yanking means reinserting text previously killed. It can be used to undo a mistaken kill, or for copying or moving text. Some other systems call this "pasting". *Note Yanking::.  File: xemacs.info, Node: Manifesto, Next: Key Index, Prev: Glossary, Up: Top The GNU Manifesto ***************** What's GNU? GNU's Not Unix! ============================ GNU, which stands for GNU's Not Unix, is the name for the complete Unix-compatible software system which I am writing so that I can give it away free to everyone who can use it. Several other volunteers are helping me. Contributions of time, money, programs, and equipment are greatly needed. So far we have an Emacs text editor with Lisp for writing editor commands, a source level debugger, a yacc-compatible parser generator, a linker, and around 35 utilities. A shell (command interpreter) is nearly completed. A new portable optimizing C compiler has compiled itself and may be released this year. An initial kernel exists, but many more features are needed to emulate Unix. When the kernel and compiler are finished, it will be possible to distribute a GNU system suitable for program development. We will use TeX as our text formatter, but an nroff is being worked on. We will use the free, portable X window system as well. After this we will add a portable Common Lisp, an Empire game, a spreadsheet, and hundreds of other things, plus online documentation. We hope to supply, eventually, everything useful that normally comes with a Unix system, and more. GNU will be able to run Unix programs, but will not be identical to Unix. We will make all improvements that are convenient, based on our experience with other operating systems. In particular, we plan to have longer filenames, file version numbers, a crashproof file system, filename completion perhaps, terminal-independent display support, and perhaps eventually a Lisp-based window system through which several Lisp programs and ordinary Unix programs can share a screen. Both C and Lisp will be available as system programming languages. We will try to support UUCP, MIT Chaosnet, and Internet protocols for communication. GNU is aimed initially at machines in the 68000/16000 class with virtual memory, because they are the easiest machines to make it run on. The extra effort to make it run on smaller machines will be left to someone who wants to use it on them. To avoid horrible confusion, please pronounce the `G' in the word `GNU' when it is the name of this project. Why I Must Write GNU ==================== I consider that the golden rule requires that if I like a program I must share it with other people who like it. Software sellers want to divide the users and conquer them, making each user agree not to share with others. I refuse to break solidarity with other users in this way. I cannot in good conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a software license agreement. For years I worked within the Artificial Intelligence Lab to resist such tendencies and other inhospitalities, but eventually they had gone too far: I could not remain in an institution where such things are done for me against my will. So that I can continue to use computers without dishonor, I have decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so that I will be able to get along without any software that is not free. I have resigned from the AI lab to deny MIT any legal excuse to prevent me from giving GNU away. Why GNU Will Be Compatible With Unix ==================================== Unix is not my ideal system, but it is not too bad. The essential features of Unix seem to be good ones, and I think I can fill in what Unix lacks without spoiling them. And a system compatible with Unix would be convenient for many other people to adopt. How GNU Will Be Available ========================= GNU is not in the public domain. Everyone will be permitted to modify and redistribute GNU, but no distributor will be allowed to restrict its further redistribution. That is to say, proprietary modifications will not be allowed. I want to make sure that all versions of GNU remain free. Why Many Other Programmers Want to Help ======================================= I have found many other programmers who are excited about GNU and want to help. Many programmers are unhappy about the commercialization of system software. It may enable them to make more money, but it requires them to feel in conflict with other programmers in general rather than feel as comrades. The fundamental act of friendship among programmers is the sharing of programs; marketing arrangements now typically used essentially forbid programmers to treat others as friends. The purchaser of software must choose between friendship and obeying the law. Naturally, many decide that friendship is more important. But those who believe in law often do not feel at ease with either choice. They become cynical and think that programming is just a way of making money. By working on and using GNU rather than proprietary programs, we can be hospitable to everyone and obey the law. In addition, GNU serves as an example to inspire and a banner to rally others to join us in sharing. This can give us a feeling of harmony which is impossible if we use software that is not free. For about half the programmers I talk to, this is an important happiness that money cannot replace. How You Can Contribute ====================== I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and money. I'm asking individuals for donations of programs and work. One consequence you can expect if you donate machines is that GNU will run on them at an early date. The machines should be complete, ready-to-use systems, approved for use in a residential area, and not in need of sophisticated cooling or power. I have found very many programmers eager to contribute part-time work for GNU. For most projects, such part-time distributed work would be very hard to coordinate; the independently-written parts would not work together. But for the particular task of replacing Unix, this problem is absent. A complete Unix system contains hundreds of utility programs, each of which is documented separately. Most interface specifications are fixed by Unix compatibility. If each contributor can write a compatible replacement for a single Unix utility, and make it work properly in place of the original on a Unix system, then these utilities will work right when put together. Even allowing for Murphy to create a few unexpected problems, assembling these components will be a feasible task. (The kernel will require closer communication and will be worked on by a small, tight group.) If I get donations of money, I may be able to hire a few people full or part time. The salary won't be high by programmers' standards, but I'm looking for people for whom building community spirit is as important as making money. I view this as a way of enabling dedicated people to devote their full energies to working on GNU by sparing them the need to make a living in another way. Why All Computer Users Will Benefit =================================== Once GNU is written, everyone will be able to obtain good system software free, just like air. This means much more than just saving everyone the price of a Unix license. It means that much wasteful duplication of system programming effort will be avoided. This effort can go instead into advancing the state of the art. Complete system sources will be available to everyone. As a result, a user who needs changes in the system will always be free to make them himself, or hire any available programmer or company to make them for him. Users will no longer be at the mercy of one programmer or company which owns the sources and is in sole position to make changes. Schools will be able to provide a much more educational environment by encouraging all students to study and improve the system code. Harvard's computer lab used to have the policy that no program could be installed on the system if its sources were not on public display, and upheld it by actually refusing to install certain programs. I was very much inspired by this. Finally, the overhead of considering who owns the system software and what one is or is not entitled to do with it will be lifted. Arrangements to make people pay for using a program, including licensing of copies, always incur a tremendous cost to society through the cumbersome mechanisms necessary to figure out how much (that is, which programs) a person must pay for. And only a police state can force everyone to obey them. Consider a space station where air must be manufactured at great cost: charging each breather per liter of air may be fair, but wearing the metered gas mask all day and all night is intolerable even if everyone can afford to pay the air bill. And the TV cameras everywhere to see if you ever take the mask off are outrageous. It's better to support the air plant with a head tax and chuck the masks. Copying all or parts of a program is as natural to a programmer as breathing, and as productive. It ought to be as free. Some Easily Rebutted Objections to GNU's Goals ============================================== "Nobody will use it if it is free, because that means they can't rely on any support." "You have to charge for the program to pay for providing the support." If people would rather pay for GNU plus service than get GNU free without service, a company to provide just service to people who have obtained GNU free ought to be profitable. We must distinguish between support in the form of real programming work and mere handholding. The former is something one cannot rely on from a software vendor. If your problem is not shared by enough people, the vendor will tell you to get lost. If your business needs to be able to rely on support, the only way is to have all the necessary sources and tools. Then you can hire any available person to fix your problem; you are not at the mercy of any individual. With Unix, the price of sources puts this out of consideration for most businesses. With GNU this will be easy. It is still possible for there to be no available competent person, but this problem cannot be blamed on distribution arrangements. GNU does not eliminate all the world's problems, only some of them. Meanwhile, the users who know nothing about computers need handholding: doing things for them which they could easily do themselves but don't know how. Such services could be provided by companies that sell just hand-holding and repair service. If it is true that users would rather spend money and get a product with service, they will also be willing to buy the service having got the product free. The service companies will compete in quality and price; users will not be tied to any particular one. Meanwhile, those of us who don't need the service should be able to use the program without paying for the service. "You cannot reach many people without advertising, and you must charge for the program to support that." "It's no use advertising a program people can get free." There are various forms of free or very cheap publicity that can be used to inform numbers of computer users about something like GNU. But it may be true that one can reach more microcomputer users with advertising. If this is really so, a business which advertises the service of copying and mailing GNU for a fee ought to be successful enough to pay for its advertising and more. This way, only the users who benefit from the advertising pay for it. On the other hand, if many people get GNU from their friends, and such companies don't succeed, this will show that advertising was not really necessary to spread GNU. Why is it that free market advocates don't want to let the free market decide this? "My company needs a proprietary operating system to get a competitive edge." GNU will remove operating system software from the realm of competition. You will not be able to get an edge in this area, but neither will your competitors be able to get an edge over you. You and they will compete in other areas, while benefitting mutually in this one. If your business is selling an operating system, you will not like GNU, but that's tough on you. If your business is something else, GNU can save you from being pushed into the expensive business of selling operating systems. I would like to see GNU development supported by gifts from many manufacturers and users, reducing the cost to each. "Don't programmers deserve a reward for their creativity?" If anything deserves a reward, it is social contribution. Creativity can be a social contribution, but only in so far as society is free to use the results. If programmers deserve to be rewarded for creating innovative programs, by the same token they deserve to be punished if they restrict the use of these programs. "Shouldn't a programmer be able to ask for a reward for his creativity?" There is nothing wrong with wanting pay for work, or seeking to maximize one's income, as long as one does not use means that are destructive. But the means customary in the field of software today are based on destruction. Extracting money from users of a program by restricting their use of it is destructive because the restrictions reduce the amount and the ways that the program can be used. This reduces the amount of wealth that humanity derives from the program. When there is a deliberate choice to restrict, the harmful consequences are deliberate destruction. The reason a good citizen does not use such destructive means to become wealthier is that, if everyone did so, we would all become poorer from the mutual destructiveness. This is Kantian ethics; or, the Golden Rule. Since I do not like the consequences that result if everyone hoards information, I am required to consider it wrong for one to do so. Specifically, the desire to be rewarded for one's creativity does not justify depriving the world in general of all or part of that creativity. "Won't programmers starve?" I could answer that nobody is forced to be a programmer. Most of us cannot manage to get any money for standing on the street and making faces. But we are not, as a result, condemned to spend our lives standing on the street making faces, and starving. We do something else. But that is the wrong answer because it accepts the questioner's implicit assumption: that without ownership of software, programmers cannot possibly be paid a cent. Supposedly it is all or nothing. The real reason programmers will not starve is that it will still be possible for them to get paid for programming; just not paid as much as now. Restricting copying is not the only basis for business in software. It is the most common basis because it brings in the most money. If it were prohibited, or rejected by the customer, software business would move to other bases of organization which are now used less often. There are always numerous ways to organize any kind of business. Probably programming will not be as lucrative on the new basis as it is now. But that is not an argument against the change. It is not considered an injustice that sales clerks make the salaries that they now do. If programmers made the same, that would not be an injustice either. (In practice they would still make considerably more than that.) "Don't people have a right to control how their creativity is used?" "Control over the use of one's ideas" really constitutes control over other people's lives; and it is usually used to make their lives more difficult. People who have studied the issue of intellectual property rights carefully (such as lawyers) say that there is no intrinsic right to intellectual property. The kinds of supposed intellectual property rights that the government recognizes were created by specific acts of legislation for specific purposes. For example, the patent system was established to encourage inventors to disclose the details of their inventions. Its purpose was to help society rather than to help inventors. At the time, the life span of 17 years for a patent was short compared with the rate of advance of the state of the art. Since patents are an issue only among manufacturers, for whom the cost and effort of a license agreement are small compared with setting up production, the patents often do not do much harm. They do not obstruct most individuals who use patented products. The idea of copyright did not exist in ancient times, when authors frequently copied other authors at length in works of non-fiction. This practice was useful, and is the only way many authors' works have survived even in part. The copyright system was created expressly for the purpose of encouraging authorship. In the domain for which it was invented--books, which could be copied economically only on a printing press--it did little harm, and did not obstruct most of the individuals who read the books. All intellectual property rights are just licenses granted by society because it was thought, rightly or wrongly, that society as a whole would benefit by granting them. But in any particular situation, we have to ask: are we really better off granting such license? What kind of act are we licensing a person to do? The case of programs today is very different from that of books a hundred years ago. The fact that the easiest way to copy a program is from one neighbor to another, the fact that a program has both source code and object code which are distinct, and the fact that a program is used rather than read and enjoyed, combine to create a situation in which a person who enforces a copyright is harming society as a whole both materially and spiritually; in which a person should not do so regardless of whether the law enables him to. "Competition makes things get done better." The paradigm of competition is a race: by rewarding the winner, we encourage everyone to run faster. When capitalism really works this way, it does a good job; but its defenders are wrong in assuming it always works this way. If the runners forget why the reward is offered and become intent on winning, no matter how, they may find other strategies--such as, attacking other runners. If the runners get into a fist fight, they will all finish late. Proprietary and secret software is the moral equivalent of runners in a fist fight. Sad to say, the only referee we've got does not seem to object to fights; he just regulates them ("For every ten yards you run, you can fire one shot"). He really ought to break them up, and penalize runners for even trying to fight. "Won't everyone stop programming without a monetary incentive?" Actually, many people will program with absolutely no monetary incentive. Programming has an irresistible fascination for some people, usually the people who are best at it. There is no shortage of professional musicians who keep at it even though they have no hope of making a living that way. But really this question, though commonly asked, is not appropriate to the situation. Pay for programmers will not disappear, only become less. So the right question is, will anyone program with a reduced monetary incentive? My experience shows that they will. For more than ten years, many of the world's best programmers worked at the Artificial Intelligence Lab for far less money than they could have had anywhere else. They got many kinds of non-monetary rewards: fame and appreciation, for example. And creativity is also fun, a reward in itself. Then most of them left when offered a chance to do the same interesting work for a lot of money. What the facts show is that people will program for reasons other than riches; but if given a chance to make a lot of money as well, they will come to expect and demand it. Low-paying organizations do poorly in competition with high-paying ones, but they do not have to do badly if the high-paying ones are banned. "We need the programmers desperately. If they demand that we stop helping our neighbors, we have to obey." You're never so desperate that you have to obey this sort of demand. Remember: millions for defense, but not a cent for tribute! "Programmers need to make a living somehow." In the short run, this is true. However, there are plenty of ways that programmers could make a living without selling the right to use a program. This way is customary now because it brings programmers and businessmen the most money, not because it is the only way to make a living. It is easy to find other ways if you want to find them. Here are a number of examples. A manufacturer introducing a new computer will pay for the porting of operating systems onto the new hardware. The sale of teaching, hand-holding, and maintenance services could also employ programmers. People with new ideas could distribute programs as freeware and ask for donations from satisfied users or sell hand-holding services. I have met people who are already working this way successfully. Users with related needs can form users' groups and pay dues. A group would contract with programming companies to write programs that the group's members would like to use. All sorts of development can be funded with a Software Tax: Suppose everyone who buys a computer has to pay a certain percent of the price as a software tax. The government gives this to an agency like the NSF to spend on software development. But if the computer buyer makes a donation to software development himself, he can take a credit against the tax. He can donate to the project of his own choosing--often, chosen because he hopes to use the results when it is done. He can take a credit for any amount of donation up to the total tax he had to pay. The total tax rate could be decided by a vote of the payers of the tax, weighted according to the amount they will be taxed on. The consequences: * The computer-using community supports software development. * This community decides what level of support is needed. * Users who care which projects their share is spent on can choose this for themselves. In the long run, making programs free is a step toward the post-scarcity world, where nobody will have to work very hard just to make a living. People will be free to devote themselves to activities that are fun, such as programming, after spending the necessary ten hours a week on required tasks such as legislation, family counseling, robot repair, and asteroid prospecting. There will be no need to be able to make a living from programming. We have already greatly reduced the amount of work that the whole society must do for its actual productivity, but only a little of this has translated itself into leisure for workers because much nonproductive activity is required to accompany productive activity. The main causes of this are bureaucracy and isometric struggles against competition. Free software will greatly reduce these drains in the area of software production. We must do this, in order for technical gains in productivity to translate into less work for us.  File: xemacs.info, Node: Key Index, Next: Command Index, Prev: Manifesto, Up: Top Key (Character) Index ********************* * Menu: * ! (query-replace): Query Replace. * " (TeX mode): TeX Editing. * , (query-replace): Query Replace. * . (Calendar mode): Specified Dates. * . (query-replace): Query Replace. * ? (Calendar mode): General Calendar. * ^ (query-replace): Query Replace. * a (Calendar mode): Holidays. * BS: Inserting Text. * button1: Intro to Keystrokes. * button1up: Intro to Keystrokes. * button2: Intro to Keystrokes. * button2up: Intro to Keystrokes. * button3: Intro to Keystrokes. * button3up: Intro to Keystrokes. * C-<: Setting Mark. * C->: Setting Mark. * C-@ (Calendar mode): Mark and Region. * C-\: Select Input Method. * C-] <1>: Quitting. * C-]: Recursive Edit. * C-_: Undo. * C-a: Moving Point. * C-a (Calendar mode): Move to Beginning or End. * C-b: Moving Point. * C-b (Calendar mode): Calendar Unit Motion. * C-c: Key Sequences. * C-c ' (Picture mode): Insert in Picture. * C-c . (Picture mode): Insert in Picture. * C-c / (Picture mode): Insert in Picture. * C-c ; (Fortran mode): Fortran Comments. * C-c < (Picture mode): Insert in Picture. * C-c > (Picture mode): Insert in Picture. * C-c \ (Picture mode): Insert in Picture. * C-c ^ (Picture mode): Insert in Picture. * C-c ` (Picture mode): Insert in Picture. * C-c C-\ (Shell mode): Shell Mode. * C-c C-b (Outline mode): Outline Motion. * C-c C-b (Picture mode): Insert in Picture. * C-c C-b (TeX mode): TeX Print. * C-c C-c (Edit Abbrevs): Editing Abbrevs. * C-c C-c (Edit Tab Stops): Tab Stops. * C-c C-c (Mail mode): Mail Mode. * C-c C-c (Occur mode): Other Repeating Search. * C-c C-c (Shell mode): Shell Mode. * C-c C-d (Outline mode): Outline Visibility. * C-c C-d (Picture mode): Basic Picture. * C-c C-d (Shell mode): Shell Mode. * C-c C-f (LaTeX mode): TeX Editing. * C-c C-f (Outline mode): Outline Motion. * C-c C-f (Picture mode): Insert in Picture. * C-c C-f C-c (Mail mode): Mail Mode. * C-c C-f C-s (Mail mode): Mail Mode. * C-c C-f C-t (Mail mode): Mail Mode. * C-c C-h (Outline mode): Outline Visibility. * C-c C-i (Outline mode): Outline Visibility. * C-c C-j (Term mode): Term Mode. * C-c C-k (Picture mode): Rectangles in Picture. * C-c C-k (Term mode): Term Mode. * C-c C-k (TeX mode): TeX Print. * C-c C-l (Calendar mode): General Calendar. * C-c C-l (TeX mode): TeX Print. * C-c C-n (Fortran mode): Fortran Motion. * C-c C-n (Outline mode): Outline Motion. * C-c C-o (Shell mode): Shell Mode. * C-c C-p (Fortran mode): Fortran Motion. * C-c C-p (Outline mode): Outline Motion. * C-c C-p (TeX mode): TeX Print. * C-c C-q (Mail mode): Mail Mode. * C-c C-q (Term mode): Paging in Term. * C-c C-q (TeX mode): TeX Print. * C-c C-r (Fortran mode): Fortran Columns. * C-c C-r (Shell mode): Shell Mode. * C-c C-r (TeX mode): TeX Print. * C-c C-s (Mail mode): Mail Mode. * C-c C-u (Outline mode): Outline Motion. * C-c C-u (Shell mode): Shell Mode. * C-c C-w (Fortran mode): Fortran Columns. * C-c C-w (Mail mode): Mail Mode. * C-c C-w (Picture mode): Rectangles in Picture. * C-c C-w (Shell mode): Shell Mode. * C-c C-x (Picture mode): Rectangles in Picture. * C-c C-y (Mail mode): Mail Mode. * C-c C-y (Picture mode): Rectangles in Picture. * C-c C-y (Shell mode): Shell Mode. * C-c C-z (Shell mode): Shell Mode. * C-c TAB (Picture mode): Tabs in Picture. * C-c { (TeX mode): TeX Editing. * C-c } (TeX mode): TeX Editing. * C-d: Killing. * C-d (Shell mode): Shell Mode. * C-e: Moving Point. * C-e (Calendar mode): Move to Beginning or End. * C-END: Moving Point. * C-f: Moving Point. * C-f (Calendar mode): Calendar Unit Motion. * C-g <1>: Quitting. * C-g: Minibuffer. * C-g (isearch-mode): Incremental Search. * C-h <1>: Help. * C-h: Key Sequences. * C-h A: Apropos. * C-h b: Misc Help. * C-h c: Key Help. * C-h C-\: Select Input Method. * C-h C-c: Misc Help. * C-h C-d: Misc Help. * C-h C-f: Misc Help. * C-h C-h: Help. * C-h C-k: Misc Help. * C-h C-w: Misc Help. * C-h f: Documentation. * C-h F: Misc Help. * C-h f: Name Help. * C-h h: Mule Intro. * C-h I: Select Input Method. * C-h i: Misc Help. * C-h k: Key Help. * C-h L: Language Environments. * C-h l: Misc Help. * C-h m: Misc Help. * C-h n: Misc Help. * C-h p: Library Keywords. * C-h s: Syntax Change. * C-h t <1>: Misc Help. * C-h t: Basic. * C-h v <1>: Examining. * C-h v <2>: Documentation. * C-h v: Name Help. * C-h w: Name Help. * C-HOME: Moving Point. * C-k: Killing. * C-l <1>: Scrolling. * C-l: Moving Point. * C-l (query-replace): Query Replace. * C-LEFT: Moving Point. * C-M-@ <1>: Lists. * C-M-@: Marking Objects. * C-M-\ <1>: Multi-line Indent. * C-M-\: Indentation Commands. * C-M-a: Defuns. * C-M-a (Fortran mode): Fortran Motion. * C-M-b: Lists. * C-M-c: Recursive Edit. * C-M-d: Lists. * C-M-e: Defuns. * C-M-e (Fortran mode): Fortran Motion. * C-M-f: Lists. * C-M-h <1>: Defuns. * C-M-h: Marking Objects. * C-M-h (Fortran mode): Fortran Motion. * C-M-k <1>: Lists. * C-M-k: Killing. * C-M-n: Lists. * C-M-o: Indentation Commands. * C-M-p: Lists. * C-M-q: Multi-line Indent. * C-M-q (Fortran mode): ForIndent Commands. * C-M-t <1>: Lists. * C-M-t: Transpose. * C-M-u: Lists. * C-M-v <1>: Other Window. * C-M-v: Minibuffer Edit. * C-M-w: Appending Kills. * C-M-x <1>: External Lisp. * C-M-x: Lisp Eval. * C-n: Moving Point. * C-n (Calendar mode): Calendar Unit Motion. * C-o: Blank Lines. * C-p: Moving Point. * C-p (Calendar mode): Calendar Unit Motion. * C-q: Inserting Text. * C-q (isearch-mode): Incremental Search. * C-r: Incremental Search. * C-r (isearch-mode): Incremental Search. * C-r (query-replace): Query Replace. * C-RIGHT: Moving Point. * C-s: Incremental Search. * C-s (isearch-mode): Incremental Search. * C-SPC: Setting Mark. * C-SPC (Calendar mode): Mark and Region. * C-t <1>: Transpose. * C-t: Moving Point. * C-u: Arguments. * C-u - C-x ;: Comments. * C-u C-@: Mark Ring. * C-u C-SPC: Mark Ring. * C-u C-x v v: Editing with VC. * C-u TAB: Multi-line Indent. * C-v <1>: Scrolling. * C-v: Moving Point. * C-v (Calendar mode): Scroll Calendar. * C-w: Killing. * C-w (isearch-mode): Incremental Search. * C-w (query-replace): Query Replace. * C-x: Key Sequences. * C-x $: Selective Display. * C-x (: Basic Kbd Macro. * C-x ): Basic Kbd Macro. * C-x .: Fill Prefix. * C-x 0: Change Window. * C-x 1: Change Window. * C-x 2: Split Window. * C-x 3: Split Window. * C-x 4: Pop Up Window. * C-x 4 .: Find Tag. * C-x 4 b: Select Buffer. * C-x 4 d: Dired Enter. * C-x 4 f: Visiting. * C-x 4 m: Sending Mail. * C-x 5 b: Select Buffer. * C-x 5 C-f: Visiting. * C-x ;: Comments. * C-x <: Horizontal Scrolling. * C-x < (Calendar mode): Scroll Calendar. * C-x C: Coding Systems. * C-x =: Position Info. * C-x >: Horizontal Scrolling. * C-x > (Calendar mode): Scroll Calendar. * C-x [: Pages. * C-x [ (Calendar mode): Calendar Unit Motion. * C-x ]: Pages. * C-x ] (Calendar mode): Calendar Unit Motion. * C-x ^: Change Window. * C-x `: Compilation. * C-x a g: Defining Abbrevs. * C-x a i g: Defining Abbrevs. * C-x a i l: Defining Abbrevs. * C-x a l: Defining Abbrevs. * C-x b: Select Buffer. * C-x C-b: List Buffers. * C-x C-c: Exiting. * C-x C-d: ListDir. * C-x C-e: Lisp Eval. * C-x C-l: Case. * C-x C-o <1>: Killing. * C-x C-o: Blank Lines. * C-x C-p <1>: Pages. * C-x C-p: Marking Objects. * C-x C-q: Misc Buffer. * C-x C-q (version control): Editing with VC. * C-x C-s: Saving. * C-x C-t: Transpose. * C-x C-u: Case. * C-x C-v: Visiting. * C-x C-w: Saving. * C-x C-x: Setting Mark. * C-x C-x (Calendar mode): Mark and Region. * C-x d: Dired Enter. * C-x DEL <1>: Sentences. * C-x DEL <2>: Kill Errors. * C-x DEL: Killing. * C-x e: Basic Kbd Macro. * C-x ESC ESC: Repetition. * C-x f: Fill Commands. * C-x h: Marking Objects. * C-x k: Kill Buffer. * C-x l: Pages. * C-x m: Sending Mail. * C-x n n: Narrowing. * C-x n w: Narrowing. * C-x o: Other Window. * C-x q: Kbd Macro Query. * C-x r +: RegNumbers. * C-x r b: Bookmarks. * C-x r g: RegText. * C-x r i: RegText. * C-x r j: RegPos. * C-x r l: Bookmarks. * C-x r m: Bookmarks. * C-x r n: RegNumbers. * C-x r r: RegRect. * C-x r s: RegText. * C-x r SPC: RegPos. * C-x r w: RegConfig. * C-x RET: Mule Intro. * C-x RET c: Specify Coding. * C-x RET C-\: Select Input Method. * C-x RET f: Specify Coding. * C-x RET k: Specify Coding. * C-x RET p: Specify Coding. * C-x RET t: Specify Coding. * C-x s: Saving. * C-x TAB: Indentation Commands. * C-x u: Undo. * C-x v =: Old Versions. * C-x v a: Change Logs and VC. * C-x v c: Editing with VC. * C-x v d: VC Status. * C-x v h: Version Headers. * C-x v i: Editing with VC. * C-x v l: VC Status. * C-x v r: Making Snapshots. * C-x v s: Making Snapshots. * C-x v u: Editing with VC. * C-x v ~: Old Versions. * C-x }: Change Window. * C-y: Kill Ring. * C-y (isearch-mode): Incremental Search. * C-z: Exiting. * control key: Intro to Keystrokes. * d (Calendar mode): Diary Commands. * DEL <1>: Program Modes. * DEL <2>: Major Modes. * DEL <3>: Kill Errors. * DEL: Killing. * DEL (isearch-mode): Incremental Search. * DEL (query-replace): Query Replace. * DOWN: Moving Point. * END: Moving Point. * ESC <1>: Meta Key. * ESC: Key Sequences. * ESC (query-replace): Query Replace. * F1: Help. * g CHAR (Calendar mode): From Other Calendar. * g d (Calendar mode): Specified Dates. * g m l (Calendar mode): Mayan Calendar. * h (Calendar mode): Holidays. * Help: Help. * HOME: Moving Point. * hyper key <1>: Super and Hyper Keys. * hyper key <2>: Representing Keystrokes. * hyper key: Intro to Keystrokes. * i a (Calendar mode): Special Diary Entries. * i b (Calendar mode): Special Diary Entries. * i c (Calendar mode): Special Diary Entries. * i d (Calendar mode): Adding to Diary. * i m (Calendar mode): Adding to Diary. * i w (Calendar mode): Adding to Diary. * i y (Calendar mode): Adding to Diary. * LEFT: Moving Point. * LFD <1>: Basic Indent. * LFD <2>: Major Modes. * LFD: String Key Sequences. * LFD (TeX mode): TeX Editing. * m (Calendar mode): Diary Commands. * M (Calendar mode): Lunar Phases. * M-!: Single Shell. * M-$: Spelling. * M-%: Query Replace. * M-': Expanding Abbrevs. * M-(: Balanced Editing. * M-): Balanced Editing. * M-,: Tags Search. * M--: Arguments. * M-- M-c: Fixing Case. * M-- M-l: Fixing Case. * M-- M-u: Fixing Case. * M-.: Find Tag. * M-/: Dynamic Abbrevs. * M-1: Arguments. * M-:: Lisp Eval. * M-;: Comments. * M-<: Moving Point. * M-< (Calendar mode): Move to Beginning or End. * M-=: Position Info. * M-= (Calendar mode): Mark and Region. * M->: Moving Point. * M-> (Calendar mode): Move to Beginning or End. * M-?: Nroff Mode. * M-@ <1>: Words. * M-@: Marking Objects. * M-\ <1>: Indentation Commands. * M-\: Killing. * M-^ <1>: Indentation Commands. * M-^: Killing. * M-a: Sentences. * M-a (Calendar mode): Move to Beginning or End. * M-b: Words. * M-c: Case. * M-C-r: Regexp Search. * M-C-s: Regexp Search. * M-d <1>: Words. * M-d: Killing. * M-DEL <1>: Words. * M-DEL <2>: Kill Errors. * M-DEL: Killing. * M-e: Sentences. * M-e (Calendar mode): Move to Beginning or End. * M-f: Words. * M-g: Fill Commands. * M-h <1>: Paragraphs. * M-h: Marking Objects. * M-i: Tab Stops. * M-k <1>: Sentences. * M-k: Killing. * M-l: Case. * M-LFD: Comments. * M-LFD (Fortran mode): ForIndent Commands. * M-m: Indentation Commands. * M-n <1>: Nroff Mode. * M-n: Repetition. * M-n (isearch-mode): Incremental Search. * M-n (minibuffer history): Minibuffer History. * M-n (Shell mode): Shell Mode. * M-p <1>: Nroff Mode. * M-p: Repetition. * M-p (isearch-mode): Incremental Search. * M-p (minibuffer history): Minibuffer History. * M-p (Shell mode): Shell Mode. * M-q: Fill Commands. * M-r: Moving Point. * M-r (minibuffer history): Minibuffer History. * M-s: Fill Commands. * M-s (minibuffer history): Minibuffer History. * M-SPC: Killing. * M-t <1>: Words. * M-t: Transpose. * M-TAB <1>: Tabs in Picture. * M-TAB: Lisp Completion. * M-TAB (customization buffer): Changing an Option. * M-TAB (isearch-mode): Incremental Search. * M-u: Case. * M-v <1>: Scrolling. * M-v: Moving Point. * M-v (Calendar mode): Scroll Calendar. * M-w: Kill Ring. * M-x: M-x. * M-y: Earlier Kills. * M-z: Killing. * M-{: Paragraphs. * M-{ (Calendar mode): Calendar Unit Motion. * M-|: Single Shell. * M-}: Paragraphs. * M-} (Calendar mode): Calendar Unit Motion. * M-~: Saving. * META: Meta Key. * meta key: Intro to Keystrokes. * next: Scrolling. * o (Calendar mode): Specified Dates. * p (Calendar mode): To Other Calendar. * p d (Calendar mode): General Calendar. * pgdn: Scrolling. * PGDN: Moving Point. * pgup: Scrolling. * PGUP: Moving Point. * prior: Scrolling. * q (Calendar mode): General Calendar. * RET: Inserting Text. * RET (isearch-mode): Incremental Search. * RET (Shell mode): Shell Mode. * RIGHT: Moving Point. * s (Calendar mode): Diary Commands. * S (Calendar mode): Sunrise/Sunset. * S-TAB (customization buffer): Changing an Option. * shift key: Intro to Keystrokes. * SPC: Completion Commands. * SPC (Calendar mode): General Calendar. * SPC (query-replace): Query Replace. * super key <1>: Super and Hyper Keys. * super key <2>: Representing Keystrokes. * super key: Intro to Keystrokes. * t (Calendar mode): LaTeX Calendar. * TAB <1>: Basic Indent. * TAB <2>: Text Mode. * TAB <3>: Indentation. * TAB <4>: Major Modes. * TAB <5>: Completion Example. * TAB: String Key Sequences. * TAB (customization buffer): Changing an Option. * TAB (Shell mode): Shell Mode. * u (Calendar mode) <1>: Diary Commands. * u (Calendar mode): Holidays. * UP: Moving Point. * x (Calendar mode): Holidays.  File: xemacs.info, Node: Command Index, Next: Variable Index, Prev: Key Index, Up: Top Command and Function Index ************************** * Menu: * abbrev-mode <1>: Minor Modes. * abbrev-mode: Abbrevs. * abbrev-prefix-mark: Expanding Abbrevs. * abort-recursive-edit <1>: Quitting. * abort-recursive-edit: Recursive Edit. * add-change-log-entry: Change Log. * add-global-abbrev: Defining Abbrevs. * add-menu: Menu Customization. * add-menu-item: Menu Customization. * add-mode-abbrev: Defining Abbrevs. * add-name-to-file: Misc File Ops. * american-calendar: Date Formats. * append-next-kill: Appending Kills. * append-to-buffer: Accumulating Text. * append-to-file <1>: Misc File Ops. * append-to-file: Accumulating Text. * apropos: Apropos. * apropos-documentation: Apropos. * apropos-value: Apropos. * ask-user-about-lock: Interlocking. * auto-fill-mode <1>: Minor Modes. * auto-fill-mode: Auto Fill. * auto-save-mode: Auto Save Control. * back-to-indentation: Indentation Commands. * backward-char: Moving Point. * backward-delete-char-untabify: Program Modes. * backward-kill-sentence <1>: Sentences. * backward-kill-sentence <2>: Kill Errors. * backward-kill-sentence: Killing. * backward-kill-word <1>: Words. * backward-kill-word <2>: Kill Errors. * backward-kill-word: Killing. * backward-list: Lists. * backward-or-forward-delete-char: Inserting Text. * backward-page: Pages. * backward-paragraph: Paragraphs. * backward-sentence: Sentences. * backward-sexp: Lists. * backward-text-line: Nroff Mode. * backward-up-list: Lists. * backward-word: Words. * batch-byte-compile: Compiling Libraries. * beginning-of-buffer: Moving Point. * beginning-of-defun: Defuns. * beginning-of-fortran-subprogram: Fortran Motion. * beginning-of-line: Moving Point. * bookmark-delete: Bookmarks. * bookmark-insert: Bookmarks. * bookmark-insert-location: Bookmarks. * bookmark-jump: Bookmarks. * bookmark-load: Bookmarks. * bookmark-save: Bookmarks. * bookmark-set: Bookmarks. * bookmark-write: Bookmarks. * buffer-menu: Several Buffers. * byte-compile-and-load-file: Compiling Libraries. * byte-compile-buffer: Compiling Libraries. * byte-compile-file: Compiling Libraries. * byte-recompile-directory: Compiling Libraries. * c-indent-line: Basic Indent. * calendar: Calendar/Diary. * calendar-backward-day: Calendar Unit Motion. * calendar-backward-month: Calendar Unit Motion. * calendar-backward-week: Calendar Unit Motion. * calendar-beginning-of-month: Move to Beginning or End. * calendar-beginning-of-week: Move to Beginning or End. * calendar-beginning-of-year: Move to Beginning or End. * calendar-count-days-region: Mark and Region. * calendar-cursor-holidays: Holidays. * calendar-end-of-month: Move to Beginning or End. * calendar-end-of-week: Move to Beginning or End. * calendar-end-of-year: Move to Beginning or End. * calendar-exchange-point-and-mark: Mark and Region. * calendar-forward-day: Calendar Unit Motion. * calendar-forward-month: Calendar Unit Motion. * calendar-forward-week: Calendar Unit Motion. * calendar-forward-year: Calendar Unit Motion. * calendar-goto-astro-day-number: From Other Calendar. * calendar-goto-chinese-date: From Other Calendar. * calendar-goto-coptic-date: From Other Calendar. * calendar-goto-date: Specified Dates. * calendar-goto-ethiopic-date: From Other Calendar. * calendar-goto-french-date: From Other Calendar. * calendar-goto-hebrew-date: From Other Calendar. * calendar-goto-islamic-date: From Other Calendar. * calendar-goto-iso-date: From Other Calendar. * calendar-goto-julian-date: From Other Calendar. * calendar-goto-mayan-long-count-date: Mayan Calendar. * calendar-goto-persian-date: From Other Calendar. * calendar-goto-today: Specified Dates. * calendar-mark-today: Calendar Customizing. * calendar-next-calendar-round-date: Mayan Calendar. * calendar-next-haab-date: Mayan Calendar. * calendar-next-tzolkin-date: Mayan Calendar. * calendar-other-month: Specified Dates. * calendar-phases-of-moon: Lunar Phases. * calendar-previous-haab-date: Mayan Calendar. * calendar-previous-tzolkin-date: Mayan Calendar. * calendar-print-astro-day-number: To Other Calendar. * calendar-print-chinese-date: To Other Calendar. * calendar-print-coptic-date: To Other Calendar. * calendar-print-day-of-year: General Calendar. * calendar-print-ethiopic-date: To Other Calendar. * calendar-print-french-date: To Other Calendar. * calendar-print-hebrew-date: To Other Calendar. * calendar-print-islamic-date: To Other Calendar. * calendar-print-iso-date: To Other Calendar. * calendar-print-julian-date: To Other Calendar. * calendar-print-mayan-date: To Other Calendar. * calendar-print-persian-date: To Other Calendar. * calendar-set-mark: Mark and Region. * calendar-star-date: Calendar Customizing. * calendar-sunrise-sunset: Sunrise/Sunset. * calendar-unmark <1>: Diary Commands. * calendar-unmark: Holidays. * call-last-kbd-macro: Basic Kbd Macro. * cancel-debug-on-entry: Lisp Debug. * capitalize-word <1>: Case. * capitalize-word: Fixing Case. * center-line: Fill Commands. * choose-completion: Completion Commands. * clear-rectangle: Rectangles. * comint-delchar-or-maybe-eof: Shell Mode. * comint-dynamic-complete: Shell Mode. * comint-next-input: Shell Mode. * comint-previous-input: Shell Mode. * command-apropos: Apropos. * compare-windows <1>: Other Window. * compare-windows: Comparing Files. * compile: Compilation. * compile-defun: Defuns. * convert-mocklisp-buffer: Mocklisp. * conx: CONX. * conx-buffer: CONX. * conx-init: CONX. * conx-load: CONX. * conx-region: CONX. * conx-save: CONX. * copy-file: Misc File Ops. * copy-last-shell-input: Shell Mode. * copy-rectangle-to-register: RegRect. * copy-region-as-kill: Kill Ring. * copy-to-buffer: Accumulating Text. * copy-to-register: RegText. * count-lines-page: Pages. * count-lines-region: Position Info. * count-matches: Other Repeating Search. * count-text-lines: Nroff Mode. * customize: Easy Customization. * customize-apropos: Specific Customization. * customize-browse: Customization Groups. * customize-customized: Specific Customization. * customize-face: Specific Customization. * customize-group: Specific Customization. * customize-option: Specific Customization. * customize-saved: Specific Customization. * dabbrev-expand: Dynamic Abbrevs. * debug: Lisp Debug. * debug-on-entry: Lisp Debug. * default-value: Locals. * define-abbrevs: Saving Abbrevs. * define-key <1>: Programmatic Rebinding. * define-key: Interactive Rebinding. * delete-backward-char <1>: Kill Errors. * delete-backward-char: Killing. * delete-blank-lines <1>: Killing. * delete-blank-lines: Blank Lines. * delete-char <1>: Basic Picture. * delete-char: Killing. * delete-file: Misc File Ops. * delete-horizontal-space <1>: Indentation Commands. * delete-horizontal-space: Killing. * delete-indentation <1>: Indentation Commands. * delete-indentation: Killing. * delete-matching-lines: Other Repeating Search. * delete-menu-item: Menu Customization. * delete-non-matching-lines: Other Repeating Search. * delete-other-windows: Change Window. * delete-rectangle: Rectangles. * delete-window: Change Window. * describe-bindings: Misc Help. * describe-calendar-mode: General Calendar. * describe-coding-system: Coding Systems. * describe-copying: Misc Help. * describe-distribution: Misc Help. * describe-function <1>: Documentation. * describe-function: Name Help. * describe-input-method: Select Input Method. * describe-key: Key Help. * describe-key-briefly: Key Help. * describe-language-environment: Language Environments. * describe-mode: Misc Help. * describe-no-warranty: Misc Help. * describe-syntax: Syntax Change. * describe-variable <1>: Examining. * describe-variable <2>: Documentation. * describe-variable: Name Help. * diary: Diary Commands. * diary-anniversary <1>: Sexp Diary Entries. * diary-anniversary: Special Diary Entries. * diary-astro-day-number: Sexp Diary Entries. * diary-block: Special Diary Entries. * diary-cyclic <1>: Sexp Diary Entries. * diary-cyclic: Special Diary Entries. * diary-day-of-year: Sexp Diary Entries. * diary-float: Special Diary Entries. * diary-french-date: Sexp Diary Entries. * diary-hebrew-date: Sexp Diary Entries. * diary-islamic-date: Sexp Diary Entries. * diary-iso-date: Sexp Diary Entries. * diary-julian-date: Sexp Diary Entries. * diary-mail-entries: Diary Commands. * diary-mayan-date: Sexp Diary Entries. * diary-omer: Sexp Diary Entries. * diary-parasha: Sexp Diary Entries. * diary-phases-of-moon: Sexp Diary Entries. * diary-rosh-hodesh: Sexp Diary Entries. * diary-sabbath-candles: Sexp Diary Entries. * diary-sunrise-sunset: Sexp Diary Entries. * diary-yahrzeit: Sexp Diary Entries. * diff: Comparing Files. * diff-backup: Comparing Files. * digit-argument: Arguments. * dired: Dired Enter. * dired-other-window <1>: Pop Up Window. * dired-other-window: Dired Enter. * disable-command: Disabling. * disable-menu-item: Menu Customization. * disassemble: Compiling Libraries. * display-time: Mode Line. * dissociated-press: Dissociated Press. * do-auto-save: Auto Save Control. * doctor: Total Frustration. * down-list: Lists. * downcase-region: Case. * downcase-word <1>: Case. * downcase-word: Fixing Case. * edit-abbrevs: Editing Abbrevs. * edit-abbrevs-redefine: Editing Abbrevs. * edit-options: Edit Options. * edit-picture: Picture. * edit-tab-stops <1>: Text Mode. * edit-tab-stops: Tab Stops. * edit-tab-stops-note-changes: Tab Stops. * edt-emulation-off: Emulation. * edt-emulation-on: Emulation. * electric-nroff-mode: Nroff Mode. * emacs-lisp-mode: Lisp Eval. * emacs-version: Bugs. * enable-command: Disabling. * enable-menu-item: Menu Customization. * end-kbd-macro: Basic Kbd Macro. * end-of-buffer: Moving Point. * end-of-defun: Defuns. * end-of-fortran-subprogram: Fortran Motion. * end-of-line: Moving Point. * enlarge-window: Change Window. * enlarge-window-horizontally: Change Window. * european-calendar: Date Formats. * eval-current-buffer: Lisp Eval. * eval-defun: Lisp Eval. * eval-expression: Lisp Eval. * eval-last-sexp: Lisp Eval. * eval-region: Lisp Eval. * exchange-point-and-mark: Setting Mark. * execute-extended-command: M-x. * exit-calendar: General Calendar. * exit-recursive-edit: Recursive Edit. * expand-abbrev: Expanding Abbrevs. * expand-region-abbrevs: Expanding Abbrevs. * fancy-diary-display: Fancy Diary Display. * fill-individual-paragraphs: Fill Prefix. * fill-paragraph: Fill Commands. * fill-region: Fill Commands. * fill-region-as-paragraph: Fill Commands. * find-alternate-file: Visiting. * find-file: Visiting. * find-file-other-frame <1>: Visiting. * find-file-other-frame: XEmacs under X. * find-file-other-window <1>: Pop Up Window. * find-file-other-window: Visiting. * find-tag: Find Tag. * find-tag-other-window <1>: Find Tag. * find-tag-other-window: Pop Up Window. * find-this-file: Visiting. * find-this-file-other-window: Visiting. * finder-by-keyword: Library Keywords. * fortran-column-ruler: Fortran Columns. * fortran-comment-region: Fortran Comments. * fortran-indent-line: ForIndent Commands. * fortran-indent-subprogram: ForIndent Commands. * fortran-mode: Fortran. * fortran-next-statement: Fortran Motion. * fortran-previous-statement: Fortran Motion. * fortran-split-line: ForIndent Commands. * fortran-window-create: Fortran Columns. * forward-char: Moving Point. * forward-list: Lists. * forward-page: Pages. * forward-paragraph: Paragraphs. * forward-sentence: Sentences. * forward-sexp: Lists. * forward-text-line: Nroff Mode. * forward-word: Words. * frame-configuration-to-register: RegConfig. * global-set-key <1>: Programmatic Rebinding. * global-set-key: Interactive Rebinding. * goto-char: Moving Point. * goto-line: Moving Point. * hanoi: Amusements. * help-command: Help. * help-for-help: Help. * help-with-tutorial <1>: Misc Help. * help-with-tutorial: Basic. * hide-body: Outline Visibility. * hide-entry: Outline Visibility. * hide-leaves: Outline Visibility. * hide-subtree: Outline Visibility. * holidays: Holidays. * include-other-diary-files: Included Diary Files. * increment-register: RegNumbers. * indent-c-exp: Multi-line Indent. * indent-for-comment: Comments. * indent-new-comment-line: Comments. * indent-region <1>: Multi-line Indent. * indent-region: Indentation Commands. * indent-relative: Indentation Commands. * indent-rigidly: Indentation Commands. * indent-sexp: Multi-line Indent. * indented-text-mode: Text Mode. * info: Misc Help. * Info-elisp-ref: Misc Help. * Info-goto-emacs-command-node: Misc Help. * insert-abbrevs: Saving Abbrevs. * insert-anniversary-diary-entry: Special Diary Entries. * insert-block-diary-entry: Special Diary Entries. * insert-cyclic-diary-entry: Special Diary Entries. * insert-diary-entry: Adding to Diary. * insert-file: Misc File Ops. * insert-hebrew-diary-entry: Hebrew/Islamic Entries. * insert-islamic-diary-entry: Hebrew/Islamic Entries. * insert-kbd-macro: Save Kbd Macro. * insert-monthly-diary-entry: Adding to Diary. * insert-monthly-hebrew-diary-entry: Hebrew/Islamic Entries. * insert-monthly-islamic-diary-entry: Hebrew/Islamic Entries. * insert-parentheses: Balanced Editing. * insert-register: RegText. * insert-weekly-diary-entry: Adding to Diary. * insert-yearly-diary-entry: Adding to Diary. * insert-yearly-hebrew-diary-entry: Hebrew/Islamic Entries. * insert-yearly-islamic-diary-entry: Hebrew/Islamic Entries. * interactive: M-x. * interrupt-shell-subjob: Shell Mode. * inverse-add-global-abbrev: Defining Abbrevs. * inverse-add-mode-abbrev: Defining Abbrevs. * invert-face: Faces. * isearch-abort: Incremental Search. * isearch-backward: Incremental Search. * isearch-backward-regexp: Regexp Search. * isearch-complete: Incremental Search. * isearch-delete-char: Incremental Search. * isearch-exit: Incremental Search. * isearch-forward: Incremental Search. * isearch-forward-regexp: Regexp Search. * isearch-quote-char: Incremental Search. * isearch-repeat-backward: Incremental Search. * isearch-repeat-forward: Incremental Search. * isearch-ring-advance: Incremental Search. * isearch-ring-retreat: Incremental Search. * isearch-yank-line: Incremental Search. * isearch-yank-word: Incremental Search. * jump-to-register <1>: Split Window. * jump-to-register: RegPos. * just-one-space: Killing. * kbd-macro-query: Kbd Macro Query. * kill-all-abbrevs: Defining Abbrevs. * kill-buffer: Kill Buffer. * kill-comment: Comments. * kill-compilation: Compilation. * kill-line: Killing. * kill-local-variable: Locals. * kill-output-from-shell: Shell Mode. * kill-rectangle: Rectangles. * kill-region: Killing. * kill-sentence <1>: Sentences. * kill-sentence: Killing. * kill-sexp <1>: Lists. * kill-sexp: Killing. * kill-some-buffers: Kill Buffer. * kill-word <1>: Words. * kill-word: Killing. * latex-mode: TeX Mode. * LaTeX-mode: TeX Mode. * lisp-complete-symbol: Lisp Completion. * lisp-indent-line: Basic Indent. * lisp-interaction-mode: Lisp Interaction. * lisp-mode: External Lisp. * lisp-send-defun: External Lisp. * list-abbrevs: Editing Abbrevs. * list-bookmarks: Bookmarks. * list-buffers: List Buffers. * list-calendar-holidays: Holidays. * list-coding-systems: Coding Systems. * list-command-history: Repetition. * list-directory: ListDir. * list-hebrew-diary-entries: Hebrew/Islamic Entries. * list-holidays: Holidays. * list-input-methods: Select Input Method. * list-islamic-diary-entries: Hebrew/Islamic Entries. * list-matching-lines: Other Repeating Search. * list-options: Edit Options. * list-tags: List Tags. * list-yahrzeit-dates: From Other Calendar. * load: Loading. * load-default-sounds: Audible Bell. * load-file: Loading. * load-library <1>: Loading. * load-library: Startup Paths. * load-sound-file: Audible Bell. * local-set-key: Interactive Rebinding. * local-unset-key: Interactive Rebinding. * locate-library: Loading. * lpr-buffer: Hardcopy. * lpr-region: Hardcopy. * mail: Sending Mail. * mail-cc: Mail Mode. * mail-fill-yanked-message: Mail Mode. * mail-interactive-insert-alias: Mail Headers. * mail-other-window <1>: Sending Mail. * mail-other-window: Pop Up Window. * mail-send: Mail Mode. * mail-send-and-exit: Mail Mode. * mail-signature: Mail Mode. * mail-subject: Mail Mode. * mail-to: Mail Mode. * mail-yank-original: Mail Mode. * make-directory: File Names. * make-face-bold: Faces. * make-face-bold-italic: Faces. * make-face-italic: Faces. * make-face-larger: Faces. * make-face-smaller: Faces. * make-face-unbold: Faces. * make-face-unitalic: Faces. * make-frame: XEmacs under X. * make-local-variable: Locals. * make-obsolete: Compiling Libraries. * make-symbolic-link: Misc File Ops. * make-variable-buffer-local: Locals. * manual-entry: Documentation. * mark-beginning-of-buffer: Setting Mark. * mark-calendar-holidays: Holidays. * mark-defun <1>: Defuns. * mark-defun: Marking Objects. * mark-diary-entries: Diary Commands. * mark-end-of-buffer: Setting Mark. * mark-fortran-subprogram: Fortran Motion. * mark-hebrew-diary-entries: Hebrew/Islamic Entries. * mark-included-diary-files: Included Diary Files. * mark-islamic-diary-entries: Hebrew/Islamic Entries. * mark-page <1>: Pages. * mark-page: Marking Objects. * mark-paragraph <1>: Paragraphs. * mark-paragraph: Marking Objects. * mark-sexp <1>: Lists. * mark-sexp: Marking Objects. * mark-whole-buffer: Marking Objects. * mark-word <1>: Words. * mark-word: Marking Objects. * minibuffer-complete: Completion Example. * minibuffer-complete-word: Completion Commands. * modify-syntax-entry: Syntax Change. * mouse-choose-completion: Completion Commands. * mouse-del-char: Additional Mouse Operations. * mouse-delete-window: Additional Mouse Operations. * mouse-keep-one-window: Additional Mouse Operations. * mouse-kill-line: Additional Mouse Operations. * mouse-line-length: Additional Mouse Operations. * mouse-scroll: Additional Mouse Operations. * mouse-select: Additional Mouse Operations. * mouse-select-and-split: Additional Mouse Operations. * mouse-set-mark: Additional Mouse Operations. * mouse-set-point: Additional Mouse Operations. * mouse-track: Additional Mouse Operations. * mouse-track-adjust: Additional Mouse Operations. * mouse-track-and-copy-to-cutbuffer: Additional Mouse Operations. * mouse-track-delete-and-insert: Additional Mouse Operations. * move-over-close-and-reindent: Balanced Editing. * move-to-window-line: Moving Point. * name-last-kbd-macro: Save Kbd Macro. * narrow-to-region: Narrowing. * negative-argument: Arguments. * newline: Inserting Text. * newline-and-indent: Basic Indent. * next-complex-command: Repetition. * next-error: Compilation. * next-history-element: Minibuffer History. * next-line: Moving Point. * next-list-mode-item: Completion Commands. * next-matching-history-element: Minibuffer History. * not-modified: Saving. * nroff-mode: Nroff Mode. * number-to-register: RegNumbers. * occur: Other Repeating Search. * open-dribble-file: Bugs. * open-line: Blank Lines. * open-rectangle: Rectangles. * open-termscript: Bugs. * other-window: Other Window. * other-window-any-frame: Other Window. * outline-backward-same-level: Outline Motion. * outline-forward-same-level: Outline Motion. * outline-next-visible-heading: Outline Motion. * outline-previous-visible-heading: Outline Motion. * outline-up-heading: Outline Motion. * overwrite-mode: Minor Modes. * phases-of-moon: Lunar Phases. * picture-backward-clear-column: Basic Picture. * picture-backward-column: Basic Picture. * picture-clear-column: Basic Picture. * picture-clear-line: Basic Picture. * picture-clear-rectangle: Rectangles in Picture. * picture-clear-rectangle-to-register: Rectangles in Picture. * picture-forward-column: Basic Picture. * picture-motion: Insert in Picture. * picture-motion-reverse: Insert in Picture. * picture-move-down: Basic Picture. * picture-move-up: Basic Picture. * picture-movement-down: Insert in Picture. * picture-movement-left: Insert in Picture. * picture-movement-ne: Insert in Picture. * picture-movement-nw: Insert in Picture. * picture-movement-right: Insert in Picture. * picture-movement-se: Insert in Picture. * picture-movement-sw: Insert in Picture. * picture-movement-up: Insert in Picture. * picture-newline: Basic Picture. * picture-open-line: Basic Picture. * picture-set-tab-stops: Tabs in Picture. * picture-tab: Tabs in Picture. * picture-tab-search: Tabs in Picture. * picture-yank-rectangle: Rectangles in Picture. * picture-yank-rectangle-from-register: Rectangles in Picture. * plain-TeX-mode: TeX Mode. * plain-tex-mode: TeX Mode. * play-sound: Audible Bell. * point-to-register: RegPos. * prefer-coding-system: Recognize Coding. * prepend-to-buffer: Accumulating Text. * previous-complex-command: Repetition. * previous-history-element: Minibuffer History. * previous-line: Moving Point. * previous-list-mode-item: Completion Commands. * previous-matching-history-element: Minibuffer History. * print-buffer: Hardcopy. * print-diary-entries <1>: Diary Customizing. * print-diary-entries: Diary Commands. * print-region: Hardcopy. * quail-set-keyboard-layout: Select Input Method. * query-replace: Query Replace. * query-replace-regexp: Query Replace. * quietly-read-abbrev-file: Saving Abbrevs. * quit-shell-subjob: Shell Mode. * quoted-insert: Inserting Text. * re-search-backward: Regexp Search. * re-search-forward: Regexp Search. * read-abbrev-file: Saving Abbrevs. * read-key-sequence: Representing Keystrokes. * recenter <1>: Scrolling. * recenter: Moving Point. * recover-file: Recover. * redraw-calendar: General Calendar. * relabel-menu-item: Menu Customization. * remove-directory: File Names. * rename-buffer: Misc Buffer. * rename-file: Misc File Ops. * repeat-complex-command: Repetition. * replace-regexp: Unconditional Replace. * replace-string: Unconditional Replace. * revert-buffer: Reverting. * run-lisp: External Lisp. * save-buffer: Saving. * save-buffers-kill-emacs: Exiting. * save-some-buffers: Saving. * scroll-calendar-left: Scroll Calendar. * scroll-calendar-left-three-months: Scroll Calendar. * scroll-calendar-right: Scroll Calendar. * scroll-calendar-right-three-months: Scroll Calendar. * scroll-down: Scrolling. * scroll-left: Horizontal Scrolling. * scroll-other-window <1>: General Calendar. * scroll-other-window: Other Window. * scroll-right: Horizontal Scrolling. * scroll-up: Scrolling. * search-backward: Non-Incremental Search. * search-forward: Non-Incremental Search. * select-input-method: Select Input Method. * self-insert: Inserting Text. * send-shell-input: Shell Mode. * set-buffer-file-coding-system: Specify Coding. * set-buffer-process-coding-system: Specify Coding. * set-comment-column: Comments. * set-default-file-modes: Interlocking. * set-face-background: Faces. * set-face-background-pixmap: Faces. * set-face-font: Faces. * set-face-foreground: Faces. * set-face-underline-p: Faces. * set-fill-column: Fill Commands. * set-fill-prefix: Fill Prefix. * set-gnu-bindings: Emulation. * set-goal-column: Moving Point. * set-gosmacs-bindings: Emulation. * set-keyboard-coding-system: Specify Coding. * set-language-environment: Language Environments. * set-mark-command: Setting Mark. * set-selective-display: Selective Display. * set-terminal-coding-system: Specify Coding. * set-variable: Examining. * set-visited-file-name: Saving. * setq-default: Locals. * shell: Interactive Shell. * shell-command: Single Shell. * shell-command-on-region: Single Shell. * shell-send-eof: Shell Mode. * show-all: Outline Visibility. * show-all-diary-entries: Diary Commands. * show-branches: Outline Visibility. * show-children: Outline Visibility. * show-entry: Outline Visibility. * show-output-from-shell: Shell Mode. * show-subtree: Outline Visibility. * simple-diary-display: Fancy Diary Display. * sort-columns: Sorting. * sort-diary-entries: Fancy Diary Display. * sort-fields: Sorting. * sort-lines: Sorting. * sort-numeric-fields: Sorting. * sort-pages: Sorting. * sort-paragraphs: Sorting. * spell-buffer: Spelling. * spell-region: Spelling. * spell-string: Spelling. * spell-word: Spelling. * split-line: Indentation Commands. * split-window-horizontally: Split Window. * split-window-vertically: Split Window. * start-kbd-macro: Basic Kbd Macro. * stop-shell-subjob: Shell Mode. * substitute-key-definition: Interactive Rebinding. * sunrise-sunset: Sunrise/Sunset. * suspend-emacs: Exiting. * switch-to-buffer: Select Buffer. * switch-to-buffer-other-frame <1>: Select Buffer. * switch-to-buffer-other-frame: XEmacs under X. * switch-to-buffer-other-window <1>: Pop Up Window. * switch-to-buffer-other-window: Select Buffer. * switch-to-completions: Completion Commands. * switch-to-other-buffer: Select Buffer. * tab-to-tab-stop <1>: Text Mode. * tab-to-tab-stop: Tab Stops. * tabify: Just Spaces. * tags-apropos: List Tags. * tags-loop-continue: Tags Search. * tags-query-replace: Tags Search. * tags-search: Tags Search. * term: Terminal emulator. * term-line-mode: Term Mode. * term-pager-toggle: Paging in Term. * tex-buffer: TeX Print. * tex-close-latex-block: TeX Editing. * tex-insert-braces: TeX Editing. * tex-insert-quote: TeX Editing. * tex-kill-job: TeX Print. * tex-mode: TeX Mode. * TeX-mode: TeX Mode. * tex-print: TeX Print. * tex-recenter-output-buffer: TeX Print. * tex-region: TeX Print. * tex-show-print-queue: TeX Print. * tex-terminate-paragraph: TeX Editing. * text-mode: Text Mode. * toggle-input-method: Select Input Method. * toggle-read-only: Misc Buffer. * top-level <1>: Quitting. * top-level: Recursive Edit. * transpose-chars <1>: Transpose. * transpose-chars: Moving Point. * transpose-lines: Transpose. * transpose-sexps <1>: Lists. * transpose-sexps: Transpose. * transpose-words <1>: Words. * transpose-words: Transpose. * undo: Undo. * unexpand-abbrev: Expanding Abbrevs. * universal-argument: Arguments. * universal-coding-system-argument: Specify Coding. * untabify: Just Spaces. * up-list: TeX Editing. * upcase-region: Case. * upcase-word <1>: Case. * upcase-word: Fixing Case. * validate-tex-buffer: TeX Editing. * vc-cancel-version: Editing with VC. * vc-create-snapshot: Making Snapshots. * vc-diff: Old Versions. * vc-directory: VC Status. * vc-insert-headers: Version Headers. * vc-next-action: Editing with VC. * vc-print-log: VC Status. * vc-register: Editing with VC. * vc-rename-file: Renaming and VC. * vc-retrieve-snapshot: Making Snapshots. * vc-revert-buffer: Editing with VC. * vc-update-change-log: Change Logs and VC. * vc-version-other-window: Old Versions. * view-buffer: Misc Buffer. * view-diary-entries: Diary Commands. * view-emacs-news: Misc Help. * view-file: Misc File Ops. * view-hello-file: Mule Intro. * view-lossage: Misc Help. * view-register: Registers. * visit-tags-table: Select Tags Table. * what-cursor-position: Position Info. * what-line: Position Info. * what-page: Position Info. * where-is: Name Help. * widen: Narrowing. * widget-backward: Changing an Option. * widget-complete: Changing an Option. * widget-forward: Changing an Option. * window-configuration-to-register <1>: Split Window. * window-configuration-to-register: RegConfig. * word-search-backward: Word Search. * word-search-forward: Word Search. * write-abbrev-file: Saving Abbrevs. * write-file: Saving. * x-copy-primary-selection: X Selection Commands. * x-create-frame: X Resources. * x-delete-primary-selection: X Selection Commands. * x-insert-selection: X Selection Commands. * x-kill-primary-selection: X Selection Commands. * x-mouse-kill: X Selection Commands. * x-own-secondary-selection: X Selection Commands. * x-own-selection: X Selection Commands. * x-set-point-and-insert-selection: X Selection Commands. * xemacs-local-faq: Misc Help. * Yank: Kill Ring. * yank-pop: Earlier Kills. * yank-rectangle: Rectangles. * yow: Amusements. * zap-to-char: Killing. * zmacs-activate-region: Active Regions. * zmacs-deactivate-region: Active Regions.  File: xemacs.info, Node: Variable Index, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Command Index, Up: Top Variable Index ************** * Menu: * abbrev-all-caps: Expanding Abbrevs. * abbrev-file-name: Saving Abbrevs. * abbrev-mode: Abbrevs. * after-load-alist: Loading. * after-save-hook: Saving. * all-christian-calendar-holidays: Holiday Customizing. * all-hebrew-calendar-holidays: Holiday Customizing. * all-islamic-calendar-holidays: Holiday Customizing. * appt-audible: Appt Customizing. * appt-display-duration: Appt Customizing. * appt-display-mode-line: Appt Customizing. * appt-message-warning-time: Appt Customizing. * appt-msg-window: Appt Customizing. * appt-visible: Appt Customizing. * apropos-do-all: Apropos. * auto-fill-inhibit-regexp: Fill Commands. * auto-lower-frame: XEmacs under X. * auto-mode-alist: Choosing Modes. * auto-raise-frame: XEmacs under X. * auto-save-default: Auto Save Control. * auto-save-interval: Auto Save Control. * auto-save-timeout: Auto Save Control. * auto-save-visited-file-name: Auto Save Files. * backup-by-copying: Backup Copying. * backup-by-copying-when-linked: Backup Copying. * backup-by-copying-when-mismatch: Backup Copying. * bell-volume: Audible Bell. * blink-matching-paren: Matching. * blink-matching-paren-distance: Matching. * bookmark-save-flag: Bookmarks. * bookmark-search-size: Bookmarks. * buffer-file-coding-system: Recognize Coding. * buffer-file-name: Visiting. * buffer-file-truename: Visiting. * buffer-read-only: Misc Buffer. * buffer-tag-table: Find Tag. * c-argdecl-indent: C Indent. * c-auto-newline: C Indent. * c-brace-imaginary-offset: C Indent. * c-brace-offset: C Indent. * c-continued-statement-offset: C Indent. * c-indent-level: C Indent. * c-label-offset: C Indent. * c-mode-hook: Program Modes. * c-mode-map: Keymaps. * c-tab-always-indent: C Indent. * calendar-date-display-form: Date Display Format. * calendar-daylight-savings-ends: Daylight Savings. * calendar-daylight-savings-ends-time: Daylight Savings. * calendar-daylight-savings-starts: Daylight Savings. * calendar-daylight-time-offset: Daylight Savings. * calendar-daylight-time-zone-name: Sunrise/Sunset. * calendar-holiday-marker: Calendar Customizing. * calendar-holidays: Holiday Customizing. * calendar-latitude: Sunrise/Sunset. * calendar-load-hook: Calendar Customizing. * calendar-location-name: Sunrise/Sunset. * calendar-longitude: Sunrise/Sunset. * calendar-standard-time-zone-name: Sunrise/Sunset. * calendar-time-display-form: Time Display Format. * calendar-time-zone: Sunrise/Sunset. * calendar-today-marker: Calendar Customizing. * calendar-week-start-day: Move to Beginning or End. * case-fold-search <1>: Replacement and Case. * case-fold-search: Search Case. * case-replace: Replacement and Case. * christian-holidays: Holiday Customizing. * coding: Recognize Coding. * command-history: Repetition. * command-line-args: Command Switches. * comment-column: Comments. * comment-end: Comments. * comment-indent-hook: Comments. * comment-line-start: Fortran Comments. * comment-line-start-skip: Fortran Comments. * comment-multi-line: Comments. * comment-start: Comments. * comment-start-skip: Comments. * compare-ignore-case: Comparing Files. * compile-command: Compilation. * completion-auto-help: Completion Options. * completion-ignored-extensions: Completion Options. * create-frame-hook: XEmacs under X. * ctl-arrow: Display Vars. * ctl-x-map: Keymaps. * current-input-method: Select Input Method. * data-directory: Startup Paths. * data-directory-list: Startup Paths. * debug-on-error: Lisp Debug. * debug-on-quit: Lisp Debug. * default-buffer-file-coding-system: Specify Coding. * default-directory: File Names. * default-directory-alist: File Names. * default-frame-alist: XEmacs under X. * default-frame-plist: XEmacs under X. * default-input-method: Select Input Method. * default-major-mode: Choosing Modes. * delete-auto-save-files: Auto Save Files. * delete-old-versions: Backup Deletion. * describe-function-show-arglist: Name Help. * diary-date-forms: Diary Customizing. * diary-display-hook: Fancy Diary Display. * diary-entry-marker: Calendar Customizing. * diary-file: Format of Diary File. * diary-list-include-blanks: Fancy Diary Display. * diary-mail-days: Diary Commands. * diff-switches: Comparing Files. * dired-kept-versions: Dired Deletion. * dired-listing-switches: Dired Enter. * display-buffer-function: Pop Up Window. * doc-directory: Startup Paths. * echo-keystrokes: Display Vars. * emacs-lisp-mode-hook: Program Modes. * emacs-roots: Startup Paths. * EMACSDATA: Startup Paths. * EMACSLOADPATH: Startup Paths. * EMACSPATH: Startup Paths. * enable-local-variables: File Variables. * enable-recursive-minibuffers: Minibuffer Edit. * esc-map: Keymaps. * european-calendar-style: Date Formats. * exec-directory: Startup Paths. * exec-path: Startup Paths. * explicit-shell-file-name: Interactive Shell. * face-frob-from-locale-first: Faces. * file-coding-system-alist: Recognize Coding. * file-name-coding-system: Specify Coding. * fill-column: Fill Commands. * fill-prefix: Fill Prefix. * find-file-compare-truenames: Visiting. * find-file-hooks: Visiting. * find-file-not-found-hooks: Visiting. * find-file-run-dired: Visiting. * find-file-use-truenames: Visiting. * fortran-check-all-num-for-matching-do: ForIndent Vars. * fortran-comment-indent-char: Fortran Comments. * fortran-comment-indent-style: Fortran Comments. * fortran-comment-line-column: Fortran Comments. * fortran-comment-region: Fortran Comments. * fortran-continuation-char: ForIndent Conv. * fortran-continuation-indent: ForIndent Vars. * fortran-do-indent: ForIndent Vars. * fortran-electric-line-number: ForIndent Num. * fortran-if-indent: ForIndent Vars. * fortran-line-number-indent: ForIndent Num. * fortran-minimum-statement-indent: ForIndent Vars. * frame-icon-title-format <1>: Command Switches. * frame-icon-title-format: XEmacs under X. * frame-title-format <1>: Command Switches. * frame-title-format: XEmacs under X. * general-holidays: Holiday Customizing. * global-map: Keymaps. * hebrew-holidays: Holiday Customizing. * help-map: Keymaps. * holidays-in-diary-buffer: Diary Customizing. * indent-tabs-mode: Just Spaces. * Info-directory-list: Startup Paths. * INFOPATH: Startup Paths. * initial-calendar-window-hook: Calendar Customizing. * initial-major-mode: Entering Emacs. * input-method-highlight-flag: Input Methods. * input-method-verbose-flag: Input Methods. * input-ring-size: Interactive Shell. * insert-default-directory <1>: File Names. * insert-default-directory: Minibuffer File. * isearch-mode-map: Keymaps. * islamic-holidays: Holiday Customizing. * kept-new-versions: Backup Deletion. * kept-old-versions: Backup Deletion. * keyboard-translate-table: Intro to Keystrokes. * kill-ring-max: Earlier Kills. * LaTeX-mode-hook: TeX Print. * lisp-body-indention: Lisp Indent. * lisp-directory: Startup Paths. * lisp-indent-offset: Lisp Indent. * lisp-interaction-mode-hook: Program Modes. * lisp-mode-hook: Program Modes. * lisp-mode-map: Keymaps. * list-diary-entries-hook: Included Diary Files. * list-directory-brief-switches: ListDir. * list-directory-verbose-switches: ListDir. * load-path <1>: Loading. * load-path: Startup Paths. * local-holidays: Holiday Customizing. * lpr-switches: Hardcopy. * mail-abbrev-mailrc-file: Mail Headers. * mail-abbrev-mode-regexp: Mail Headers. * mail-alias-separator-string: Mail Headers. * mail-archive-file-name: Mail Headers. * mail-header-separator: Mail Format. * mail-mode-hook: Mail Mode. * make-backup-files: Backup. * make-tags-files-invisible: Find Tag. * mark-diary-entries-hook: Included Diary Files. * mark-diary-entries-in-calendar: Calendar Customizing. * mark-holidays-in-calendar: Calendar Customizing. * mark-ring: Mark Ring. * mark-ring-max: Mark Ring. * meta-flag: Meta Key. * minibuffer-confirm-incomplete <1>: Completion Options. * minibuffer-confirm-incomplete: Minibuffer Edit. * minibuffer-local-completion-map: Keymaps. * minibuffer-local-map: Keymaps. * minibuffer-local-must-match-map: Keymaps. * minibuffer-local-ns-map: Keymaps. * mode-line-inverse-video: Mode Line. * modeline-pointer-glyph: Mouse Selection. * muddle-mode-hook: Program Modes. * next-line-add-newlines: Moving Point. * next-screen-context-lines: Scrolling. * no-redraw-on-reenter: Display Vars. * nongregorian-diary-listing-hook: Hebrew/Islamic Entries. * nongregorian-diary-marking-hook: Hebrew/Islamic Entries. * nontext-pointer-glyph: Mouse Selection. * nroff-mode-hook: Nroff Mode. * number-of-diary-entries: Diary Customizing. * other-holidays: Holiday Customizing. * outline-mode-hook: Outline Mode. * outline-regexp: Outline Format. * page-delimiter: Pages. * paragraph-separate: Paragraphs. * paragraph-start: Paragraphs. * parse-sexp-ignore-comments: Syntax Entry. * PATH: Startup Paths. * picture-mode-hook: Picture. * picture-tab-chars: Tabs in Picture. * plain-TeX-mode-hook: TeX Print. * print-diary-entries-hook: Diary Customizing. * repeat-complex-command-map: Keymaps. * require-final-newline: Saving. * save-abbrevs: Saving Abbrevs. * scheme-mode-hook: Program Modes. * scroll-conservatively: Scrolling. * scroll-step: Scrolling. * search-slow-speed: Incremental Search. * search-slow-window-lines: Incremental Search. * selective-display-ellipses <1>: Outline Visibility. * selective-display-ellipses: Display Vars. * sentence-end: Sentences. * shell-cd-regexp: Interactive Shell. * shell-file-name: Single Shell. * shell-popd-regexp: Interactive Shell. * shell-prompt-pattern: Shell Mode. * shell-pushd-regexp: Interactive Shell. * sound-alist: Audible Bell. * tab-stop-list: Tab Stops. * tab-width: Display Vars. * tag-mark-stack-max: Find Tag. * tag-table-alist <1>: Find Tag. * tag-table-alist: Select Tags Table. * tags-always-build-completion-table: Select Tags Table. * tags-build-completion-table: Find Tag. * tags-file-name <1>: Find Tag. * tags-file-name: Select Tags Table. * term-file-prefix: Terminal Init. * term-setup-hook: Terminal Init. * TeX-mode-hook: TeX Print. * text-mode-hook: Text Mode. * text-pointer-glyph: Mouse Selection. * today-invisible-calendar-hook: Calendar Customizing. * today-visible-calendar-hook: Calendar Customizing. * track-eol: Moving Point. * truncate-lines: Continuation Lines. * truncate-partial-width-windows: Split Window. * vc-command-messages: Variables for Check-in/out. * vc-comment-alist: Version Headers. * vc-default-back-end: Editing with VC. * vc-header-alist: Version Headers. * vc-initial-comment: Editing with VC. * vc-keep-workfiles: Editing with VC. * vc-log-mode-hook: Log Entries. * vc-make-backup-files: Editing with VC. * vc-mistrust-permissions: Variables for Check-in/out. * vc-path: Variables for Check-in/out. * vc-static-header-alist: Version Headers. * vc-suppress-confirm: Variables for Check-in/out. * version-control: Backup Names. * view-calendar-holidays-initially: Calendar Customizing. * view-diary-entries-initially: Calendar Customizing. * window-min-height: Change Window. * window-min-width: Change Window. * write-file-hooks: Saving. * x-frame-defaults: XEmacs under X. * zmacs-region-stays: Active Regions. * zmacs-regions: Active Regions.  File: xemacs.info, Node: Concept Index, Next: Frame, Prev: Variable Index, Up: Top Concept Index ************* * Menu: * $ in regexp: Regexps. * ( in regexp: Regexps. * ) in regexp: Regexps. * * in regexp: Regexps. * *? in regexp: Regexps. * + in regexp: Regexps. * +? in regexp: Regexps. * . in regexp: Regexps. * .mailrc file: Mail Headers. * // in file name: Minibuffer File. * ? in regexp: Regexps. * ?? in regexp: Regexps. * [ in regexp: Regexps. * \ in regexp: Regexps. * \' in regexp: Regexps. * \(?: in regexp: Regexps. * \< in regexp: Regexps. * \= in regexp: Regexps. * \> in regexp: Regexps. * \` in regexp: Regexps. * \B in regexp: Regexps. * \b in regexp: Regexps. * \S in regexp: Regexps. * \s in regexp: Regexps. * \W in regexp: Regexps. * \w in regexp: Regexps. * \{n,m\} in regexp: Regexps. * ] in regexp: Regexps. * ^ in regexp: Regexps. * Abbrev mode: Minor Modes. * abbrevs: Abbrevs. * aborting: Quitting. * accumulating text: Accumulating Text. * active fields (customization buffer): Customization Groups. * active regions: Active Regions. * adding menu items: Menu Customization. * adding menus: Menu Customization. * againformation: Dissociated Press. * Apps menu <1>: Apps Menu. * Apps menu: Pull-down Menus. * apropos: Apropos. * architecture-specific directories: Startup Paths. * arguments (from shell): Command Switches. * arrow keys: Moving Point. * ASCII: Intro to Keystrokes. * Asm mode: Asm Mode. * astronomical day numbers: Calendar Systems. * audible bell, changing: Audible Bell. * Auto Delete Selection menu item: Options Menu. * Auto Fill mode <1>: Minor Modes. * Auto Fill mode <2>: Comments. * Auto Fill mode: Auto Fill. * Auto-Save mode: Auto Save. * autoload: Loading. * automatic package install: Automatically. * available packages: Available Packages. * backup file: Backup. * batch mode: Command Switches. * beginning of line in regexp: Regexps. * bell, changing: Audible Bell. * binary packages: Package Terminology. * binding: Commands. * blank lines <1>: Comments. * blank lines: Blank Lines. * body lines (Outline mode): Outline Format. * bold font: Face Customization. * bookmarks: Bookmarks. * boredom: Amusements. * buffer: Frame. * buffer menu: Several Buffers. * buffers: Buffers. * Buffers menu <1>: Buffers Menu. * Buffers menu: Pull-down Menus. * Buffers Menu Length... menu item: Options Menu. * Buffers Sub-Menus menu item: Options Menu. * buggestion: Dissociated Press. * bugs: Bugs. * building packages: Building Packages. * byte code: Compiling Libraries. * C: Programs. * C mode: Program Modes. * C++ class browser, tags: Tags. * calendar: Calendar/Diary. * calendar and LaTeX: LaTeX Calendar. * calendar, first day of week: Move to Beginning or End. * candle lighting times: Sexp Diary Entries. * case conversion <1>: Case. * case conversion: Fixing Case. * Case Sensitive Search menu item: Options Menu. * CCL programs: Mule and Fonts. * centering: Fill Commands. * change log: Change Log. * changing buffers: Select Buffer. * changing menu items: Menu Customization. * character set: Intro to Keystrokes. * character set (in regexp): Regexps. * checking in files: Concepts of VC. * checking out files: Concepts of VC. * Chinese: Mule. * Chinese calendar: Calendar Systems. * choosing packages <1>: Which Packages. * choosing packages: Installing Packages. * class browser, C++: Tags. * Clear menu item: Edit Menu. * clipboard selections: X Clipboard Selection. * coding systems: Coding Systems. * command <1>: Key Bindings. * command: Commands. * command history: Repetition. * command line arguments: Command Switches. * command name: Key Bindings. * comments: Comments. * comparing files: Comparing Files. * compilation errors: Compilation. * compiling files: Compilation. * completion: Completion. * completion (symbol names): Lisp Completion. * continuation line: Continuation Lines. * Control-Meta: Lists. * Coptic calendar: Calendar Systems. * Copy menu item: Edit Menu. * copying files: Misc File Ops. * copying text <1>: Accumulating Text. * copying text: Yanking. * core distribution: Installing Packages. * crashes: Auto Save. * creating directories: File Names. * creating files: Visiting. * current buffer: Buffers. * current stack frame: Lisp Debug. * cursor <1>: Inserting Text. * cursor: Point. * cursor motion: Moving Point. * customization <1>: Customization. * customization <2>: Lisp Indent. * customization: Commands. * customization buffer: Easy Customization. * customization groups: Customization Groups. * customizing faces: Face Customization. * cut buffers: X Selection Commands. * Cut menu item: Edit Menu. * cutting: Killing. * Cyrillic: Mule. * day of year: General Calendar. * daylight savings time: Daylight Savings. * debugger: Lisp Debug. * default argument: Minibuffer. * defuns: Defuns. * Delete Frame menu item: File Menu. * deleting blank lines: Blank Lines. * deleting characters and lines: Erasing. * deleting menu items: Menu Customization. * deleting packages: Removing Packages. * deletion <1>: Killing. * deletion: Inserting Text. * deletion (of files) <1>: Misc File Ops. * deletion (of files): Dired. * diary: Diary. * diary buffer: Fancy Diary Display. * diary file: Format of Diary File. * ding: Audible Bell. * directories: Startup Paths. * directory hierarchies: Startup Paths. * directory listing: ListDir. * Dired: Dired. * disabled command: Disabling. * disabling menu items: Menu Customization. * Distribution: License. * doctor: Total Frustration. * double slash in file name: Minibuffer File. * drastic changes: Reverting. * dribble file: Bugs. * early package hierarchies: Startup Paths. * Ebrowse: Tags. * echo area: Echo Area. * Edit menu <1>: Edit Menu. * Edit menu: Pull-down Menus. * editable fields (customization buffer): Customization Groups. * editing level, recursive <1>: Quitting. * editing level, recursive: Recursive Edit. * EDT: Emulation. * Eliza: Total Frustration. * Emacs initialization file: Init File. * Emacs-Lisp mode: Lisp Eval. * enabling menu items: Menu Customization. * encoding of characters: Mule. * End Macro Recording menu item: Edit Menu. * entering XEmacs: Entering Emacs. * environment: Single Shell. * erasing characters and lines: Erasing. * error log: Compilation. * etags program: Create Tags Table. * Ethiopic calendar: Calendar Systems. * Execute Last Macro menu item: Edit Menu. * Exit Emacs menu item: File Menu. * exiting <1>: Recursive Edit. * exiting: Exiting. * expansion (of abbrevs): Abbrevs. * expression: Lists. * file dates: Interlocking. * file directory: ListDir. * File menu <1>: File Menu. * File menu: Pull-down Menus. * file names: File Names. * file protection: Interlocking. * files <1>: Visiting. * files <2>: Files. * files: Basic Files. * files, remote: Files. * fill prefix: Fill Prefix. * filling: Filling. * font encoding: Mule and Fonts. * Font menu item: Options Menu. * font registry: Mule and Fonts. * fonts: Mule and Fonts. * fonts and faces: Face Customization. * formfeed: Pages. * Fortran mode: Fortran. * frame: Frame. * French Revolutionary calendar: Calendar Systems. * function <1>: Key Bindings. * function: Commands. * General Public License: License. * getting help with keys: Basic Help. * global keymap: Keymaps. * global substitution: Replace. * graphic characters: Inserting Text. * Greek: Mule. * Gregorian calendar: Other Calendars. * grinding: Grinding. * hardcopy: Hardcopy. * header (TeX mode): TeX Print. * headers (of mail message): Mail Headers. * heading lines (Outline mode): Outline Format. * Hebrew calendar: Calendar Systems. * help: Help. * Help menu <1>: Help Menu. * Help menu: Pull-down Menus. * hierarchies: Startup Paths. * history of commands: Repetition. * history of minibuffer input: Minibuffer History. * holiday forms: Holiday Customizing. * holidays: Holidays. * horizontal scrolling: Horizontal Scrolling. * Icomplete mode: Completion Options. * ignoriginal: Dissociated Press. * indentation <1>: Comments. * indentation <2>: Grinding. * indentation: Indentation. * inferior process: Compilation. * Info: Misc Help. * init file: Init File. * input methods: Input Methods. * Insert File... menu item: File Menu. * inserting blank lines: Blank Lines. * insertion: Inserting Text. * install: Installing Packages. * installing packages: Installing Packages. * international scripts: Mule. * interval operator (in regexps): Etags Regexps. * invisible lines: Outline Mode. * IPA: Mule. * Islamic calendar: Calendar Systems. * ISO commercial calendar: Calendar Systems. * italic font: Face Customization. * Japanese: Mule. * Julian calendar: Calendar Systems. * Julian day numbers: Calendar Systems. * justification: Fill Commands. * key rebinding, permanent: Init File. * key rebinding, this session: Rebinding. * keyboard macros: Keyboard Macros. * keycode: Super and Hyper Keys. * keymap <1>: Keymaps. * keymap: Commands. * keystroke: Intro to Keystrokes. * keysym: Intro to Keystrokes. * keysyms: Super and Hyper Keys. * Kill Buffer menu item: File Menu. * kill ring: Yanking. * killing: Killing. * killing characters and lines: Erasing. * killing Emacs: Exiting. * Korean: Mule. * language environments: Language Environments. * last package hierarchies: Startup Paths. * late package hierarchies: Startup Paths. * LaTeX: TeX Mode. * leaving Emacs: Exiting. * libraries: Lisp Libraries. * license to copy XEmacs: License. * line number: Position Info. * line wrapping: Continuation Lines. * Lisp: Programs. * Lisp mode: Program Modes. * list: Lists. * loading libraries: Loading. * loading Lisp code: Lisp Libraries. * local keymap: Keymaps. * local variables: Locals. * local variables in files: File Variables. * local.rules: Local.rules File. * locking and version control: Concepts of VC. * log entry: Editing with VC. * mail <1>: Reading Mail. * mail: Sending Mail. * major modes: Major Modes. * make: Compilation. * manual package install: Manually. * manuals, on-line: Misc Help. * mark: Mark. * mark ring <1>: Mark and Region. * mark ring: Mark Ring. * Markov chain: Dissociated Press. * master file: Concepts of VC. * matching parentheses: Matching. * Mayan calendar: Calendar Systems. * Mayan calendar round: Mayan Calendar. * Mayan haab calendar: Mayan Calendar. * Mayan long count: Mayan Calendar. * Mayan tzolkin calendar: Mayan Calendar. * menus <1>: Change Window. * menus: Pull-down Menus. * message <1>: Reading Mail. * message: Sending Mail. * Meta: Words. * minibuffer <1>: Keymaps. * minibuffer <2>: M-x. * minibuffer: Minibuffer. * minibuffer history: Minibuffer History. * minor modes: Minor Modes. * mistakes, correcting <1>: Fixit. * mistakes, correcting: Undo. * mocklisp: Mocklisp. * mode hook: Program Modes. * mode line <1>: Minor Modes. * mode line: Mode Line. * mode, Term: Term Mode. * modified (buffer): Visiting. * modifier key: Intro to Keystrokes. * modifier mapping: Super and Hyper Keys. * moon, phases of: Lunar Phases. * mouse operations: Additional Mouse Operations. * mouse selection: Mouse Selection. * movement: Moving Point. * moving inside the calendar: Calendar Motion. * moving point: Moving Point. * moving text: Yanking. * moving the cursor: Moving Point. * MULE: Mule. * multi-frame XEmacs: XEmacs under X. * multibyte characters: Mule. * named configurations (RCS): Snapshot Caveats. * narrowing: Narrowing. * New Frame menu item: File Menu. * newline: Inserting Text. * non-incremental search: Non-Incremental Search. * nroff: Nroff Mode. * numeric arguments: Arguments. * omer count: Sexp Diary Entries. * on-line manuals: Misc Help. * Open File, New Frame... menu item: File Menu. * Open File... menu item: File Menu. * option <1>: Examining. * option: Variables. * Options menu <1>: Options Menu. * Options menu: Pull-down Menus. * other editors: Emulation. * outlines: Outline Mode. * outragedy: Dissociated Press. * Overstrike menu item: Options Menu. * Overwrite mode: Minor Modes. * package building: Building Packages. * package distributions: Package Terminology. * package hierarchies: Startup Paths. * package path: Startup Paths. * package tools: Automatically. * packages <1>: Available Packages. * packages: Packages. * page number: Position Info. * pages: Pages. * paragraphs: Paragraphs. * parasha, weekly: Sexp Diary Entries. * Paren Highlighting menu item: Options Menu. * parentheses: Matching. * Paste menu item: Edit Menu. * pasting: Yanking. * path: Startup Paths. * paths: Startup Paths. * per-buffer variables: Locals. * Persian calendar: Calendar Systems. * phases of the moon: Lunar Phases. * pictures: Picture. * point <1>: Inserting Text. * point: Point. * pointer face: Mouse Selection. * pointer shapes: Mouse Selection. * prefix key sequence: Key Sequences. * presidentagon: Dissociated Press. * primary selections: X Selection Commands. * Print Buffer menu item: File Menu. * prompt: Minibuffer. * properbose: Dissociated Press. * Pull-down Menus <1>: Change Window. * Pull-down Menus: Pull-down Menus. * query replace: Query Replace. * quitting: Quitting. * quitting (in search): Incremental Search. * quitting Emacs: Exiting. * quoting: Inserting Text. * random sentences: CONX. * RCS: Concepts of VC. * Read Only menu item: Options Menu. * read-only buffer: Misc Buffer. * rebinding keys, permanently: Init File. * rebinding keys, this session: Rebinding. * rectangle <1>: Rectangles in Picture. * rectangle: RegRect. * rectangles: Rectangles. * recursive editing level <1>: Quitting. * recursive editing level: Recursive Edit. * redefining keys: Key Bindings Using Strings. * regexp: Regexp Search. * regexp alternative: Regexps. * regexp grouping: Regexps. * region <1>: Case. * region: Mark. * registered file: Concepts of VC. * registers: Registers. * regular expression: Regexp Search. * regular packages: Package Terminology. * remote files: Files. * removing directories: File Names. * removing packages: Removing Packages. * replacement: Replace. * restriction: Narrowing. * Revert Buffer menu item: File Menu. * root of a hierarchy: Startup Paths. * rosh hodesh: Sexp Diary Entries. * Russian: Mule. * Save Buffer As ... menu item: File Menu. * Save Buffer menu item: File Menu. * Save Options: Options Menu. * saving: Visiting. * saving option value: Changing an Option. * SCCS: Concepts of VC. * Scheme mode: Program Modes. * scrolling: Scrolling. * scrolling in the calendar: Scroll Calendar. * searching: Search. * selected buffer: Buffers. * selected window: Basic Window. * selective display: Outline Mode. * self-documentation: Help. * sentences: Sentences. * setting option value: Changing an Option. * setting variables: Examining. * sexp: Lists. * sexp diary entries: Sexp Diary Entries. * shell commands: Shell. * Shell mode: Shell Mode. * shift modifier: Representing Keystrokes. * shrinking XEmacs frame: Exiting. * simultaneous editing: Interlocking. * single-file packages: Package Terminology. * site-specific directories: Startup Paths. * Size menu item: Options Menu. * slashes repeated in file name: Minibuffer File. * snapshots and version control: Snapshots. * sorting: Sorting. * sorting diary entries: Fancy Diary Display. * source packages: Package Terminology. * spelling: Spelling. * Split Frame: File Menu. * Start Macro Recording menu item: Edit Menu. * starting XEmacs: Entering Emacs. * startup paths: Startup Paths. * string substitution: Replace. * subshell: Shell. * subtree (Outline mode): Outline Visibility. * sumo package install: Sumo. * sunrise and sunset: Sunrise/Sunset. * suspending: Exiting. * switching buffers: Select Buffer. * Syntax Highlighting menu item: Options Menu. * syntax table <1>: Syntax. * syntax table: Words. * tags table: Tags. * tags, C++: Tags. * Teach Extended Commands menu item: Options Menu. * techniquitous: Dissociated Press. * television: Appending Kills. * Term mode: Term Mode. * termscript file: Bugs. * TeX: TeX Mode. * text: Text. * Text mode: Text Mode. * Tools menu <1>: Tools Menu. * Tools menu: Pull-down Menus. * top level: Mode Line. * transposition <1>: Lists. * transposition <2>: Words. * transposition: Transpose. * truncation: Continuation Lines. * typos: Fixit. * Un-split (Keep Others): File Menu. * Un-split (Keep This): File Menu. * undo: Undo. * Undo menu item: Edit Menu. * variable: Variables. * variables: Commands. * version control: Version Control. * version-specific directories: Startup Paths. * vi: Emulation. * viewing: Misc File Ops. * Viper: Emulation. * visiting: Visiting. * visiting files: Visiting. * weeks, which day they start on: Move to Beginning or End. * Weight menu item: Options Menu. * which packages: Which Packages. * widening: Narrowing. * window: Frame. * windows: Windows. * Windows menu: Change Window. * word search: Word Search. * words <1>: Case. * words <2>: Words. * words: Fixing Case. * work file: Concepts of VC. * wrapping: Continuation Lines. * X resources: X Resources. * yahrzeits <1>: Sexp Diary Entries. * yahrzeits: From Other Calendar. * yanking: Yanking. * | in regexp: Regexps.