\ifx\pdfoutput\undefined
\else
-\usepackage[pdftex,bookmarks]{hyperref}
+\usepackage[pdftex,bookmarks,colorlinks=true]{hyperref}
+\usepackage{thumbpdf}
\pdfcompresslevel=9
\fi
\makeindex
\begin{document}
-\newcommand{\gnusversionname}{Oort Gnus v.}
+\newcommand{\gnusversionname}{Oort Gnus v0.05}
\newcommand{\gnuschaptername}{}
\newcommand{\gnussectionname}{}
\thispagestyle{empty}
-Copyright \copyright{} 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001
+Copyright \copyright{} 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002
Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This file documents Gnus, the GNU Emacs newsreader.
-Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001
+Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002
Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
@page
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
-Copyright @copyright{} 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001
+Copyright @copyright{} 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002
Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
spool or your mbox file. All at the same time, if you want to push your
luck.
-This manual corresponds to Oort Gnus v.
+This manual corresponds to Oort Gnus v0.05
@end ifinfo
Group Topics
-* Topic Variables:: How to customize the topics the Lisp Way.
* Topic Commands:: Interactive E-Z commands.
+* Topic Variables:: How to customize the topics the Lisp Way.
* Topic Sorting:: Sorting each topic individually.
* Topic Topology:: A map of the world.
* Topic Parameters:: Parameters that apply to all groups in a topic.
* Choosing Articles:: Reading articles.
* Paging the Article:: Scrolling the current article.
* Reply Followup and Post:: Posting articles.
-* Delayed Articles::
+* Delayed Articles::
* Marking Articles:: Marking articles as read, expirable, etc.
* Limiting:: You can limit the summary buffer.
* Threading:: How threads are made.
* Summary Mail Commands:: Sending mail.
* Summary Post Commands:: Sending news.
* Summary Message Commands:: Other Message-related commands.
-* Canceling and Superseding::
+* Canceling and Superseding::
Marking Articles
* Unread Articles:: Marks for unread articles.
* Read Articles:: Marks for read articles.
* Other Marks:: Marks that do not affect readedness.
-* Setting Marks::
-* Generic Marking Commands::
-* Setting Process Marks::
+* Setting Marks::
+* Generic Marking Commands::
+* Setting Process Marks::
Marking Articles
* Article Fontisizing:: Making emphasized text look nice.
* Article Hiding:: You also want to make certain info go away.
* Article Washing:: Lots of way-neat functions to make life better.
+* Article Header:: Doing various header transformations.
* Article Buttons:: Click on URLs, Message-IDs, addresses and the like.
* Article Date:: Grumble, UT!
+* Article Display:: Display various stuff---X-Face, Picons, Smileys
* Article Signature:: What is a signature?
* Article Miscellania:: Various other stuff.
* Summary Group Information:: Information oriented commands.
* Searching for Articles:: Multiple article commands.
-* Summary Generation Commands::
+* Summary Generation Commands::
* Really Various Summary Commands:: Those pesky non-conformant commands.
Article Buffer
* Posting Styles:: An easier way to specify who you are.
* Drafts:: Postponing messages and rejected messages.
* Rejected Articles:: What happens if the server doesn't like your article?
-* Using GPG:: How to use GPG and MML to sign and encrypt messages
+* Signing and encrypting:: How to compose secure messages.
Select Methods
* Duplicates:: Dealing with duplicated mail.
* Not Reading Mail:: Using mail back ends for reading other files.
* Choosing a Mail Back End:: Gnus can read a variety of mail formats.
-* Archiving Mail:: How to backup your mail.
Mail Sources
Browsing the Web
+* Archiving Mail::
* Web Searches:: Creating groups from articles that match a string.
* Slashdot:: Reading the Slashdot comments.
* Ultimate:: The Ultimate Bulletin Board systems.
Agent Commands
-* Group Agent Commands::
-* Summary Agent Commands::
-* Server Agent Commands::
+* Group Agent Commands::
+* Summary Agent Commands::
+* Server Agent Commands::
Scoring
* Daemons:: Gnus can do things behind your back.
* NoCeM:: How to avoid spam and other fatty foods.
* Undo:: Some actions can be undone.
+* Predicate Specifiers:: Specifying predicates.
* Moderation:: What to do if you're a moderator.
-* Image Enhancements:: There are more pictures and stuff under XEmacs.
+* Image Enhancements:: Modern versions of Emacs/XEmacs can display images.
* Fuzzy Matching:: What's the big fuzz?
* Thwarting Email Spam:: A how-to on avoiding unsolicited commercial email.
* Various Various:: Things that are really various.
* Tabulation:: Tabulating your output.
* Wide Characters:: Dealing with wide characters.
-XEmacs Enhancements
+Image Enhancements
-* Picons:: How to display pictures of what your reading.
+* Picons:: How to display pictures of what you're reading.
* Smileys:: Show all those happy faces the way they were meant to be shown.
+* X-Face:: Display a funky, teensy black-and-white image.
* Toolbar:: Click'n'drool.
* XVarious:: Other XEmacsy Gnusey variables.
Appendices
+* XEmacs:: Requirements for installing under XEmacs.
* History:: How Gnus got where it is today.
* On Writing Manuals:: Why this is not a beginner's guide.
* Terminology:: We use really difficult, like, words here.
* Troubleshooting:: What you might try if things do not work.
* Gnus Reference Guide:: Rilly, rilly technical stuff.
* Emacs for Heathens:: A short introduction to Emacsian terms.
+* Frequently Asked Questions::
History
Back End Interface
-* Required Back End Functions:: Functions that must be implemented.
-* Optional Back End Functions:: Functions that need not be implemented.
+* Required Back End Functions:: Functions that must be implemented.
+* Optional Back End Functions:: Functions that need not be implemented.
* Error Messaging:: How to get messages and report errors.
* Writing New Back Ends:: Extending old back ends.
* Hooking New Back Ends Into Gnus:: What has to be done on the Gnus end.
gnus-group-clear-data-on-native-groups} command to clear out all data
that you have on your native groups. Use with caution.
+@kindex M-x gnus-group-clear-data
+@findex gnus-group-clear-data
+Clear the data from the current group only---nix out marks and the
+list of read articles (@code{gnus-group-clear-data}).
+
After changing servers, you @strong{must} move the cache hierarchy away,
since the cached articles will have wrong article numbers, which will
affect which articles Gnus thinks are read.
+@code{gnus-group-clear-data-on-native-groups} will ask you if you want
+to have it done automatically; for @code{gnus-group-clear-data}, you
+can use @kbd{M-x gnus-cache-move-cache} (but beware, it will move the
+cache for all groups).
@node Startup Files
@item unseen
Place point on the subject line of the first unseen article.
+@item unseen-or-unread
+Place point on the subject line of the first unseen article, and if
+there is no such article, place point on the subject line of the first
+unread article.
+
@item best
Place point on the subject line of the highest-scored unread article.
See also @code{gnus-parameter-to-list-alist}.
+@item subscribed
+@cindex subscribed
+If this parameter is set to @code{t}, Gnus will consider the
+to-address and to-list parameters for this group as addresses of
+mailing lists you are subscribed to. Giving Gnus this information
+will help it to generate correct Mail-Followup-To headers for your
+posts to these lists.
+
+See also @code{gnus-find-subscribed-addresses}, the function that
+directly uses this group parameter.
+
@item visible
@cindex visible
If the group parameter list has the element @code{(visible . t)},
List all groups that Gnus knows about in a topics-ified way
(@code{gnus-topic-list-active}).
+@item T M-n
+@kindex T M-n (Topic)
+@findex gnus-topic-goto-next-topic
+Go to the next topic (@code{gnus-topic-goto-next-topic}).
+
+@item T M-p
+@kindex T M-p (Topic)
+@findex gnus-topic-goto-previous-topic
+Go to the next topic (@code{gnus-topic-goto-previous-topic}).
+
@item G p
@kindex G p (Topic)
@findex gnus-topic-edit-parameters
"%M\%S\%p\%P\%5y: %(%-40,40g%) %6,6~(cut 2)d\n")
@end lisp
+If you would like greater control of the time format, you can use a
+user-defined format spec. Something like the following should do the
+trick:
+
+@lisp
+(setq gnus-group-line-format
+ "%M\%S\%p\%P\%5y: %(%-40,40g%) %ud\n")
+(defun gnus-user-format-function-d (headers)
+ (let ((time (gnus-group-timestamp gnus-tmp-group)))
+ (if time
+ (format-time-string "%b %d %H:%M" time)
+ "")))
+@end lisp
+
@node File Commands
@subsection File Commands
* Choosing Articles:: Reading articles.
* Paging the Article:: Scrolling the current article.
* Reply Followup and Post:: Posting articles.
-* Delayed Articles::
+* Delayed Articles::
* Marking Articles:: Marking articles as read, expirable, etc.
* Limiting:: You can limit the summary buffer.
* Threading:: How threads are made.
"Your Name Here")
@end lisp
+(The values listed above are the default values in Gnus. Alter them
+to fit your needs.)
+
Now, this is mostly useful for mail groups, where you have control over
the @sc{nov} files that are created. However, if you can persuade your
nntp admin to add:
* Summary Mail Commands:: Sending mail.
* Summary Post Commands:: Sending news.
* Summary Message Commands:: Other Message-related commands.
-* Canceling and Superseding::
+* Canceling and Superseding::
@end menu
goes out to all people listed in the @code{To}, @code{From} (or
@code{Reply-to}) and @code{Cc} headers.
-@item S W
-@kindex S W (Summary)
+@item S V
+@kindex S V (Summary)
@findex gnus-summary-wide-reply-with-original
Mail a wide reply to the current article and include the original
message (@code{gnus-summary-wide-reply-with-original}). This command uses
@findex gnus-thread-sort-by-author
@findex gnus-thread-sort-by-number
@vindex gnus-thread-sort-functions
+@findex gnus-thread-sort-by-most-recent-thread
If you are using a threaded summary display, you can sort the threads by
setting @code{gnus-thread-sort-functions}, which can be either a single
function, a list of functions, or a list containing functions and
By default, sorting is done on article numbers. Ready-made sorting
predicate functions include @code{gnus-thread-sort-by-number},
@code{gnus-thread-sort-by-author}, @code{gnus-thread-sort-by-subject},
-@code{gnus-thread-sort-by-date}, @code{gnus-thread-sort-by-score}, and
+@code{gnus-thread-sort-by-date}, @code{gnus-thread-sort-by-score},
+@code{gnus-thread-sort-by-most-recent-number},
+@code{gnus-thread-sort-by-most-recent-date} and
@code{gnus-thread-sort-by-total-score}.
Each function takes two threads and returns non-@code{nil} if the first
files, and @kbd{gnus-cache-generate-active} will (re)generate the active
file.
+@findex gnus-cache-move-cache
+@code{gnus-cache-move-cache} will move your whole
+@code{gnus-cache-directory} to some other location. You get asked to
+where, isn't that cool?
@node Persistent Articles
@section Persistent Articles
these articles easier.
@menu
-* Article Highlighting:: You want to make the article look like fruit salad.
-* Article Fontisizing:: Making emphasized text look nice.
-* Article Hiding:: You also want to make certain info go away.
-* Article Washing:: Lots of way-neat functions to make life better.
-* Article Buttons:: Click on URLs, Message-IDs, addresses and the like.
-* Article Date:: Grumble, UT!
-* Article Display:: Display various stuff---X-Face, Picons, Smileys
-* Article Signature:: What is a signature?
-* Article Miscellania:: Various other stuff.
+* Article Highlighting:: You want to make the article look like fruit salad.
+* Article Fontisizing:: Making emphasized text look nice.
+* Article Hiding:: You also want to make certain info go away.
+* Article Washing:: Lots of way-neat functions to make life better.
+* Article Header:: Doing various header transformations.
+* Article Buttons:: Click on URLs, Message-IDs, addresses and the like.
+* Article Date:: Grumble, UT!
+* Article Display:: Display various stuff---X-Face, Picons, Smileys
+* Article Signature:: What is a signature?
+* Article Miscellania:: Various other stuff.
@end menu
@kindex W s (Summary)
@findex gnus-summary-force-verify-and-decrypt
Verify a signed (PGP, PGP/MIME or S/MIME) message
-(@code{gnus-summary-force-verify-and-decrypt}).
-
-@item W u
-@kindex W u (Summary)
-@findex gnus-article-treat-unfold-headers
-Unfold folded header lines (@code{gnus-article-treat-unfold-headers}).
-
-@item W n
-@kindex W n (Summary)
-@findex gnus-article-treat-fold-newsgroups
-Fold the @code{Newsgroups} and @code{Followup-To} headers
-(@code{gnus-article-treat-fold-newsgroups}).
+(@code{gnus-summary-force-verify-and-decrypt}). @xref{Security}.
@item W W H
@kindex W W H (Summary)
@xref{Customizing Articles}, for how to wash articles automatically.
+@node Article Header
+@subsection Article Header
+
+These commands perform various transformations of article header.
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item W G u
+@kindex W G u (Summary)
+@findex gnus-article-treat-unfold-headers
+Unfold folded header lines (@code{gnus-article-treat-unfold-headers}).
+
+@item W G n
+@kindex W G n (Summary)
+@findex gnus-article-treat-fold-newsgroups
+Fold the @code{Newsgroups} and @code{Followup-To} headers
+(@code{gnus-article-treat-fold-newsgroups}).
+
+@item W G f
+@kindex W G f (Summary)
+@findex gnus-article-treat-fold-header
+Fold all the message headers
+(@code{gnus-article-treat-fold-headers}).
+
+@end table
+
+
@node Article Buttons
@subsection Article Buttons
@cindex buttons
@item W D s
@kindex W D s (Summary)
-@findex gnus-article-toggle-smiley
-Toggle whether to display smileys
-(@code{gnus-article-toggle-smiley}).
+@findex gnus-smiley-smiley
+Display smileys (@code{gnus-treat-smiley}).
@item W D f
@kindex W D f (Summary)
Piconify all news headers (i. e., @code{Newsgroups} and
@code{Followup-To}) (@code{gnus-treat-from-picon}).
+@item W D D
+@kindex W D D (Summary)
+@findex gnus-article-remove-images
+Remove all images from the article buffer
+(@code{gnus-article-remove-images}).
+
@end table
@menu
* Summary Group Information:: Information oriented commands.
* Searching for Articles:: Multiple article commands.
-* Summary Generation Commands::
+* Summary Generation Commands::
* Really Various Summary Commands:: Those pesky non-conformant commands.
@end menu
@section Security
Gnus is able to verify signed messages or decrypt encrypted messages.
-The formats that are supported are PGP (plain text, RFC 1991 format),
-PGP/MIME (RFC 2015/3156) and S/MIME, however you need some external
-programs to get things to work:
+The formats that are supported are PGP, PGP/MIME and S/MIME, however
+you need some external programs to get things to work:
@enumerate
@item
-To verify or decrypt PGP messages, you have to install mailcrypt or
-gpg.el as well as a OpenPGP implementation (such as GnuPG). @xref{Using GPG}.
+To handle PGP messages, you have to install mailcrypt or gpg.el as
+well as a OpenPGP implementation (such as GnuPG).
@item
-To verify or decrypt S/MIME message, you need to install OpenSSL.
-OpenSSL 0.9.6 or newer is recommended.
+To handle S/MIME message, you need to install OpenSSL. OpenSSL 0.9.6
+or newer is recommended.
@end enumerate
More information on how to set things up can be found in the message
-manual. @xref{Security, ,Security, message, The Message Manual}.
+manual (@pxref{Security, ,Security, message, Message Manual}).
@table @code
@item mm-verify-option
@item mm-decrypt-option
@vindex mm-decrypt-option
Option of decrypting encrypted parts. @code{never}, no decryption;
-@code{always}, always decrypt @code{known}, only decrypt known
+@code{always}, always decrypt; @code{known}, only decrypt known
protocols. Otherwise, ask user.
@end table
@table @code
@item gnus-treat-buttonize (t, integer)
@item gnus-treat-buttonize-head (head)
+
+@xref{Article Buttons}.
+
@item gnus-treat-capitalize-sentences (t, integer)
+@item gnus-treat-overstrike (t, integer)
+@item gnus-treat-strip-cr (t, integer)
+@item gnus-treat-strip-headers-in-body (t, integer)
+@item gnus-treat-strip-leading-blank-lines (t, integer)
+@item gnus-treat-strip-multiple-blank-lines (t, integer)
+@item gnus-treat-strip-pem (t, last, integer)
+@item gnus-treat-strip-pgp (t, last, integer)
+@item gnus-treat-strip-trailing-blank-lines (t, last, integer)
+
+@xref{Article Washing}.
+
@item gnus-treat-date-english (head)
@item gnus-treat-date-iso8601 (head)
@item gnus-treat-date-lapsed (head)
@item gnus-treat-date-original (head)
@item gnus-treat-date-user-defined (head)
@item gnus-treat-date-ut (head)
-@item gnus-treat-display-picons (head)
+
+@xref{Article Date}.
+
+@item gnus-treat-from-picon (head)
+@item gnus-treat-mail-picon (head)
+@item gnus-treat-newsgroups-picon (head)
+
+@xref{Picons}.
+
@item gnus-treat-display-smileys (t, integer)
+
+@item gnus-treat-body-boundary (head)
+
+@vindex gnus-body-boundary-delimiter
+Adds a delimiter between header and body, the string used as delimiter
+is controlled by @code{gnus-body-boundary-delimiter}.
+
+@xref{Smileys}.
+
@item gnus-treat-display-xface (head)
+
+@xref{X-Face}.
+
@item gnus-treat-emphasize (t, head, integer)
@item gnus-treat-fill-article (t, integer)
@item gnus-treat-fill-long-lines (t, integer)
@item gnus-treat-hide-citation-maybe (t, integer)
@item gnus-treat-hide-headers (head)
@item gnus-treat-hide-signature (t, last)
+
+@xref{Article Hiding}.
+
@item gnus-treat-highlight-citation (t, integer)
@item gnus-treat-highlight-headers (head)
@item gnus-treat-highlight-signature (t, last, integer)
-@item gnus-treat-overstrike (t, integer)
+
+@xref{Article Highlighting}.
+
@item gnus-treat-play-sounds
-@item gnus-treat-strip-cr (t, integer)
-@item gnus-treat-strip-headers-in-body (t, integer)
-@item gnus-treat-strip-leading-blank-lines (t, integer)
-@item gnus-treat-strip-multiple-blank-lines (t, integer)
-@item gnus-treat-strip-pem (t, last, integer)
-@item gnus-treat-strip-pgp (t, last, integer)
-@item gnus-treat-strip-trailing-blank-lines (t, last, integer)
@item gnus-treat-translate
@item gnus-treat-x-pgp-sig (head)
-@item gnus-treat-from-picon (head)
-@item gnus-treat-mail-picon (head)
-@item gnus-treat-newsgroups-picon (head)
+
@item gnus-treat-unfold-headers (head)
+@item gnus-treat-fold-headers (head)
@item gnus-treat-fold-newsgroups (head)
-@item gnus-treat-body-boundary (head)
+
+
+
@end table
@vindex gnus-part-display-hook
@findex gnus-article-prev-button
Go to the previous button, if any (@code{gnus-article-prev-button}).
+@item R
+@kindex R (Article)
+@findex gnus-article-reply-with-original
+Send a reply to the current article and yank the current article
+(@code{gnus-article-reply-with-original}). If given a prefix, make a
+wide reply. If the region is active, only yank the text in the
+region.
+
+@item F
+@kindex F (Article)
+@findex gnus-article-followup-with-original
+Send a followup to the current article and yank the current article
+(@code{gnus-article-followup-with-original}). If given a prefix, make
+a wide reply. If the region is active, only yank the text in the
+region.
+
+
@end table
@cindex followup
@cindex post
@cindex using gpg
+@cindex using s/mime
+@cindex using smime
@kindex C-c C-c (Post)
All commands for posting and mailing will put you in a message buffer
where you can edit the article all you like, before you send the
-article by pressing @kbd{C-c C-c}. @xref{Top, , Top, message, The
+article by pressing @kbd{C-c C-c}. @xref{Top, , Overview, message,
Message Manual}. Where the message will be posted/mailed to depends
on your setup (@pxref{Posting Server}).
* Posting Styles:: An easier way to specify who you are.
* Drafts:: Postponing messages and rejected messages.
* Rejected Articles:: What happens if the server doesn't like your article?
-* Using GPG:: How to use GPG and MML to sign and encrypt messages
+* Signing and encrypting:: How to compose secure messages.
@end menu
Also see @pxref{Canceling and Superseding} for information on how to
This variable can be used instead of @code{gnus-message-archive-group},
but the latter is the preferred method.
-@item gnus-inews-mark-gcc-as-read
-@vindex gnus-inews-mark-gcc-as-read
+@item gnus-gcc-mark-as-read
+@vindex gnus-gcc-mark-as-read
If non-@code{nil}, automatically mark @code{Gcc} articles as read.
@end table
(@pxref{Drafts}). When the server comes back up again, you'd then
typically enter that group and send all the articles off.
-@node Using GPG
-@section Using GPG
+@node Signing and encrypting
+@section Signing and encrypting
@cindex using gpg
+@cindex using s/mime
+@cindex using smime
-Gnus has an ALPHA support to GPG that's provided by @file{gpg.el}. See
-@code{mm-verify-option} and @code{mm-decrypt-option} to enable Gnus to
-verify or decrypt messages accordingly.
+Gnus can digitally sign and encrypt your messages, using vanilla PGP
+format or PGP/MIME or S/MIME. For decoding such messages, see the
+@code{mm-verify-option} and @code{mm-decrypt-option} options
+(@pxref{Security}).
-To use this correctly with GPG, you'll need the following lisp code in your
-@file{~/.emacs} or @file{~/.gnus}:
+For PGP, Gnus supports two external libraries, @sc{gpg.el} and
+@sc{Mailcrypt}, you need to install at least one of them. The S/MIME
+support in Gnus requires the external program OpenSSL.
-@lisp
-(require 'gpg)
-(setq mml2015-use 'gpg)
-(setq mml1991-use 'gpg)
-(setq gpg-temp-directory (expand-file-name "~/.gnupg/tmp"))
-@end lisp
+Instructing MML to perform security operations on a MIME part is done
+using the @code{C-c C-m s} key map for signing and the @code{C-c C-m
+c} key map for encryption, as follows.
+
+@table @kbd
+
+@item C-c C-m s s
+@kindex C-c C-m s s
+@findex mml-secure-sign-smime
+
+Digitally sign current MIME part using S/MIME.
+
+@item C-c C-m s o
+@kindex C-c C-m s o
+@findex mml-secure-sign-pgp
+
+Digitally sign current MIME part using PGP.
-The @code{gpg-temp-directory} need to point to a directory with permissions set
-to 700, for your own safety.
+@item C-c C-m s p
+@kindex C-c C-m s p
+@findex mml-secure-sign-pgp
-To sign or encrypt your message you may choose to use the MML Security
-menu or @kbd{C-c C-m s p} to sign your message using PGP/MIME,
-@kbd{C-c C-m s s} to sign your message using S/MIME. There's also
-@kbd{C-c C-m c p} to encrypt your message with PGP/MIME and @kbd{C-c
-C-m c s} to encrypt using S/MIME. @xref{Security, ,Security, message,
-The Message Manual}.
+Digitally sign current MIME part using PGP/MIME.
-Gnus will ask for your passphrase and then it will send your message, if
-you've typed it correctly.
+@item C-c C-m c s
+@kindex C-c C-m c s
+@findex mml-secure-encrypt-smime
+
+Digitally encrypt current MIME part using S/MIME.
+
+@item C-c C-m c o
+@kindex C-c C-m c o
+@findex mml-secure-encrypt-pgp
+
+Digitally encrypt current MIME part using PGP.
+
+@item C-c C-m c p
+@kindex C-c C-m c p
+@findex mml-secure-encrypt-pgpmime
+
+Digitally encrypt current MIME part using PGP/MIME.
+
+@end table
+
+Also @xref{Security, ,Security, message, Message Manual}.
@node Select Methods
@chapter Select Methods
* Duplicates:: Dealing with duplicated mail.
* Not Reading Mail:: Using mail back ends for reading other files.
* Choosing a Mail Back End:: Gnus can read a variety of mail formats.
-* Archiving Mail:: How to backup your mail.
@end menu
file is first copied to your home directory. What happens after that
depends on what format you want to store your mail in.
-There are five different mail back ends in the standard Gnus, and more
+There are six different mail back ends in the standard Gnus, and more
back ends are available separately. The mail back end most people use
-(because it is the fastest and most flexible) is @code{nnml}
-(@pxref{Mail Spool}).
+(because it is possibly the fastest) is @code{nnml} (@pxref{Mail
+Spool}). You might notice that only five back ends are listed below;
+@code{nnmaildir}'s documentation has not yet been completely
+incorporated into this manual. Until it is, you can find it at
+@uref{http://multivac.cwru.edu./nnmaildir/}.
@menu
* Unix Mail Box:: Using the (quite) standard Un*x mbox.
to restore the group (after restoring the backup into the nnml
directory).
+If for some reason you believe your @file{.marks} files are screwed
+up, you can just delete them all. Gnus will then correctly regenerate
+them next time it starts.
+
Virtual server settings:
@table @code
only a moderate amount of mail, @code{nnfolder} is probably the most
friendly mail back end all over.
+@item nnmaildir
+
+@code{nnmaildir} is largely similar to @code{nnml}, with some notable
+differences. Each message is stored in a separate file, but the
+filename is unrelated to the article number in Gnus. @code{nnmaildir}
+also stores the equivalent of @code{nnml}'s overview files in one file
+per article, so it uses about twice as many inodes as @code{nnml}. (Use
+@code{df -i} to see how plentiful your inode supply is.) If this slows
+you down or takes up very much space, consider switching to ReiserFS
+(@uref{http://www.namesys.com/}) or another non-block-structured
+filesystem.
+
+Since maildirs don't require locking for delivery, the maildirs you use
+as groups can also be the maildirs your mail is directly delivered to.
+This means you can skip Gnus's mail splitting if your mail is already
+organized into different mailboxes during delivery. A @code{directory}
+entry in @code{mail-sources} would have a similar effect, but would
+require one set of mailboxes for spooling deliveries (in mbox format,
+thus damaging message bodies), and another set to be used as groups (in
+whatever format you like). A maildir has a built-in spool, in the
+@code{new/} subdirectory. Beware that currently, mail moved from
+@code{new/} to @code{cur/} instead of via mail splitting will undergo
+treatment such as duplicate checking.
+
+An article will not necessarily keep the same number across Gnus
+sessions; articles are renumbered starting from 1 for each Gnus session
+(more precisely, each time you open the @code{nnmaildir} server). This
+way, you don't get gaps in your article number ranges, and when entering
+large groups, Gnus is likely to give a more accurate article count. The
+price is that @code{nnmaildir} doesn't work with the cache or agent.
+This will probably be changed in the future.
+
+@code{nnmaildir} stores article marks for a given group in the
+corresponding maildir, in a way designed so that it's easy to manipulate
+them from outside Gnus. You can tar up a maildir, unpack it somewhere
+else, and still have your marks. @code{nnml} also stores marks, but
+it's not as easy to work with them from outside Gnus as with
+@code{nnmaildir}.
+
+For configuring expiry and other things, @code{nnmaildir} uses group
+parameters slightly different from those of other mail backends.
+
+@code{nnmaildir} uses a significant amount of memory to speed things up.
+(It keeps in memory some of the things that @code{nnml} stores in files
+and that @code{nnmh} repeatedly parses out of message files.) If this
+is a problem for you, you can set the @code{nov-cache-size} group
+parameter to somthing small (0 would probably not work, but 1 probably
+would) to make it use less memory.
+
+Startup and shutdown are likely to be slower with @code{nnmaildir} than
+with other backends. Everything in between is likely to be faster,
+depending in part on your filesystem.
+
+@code{nnmaildir} does not use @code{nnoo}, so you cannot use @code{nnoo}
+to write an @code{nnmaildir}-derived backend.
+
@end table
interfaces to these sources.
@menu
+* Archiving Mail::
* Web Searches:: Creating groups from articles that match a string.
* Slashdot:: Reading the Slashdot comments.
* Ultimate:: The Ultimate Bulletin Board systems.
@sc{html} in the Gnus article buffers will use @code{browse-url} to
follow the link.
+
@node IMAP
@section @sc{imap}
@cindex nnimap
specify the network address of the server.
@sc{imap} has two properties. First, @sc{imap} can do everything that
-POP can, it can hence be viewed as POP++. Secondly, @sc{imap} is a
+POP can, it can hence be viewed as a POP++. Secondly, @sc{imap} is a
mail storage protocol, similar to @sc{nntp} being a news storage
-protocol. (@sc{imap} offers more features than @sc{nntp} because news
-is more or less read-only whereas mail is read-write.)
+protocol -- however, @sc{imap} offers more features than @sc{nntp}
+because news is more or less read-only whereas mail is read-write.
-If you want to use @sc{imap} as POP++, use an imap entry in
-mail-sources. With this, Gnus will fetch mails from the @sc{imap}
-server and store them on the local disk. This is not the usage
-described in this section. @xref{Mail Sources}.
+If you want to use @sc{imap} as a POP++, use an imap entry in
+@code{mail-sources}. With this, Gnus will fetch mails from the
+@sc{imap} server and store them on the local disk. This is not the
+usage described in this section--@xref{Mail Sources}.
If you want to use @sc{imap} as a mail storage protocol, use an nnimap
-entry in gnus-secondary-select-methods. With this, Gnus will
+entry in @code{gnus-secondary-select-methods}. With this, Gnus will
manipulate mails stored on the @sc{imap} server. This is the kind of
usage explained in this section.
A server configuration in @code{~/.gnus} with a few @sc{imap} servers
-might look something like this:
+might look something like the following. (Note that for SSL/TLS, you
+need external programs and libraries, see below.)
@lisp
(setq gnus-secondary-select-methods
(nnimap-stream ssl))))
@end lisp
-(Note that for SSL/TLS to work, you need the external library
-@samp{ssl.el}, see below.)
-
The following variables can be used to create a virtual @code{nnimap}
server:
@itemize @bullet
@item
-@dfn{gssapi:} Connect with GSSAPI (usually kerberos 5). Requires the
+@dfn{gssapi:} Connect with GSSAPI (usually Kerberos 5). Requires the
@samp{imtest} program.
@item
-@dfn{kerberos4:} Connect with kerberos 4. Requires the @samp{imtest} program.
+@dfn{kerberos4:} Connect with Kerberos 4. Requires the @samp{imtest} program.
@item
@dfn{starttls:} Connect via the STARTTLS extension (similar to
SSL). Requires the external library @samp{starttls.el} and program
@itemize @bullet
@item
-@dfn{gssapi:} GSSAPI (usually kerberos 5) authentication. Require
+@dfn{gssapi:} GSSAPI (usually kerberos 5) authentication. Requires
external program @code{imtest}.
@item
-@dfn{kerberos4:} Kerberos authentication. Require external program
+@dfn{kerberos4:} Kerberos 4 authentication. Requires external program
@code{imtest}.
@item
-@dfn{digest-md5:} Encrypted username/password via DIGEST-MD5. Require
+@dfn{digest-md5:} Encrypted username/password via DIGEST-MD5. Requires
external library @code{digest-md5.el}.
@item
@dfn{cram-md5:} Encrypted username/password via CRAM-MD5.
All marks in the virtual group will stick to the articles in the
component groups. So if you tick an article in a virtual group, the
-article will also be ticked in the component group from whence it came.
-(And vice versa---marks from the component groups will also be shown in
-the virtual group.)
+article will also be ticked in the component group from whence it
+came. (And vice versa---marks from the component groups will also be
+shown in the virtual group.). To create an empty virtual group, run
+@kbd{G V} (@code{gnus-group-make-empty-virtual}) in the group buffer
+and edit the method regexp with @kbd{M-e}
+(@code{gnus-group-edit-group-method})
Here's an example @code{nnvirtual} method that collects all Andrea Dworkin
newsgroups into one, big, happy newsgroup:
@kbd{C-c C-n} in the message buffer will insert the @code{Newsgroups}
line from the article you respond to in these cases.
+@code{nnvirtual} groups do not inherit anything but articles and marks
+from component groups---group parameters, for instance, are not
+inherited.
@node Kibozed Groups
@menu
-* Group Agent Commands::
-* Summary Agent Commands::
-* Server Agent Commands::
+* Group Agent Commands::
+* Summary Agent Commands::
+* Server Agent Commands::
@end menu
-You can run a complete batch fetch from the command line with the
+You can run a complete batch command from the command line with the
following incantation:
-@cindex gnus-agent-batch-fetch
+@cindex gnus-agent-batch
@example
-$ emacs -batch -l ~/.gnus.el -f gnus-agent-batch-fetch
+$ emacs -batch -l ~/.gnus.el -f gnus-agent-batch
@end example
particularly fast or efficient, and it's not a particularly good idea to
interrupt it (with @kbd{C-g} or anything else) once you've started it.
+@code{gnus-agent-expire-days} can also be a list of regexp/day pairs.
+The regexps will be matched against group names to allow differing
+expiry in different groups.
+
+@lisp
+(setq gnus-agent-expire-days
+ '(("alt\\." 7)
+ (".*binary" 1)
+ ("." 21)))
+@end lisp
+
+If you use the list form, the last element must always be the default
+method---it must always match all groups.
+
@vindex gnus-agent-expire-all
if @code{gnus-agent-expire-all} is non-@code{nil}, this command will
expire all articles---unread, read, ticked and dormant. If @code{nil}
@vindex gnus-agent-unplugged-hook
Hook run when disconnecting from the network.
+@item gnus-agent-fetched-hook
+@vindex gnus-agent-fetched-hook
+Hook run when after finishing fetching articles.
+
+@item gnus-agent-cache
+@vindex gnus-agent-cache
+Variable to control whether use the locally stored NOV and articles when
+plugged.
+
+@item gnus-agent-go-online
+@vindex gnus-agent-go-online
+If @code{gnus-agent-go-online} is @code{nil}, the Agent will never
+automatically switch offline servers into online status. If it is
+@code{ask}, the default, the Agent will ask if you wish to switch
+offline servers into online status when you re-connect. If it has any
+other value, all offline servers will be automatically switched into
+online status.
+
@end table
may ask:
@table @dfn
-@item If I read an article while plugged, do they get entered into the
-Agent?
+@item If I read an article while plugged, do they get entered into the Agent?
-@strong{No.}
+@strong{No}.
-@item If I read an article while plugged, and the article already exists
-in the Agent, will it get downloaded once more?
+@item If I read an article while plugged, and the article already exists in the Agent, will it get downloaded once more?
-@strong{Yes.}
+@strong{No}, unless @code{gnus-agent-cache} is `nil'.
@end table
In short, when Gnus is unplugged, it only looks into the locally stored
-articles; when it's plugged, it only talks to your ISP.
+articles; when it's plugged, it only talks to your ISP and also uses the
+locally stored articles.
@node Scoring
@item gnus-update-score-entry-dates
@vindex gnus-update-score-entry-dates
-If this variable is non-@code{nil}, matching score entries will have
-their dates updated. (This is how Gnus controls expiry---all
-non-matching entries will become too old while matching entries will
-stay fresh and young.) However, if you set this variable to @code{nil},
-even matching entries will grow old and will have to face that oh-so
-grim reaper.
+If this variable is non-@code{nil}, temporary score entries that have
+been triggered (matched) will have their dates updated. (This is how Gnus
+controls expiry---all non-matched-entries will become too old while
+matched entries will stay fresh and young.) However, if you set this
+variable to @code{nil}, even matched entries will grow old and will
+have to face that oh-so grim reaper.
@item gnus-score-after-write-file-function
@vindex gnus-score-after-write-file-function
@chapter Various
@menu
-* Process/Prefix:: A convention used by many treatment commands.
-* Interactive:: Making Gnus ask you many questions.
-* Symbolic Prefixes:: How to supply some Gnus functions with options.
-* Formatting Variables:: You can specify what buffers should look like.
-* Window Layout:: Configuring the Gnus buffer windows.
-* Faces and Fonts:: How to change how faces look.
-* Compilation:: How to speed Gnus up.
-* Mode Lines:: Displaying information in the mode lines.
-* Highlighting and Menus:: Making buffers look all nice and cozy.
-* Buttons:: Get tendinitis in ten easy steps!
-* Daemons:: Gnus can do things behind your back.
-* NoCeM:: How to avoid spam and other fatty foods.
-* Undo:: Some actions can be undone.
-* Moderation:: What to do if you're a moderator.
-* Image Enhancements:: Modern versions of Emacs/XEmacs can display images.
-* Fuzzy Matching:: What's the big fuzz?
-* Thwarting Email Spam:: A how-to on avoiding unsolicited commercial email.
-* Various Various:: Things that are really various.
+* Process/Prefix:: A convention used by many treatment commands.
+* Interactive:: Making Gnus ask you many questions.
+* Symbolic Prefixes:: How to supply some Gnus functions with options.
+* Formatting Variables:: You can specify what buffers should look like.
+* Window Layout:: Configuring the Gnus buffer windows.
+* Faces and Fonts:: How to change how faces look.
+* Compilation:: How to speed Gnus up.
+* Mode Lines:: Displaying information in the mode lines.
+* Highlighting and Menus:: Making buffers look all nice and cozy.
+* Buttons:: Get tendinitis in ten easy steps!
+* Daemons:: Gnus can do things behind your back.
+* NoCeM:: How to avoid spam and other fatty foods.
+* Undo:: Some actions can be undone.
+* Predicate Specifiers:: Specifying predicates.
+* Moderation:: What to do if you're a moderator.
+* Image Enhancements:: Modern versions of Emacs/XEmacs can display images.
+* Fuzzy Matching:: What's the big fuzz?
+* Thwarting Email Spam:: A how-to on avoiding unsolicited commercial email.
+* Various Various:: Things that are really various.
@end menu
Also Gnus supports some extended format specifications, such as
@samp{%&user-date;}.
+
@node Mode Line Formatting
@subsection Mode Line Formatting
@item form
Use the specified form as the field value when the @samp{@@} spec is
used.
+
+Here's an example:
+
+@lisp
+"~(form (current-time-string))@@"
+@end lisp
+
@end table
Let's take an example. The @samp{%o} spec in the summary mode lines
command.
+@node Predicate Specifiers
+@section Predicate Specifiers
+@cindex predicate specifiers
+
+Some Gnus variables are @dfn{predicate specifiers}. This is a special
+form that allows flexible specification of predicates without having
+to type all that much.
+
+These specifiers are lists consisting of functions, symbols and lists.
+
+Here's an example:
+
+@lisp
+(or gnus-article-unseen-p
+ gnus-article-unread-p)
+@end lisp
+
+The available symbols are @code{or}, @code{and} and @code{not}. The
+functions all take one parameter.
+
+@findex gnus-make-predicate
+Internally, Gnus calls @code{gnus-make-predicate} on these specifiers
+to create a function that can be called. This input parameter to this
+function will be passed along to all the functions in the predicate
+specifier.
+
+
@node Moderation
@section Moderation
@cindex moderation
Gnus has taken advantage of that.
@menu
-* Picons:: How to display pictures of what you're reading.
-* Smileys:: Show all those happy faces the way they were meant to be shown.
-* X-Face:: Display a funky, teensy black-and-white image.
-* Toolbar:: Click'n'drool.
-* XVarious:: Other XEmacsy Gnusey variables.
+* Picons:: How to display pictures of what you're reading.
+* Smileys:: Show all those happy faces the way they were meant to be shown.
+* X-Face:: Display a funky, teensy black-and-white image.
+* Toolbar:: Click'n'drool.
+* XVarious:: Other XEmacsy Gnusey variables.
@end menu
@subsection X-Face
@cindex x-face
-@code{X-Face} headers describe a 48x48 pixel black-and-white image
-that's supposed to represent the author of the message. It seems to
-be supported by an ever-growing number of mail and news readers.
+@code{X-Face} headers describe a 48x48 pixel black-and-white (1 bit
+depth) image that's supposed to represent the author of the message.
+It seems to be supported by an ever-growing number of mail and news
+readers.
@cindex x-face
@findex gnus-article-display-x-face
(NOTE: @code{x-face} is used in the variable/function names, not
@code{xface}).
+Gnus provides a few convenience functions and variables to allow
+easier insertion of X-Face headers in outgoing messages.
+
+@findex gnus-random-x-face
+@code{gnus-random-x-face} goes through all the @samp{pbm} files
+in @code{gnus-x-face-directory} and picks one at random, and then
+converts it to the X-Face format by using the
+@code{gnus-convert-pbm-to-x-face-command} shell command. The
+@samp{pbm} files should be 48x48 pixels big.
+
+@code{gnus-x-face-from-file} takes a file as the parameter, and then
+converts the file to X-Face format by using the
+@code{gnus-convert-image-to-x-face-command} shell command.
+
+Here's how you would typically use the former function. Put something
+like the folllowing in your @file{.gnus.el} file:
+
+@lisp
+(setq message-required-news-headers
+ (nconc message-required-news-headers
+ (list '(X-Face . gnus-random-x-face))))
+@end lisp
+
+Using the latter function would be something like this:
+
+@lisp
+(setq message-required-news-headers
+ (nconc message-required-news-headers
+ (list '(X-Face . (lambda ()
+ (gnus-x-face-from-file
+ "~/My-face.gif"))))))
+@end lisp
+
@node Toolbar
@subsection Toolbar
@node Gnus Versions
@subsection Gnus Versions
-@cindex Pterodactyl Gnus
@cindex ding Gnus
@cindex September Gnus
+@cindex Red Gnus
@cindex Quassia Gnus
+@cindex Pterodactyl Gnus
+@cindex Oort Gnus
+@cindex No Gnus
The first ``proper'' release of Gnus 5 was done in November 1995 when it
was included in the Emacs 19.30 distribution (132 (ding) Gnus releases
@table @strong
-@item RFC 822
+@item RFC (2)822
@cindex RFC 822
+@cindex RFC 2822
There are no known breaches of this standard.
@item RFC 1036
various changes to the format of news articles. The Gnus towers will
look into implementing the changes when the draft is accepted as an RFC.
+@item MIME - RFC 2045-2049 etc
+@cindex MIME
+All the various MIME RFCs are supported.
+
+@item Disposition Notifications - RFC 2298
+Message Mode is able to request notifications from the receiver.
+
+@item PGP - RFC 1991 and RFC 2440
+@cindex RFC 1991
+@cindex RFC 2440
+RFC 1991 is the original PGP message specification, published as a
+Information RFC. RFC 2440 was the follow-up, now called Open PGP, and
+put on the Standards Track. Both document a non-MIME aware PGP
+format. Gnus supports both encoding (signing and encryption) and
+decoding (verification and decryption).
+
+@item PGP/MIME - RFC 2015/3156
+RFC 2015 (superceded by 3156 which references RFC 2440 instead of RFC
+1991) describes the MIME-wrapping around the RF 1991/2440 format.
+Gnus supports both encoding and decoding.
+
+@item S/MIME - RFC 2633
+RFC 2633 describes the S/MIME format.
+
+@item IMAP - RFC 1730/2060, RFC 2195, RFC 2086, RFC 2359, RFC 2595, RFC 1731
+RFC 1730 is IMAP version 4, updated somewhat by RFC 2060 (IMAP 4
+revision 1). RFC 2195 describes CRAM-MD5 authentication for IMAP. RFC
+2086 describes access control lists (ACLs) for IMAP. RFC 2359
+describes a IMAP protocol enhancement. RFC 2595 describes the proper
+TLS integration (STARTTLS) with IMAP. RFC 1731 describes the
+GSSAPI/Kerberos4 mechanisms for IMAP.
+
@end table
If you ever notice Gnus acting non-compliant with regards to the texts
If this is non-@code{nil}, all threads in the summary buffer will be
hidden initially.
+This can also be a predicate specifier (@pxref{Predicate Specifiers}).
+Avaliable predicates are @code{gnus-article-unread-p} and
+@code{gnus-article-unseen-p}).
+
+Here's an example:
+
+@lisp
+(setq gnus-thread-hide-subtree
+ '(or gnus-article-unread-p
+ gnus-article-unseen-p))
+@end lisp
+
+(It's a pretty nonsensical example, since all unseen articles are also
+unread, but you get my drift.)
+
+
@item gnus-updated-mode-lines
If this is @code{nil}, Gnus will not put information in the buffer mode
lines, which might save some time.
@cindex @code{nnchoke}
@menu
-* Required Back End Functions:: Functions that must be implemented.
-* Optional Back End Functions:: Functions that need not be implemented.
+* Required Back End Functions:: Functions that must be implemented.
+* Optional Back End Functions:: Functions that need not be implemented.
* Error Messaging:: How to get messages and report errors.
* Writing New Back Ends:: Extending old back ends.
* Hooking New Back Ends Into Gnus:: What has to be done on the Gnus end.
projects / elisp / gnus.git- / blobdiff