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INFO-DIR-SECTION XEmacs Editor
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* XEmacs: (xemacs).             XEmacs Editor.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY

   This file documents the XEmacs editor.

   Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1988 Richard M. Stallman.  Copyright (C)
1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 Lucid, Inc.  Copyright (C) 1993, 1994 Sun
Microsystems, Inc.  Copyright (C) 1995 Amdahl Corporation.

   Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
preserved on all copies.

   Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of
this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also
that the sections entitled "The GNU Manifesto", "Distribution" and "GNU
General Public License" are included exactly as in the original, and
provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the
terms of a permission notice identical to this one.

   Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified
versions, except that the sections entitled "The GNU Manifesto",
"Distribution" and "GNU General Public License" may be included in a
translation approved by the author instead of in the original English.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Holiday Customizing,  Next: Date Display Format,  Prev: Calendar Customizing,  Up: Calendar Customization

Customizing the Holidays
........................

   Emacs knows about holidays defined by entries on one of several
lists.  You can customize these lists of holidays to your own needs,
adding or deleting holidays.  The lists of holidays that Emacs uses are
for general holidays (`general-holidays'), local holidays
(`local-holidays'), Christian holidays (`christian-holidays'), Hebrew
(Jewish) holidays (`hebrew-holidays'), Islamic (Moslem) holidays
(`islamic-holidays'), and other holidays (`other-holidays').

   The general holidays are, by default, holidays common throughout the
United States.  To eliminate these holidays, set `general-holidays' to
`nil'.

   There are no default local holidays (but sites may supply some).  You
can set the variable `local-holidays' to any list of holidays, as
described below.

   By default, Emacs does not include all the holidays of the religions
that it knows, only those commonly found in secular calendars.  For a
more extensive collection of religious holidays, you can set any (or
all) of the variables `all-christian-calendar-holidays',
`all-hebrew-calendar-holidays', or `all-islamic-calendar-holidays' to
`t'.  If you want to eliminate the religious holidays, set any or all
of the corresponding variables `christian-holidays', `hebrew-holidays',
and `islamic-holidays' to `nil'.

   You can set the variable `other-holidays' to any list of holidays.
This list, normally empty, is intended for individual use.

   Each of the lists (`general-holidays', `local-holidays',
`christian-holidays', `hebrew-holidays', `islamic-holidays', and
`other-holidays') is a list of "holiday forms", each holiday form
describing a holiday (or sometimes a list of holidays).

   Here is a table of the possible kinds of holiday form.  Day numbers
and month numbers count starting from 1, but "dayname" numbers count
Sunday as 0.  The element STRING is always the name of the holiday, as
a string.

`(holiday-fixed MONTH DAY STRING)'
     A fixed date on the Gregorian calendar.  MONTH and DAY are
     numbers, STRING is the name of the holiday.

`(holiday-float MONTH DAYNAME K STRING)'
     The Kth DAYNAME in MONTH on the Gregorian calendar (DAYNAME=0 for
     Sunday, and so on); negative K means count back from the end of
     the month.  STRING is the name of the holiday.

`(holiday-hebrew MONTH DAY STRING)'
     A fixed date on the Hebrew calendar.  MONTH and DAY are numbers,
     STRING is the name of the holiday.

`(holiday-islamic MONTH DAY STRING)'
     A fixed date on the Islamic calendar.  MONTH and DAY are numbers,
     STRING is the name of the holiday.

`(holiday-julian MONTH DAY STRING)'
     A fixed date on the Julian calendar.  MONTH and DAY are numbers,
     STRING is the name of the holiday.

`(holiday-sexp SEXP STRING)'
     A date calculated by the Lisp expression SEXP.  The expression
     should use the variable `year' to compute and return the date of a
     holiday, or `nil' if the holiday doesn't happen this year.  The
     value of SEXP must represent the date as a list of the form
     `(MONTH DAY YEAR)'.  STRING is the name of the holiday.

`(if CONDITION HOLIDAY-FORM &optional HOLIDAY-FORM)'
     A holiday that happens only if CONDITION is true.

`(FUNCTION [ARGS])'
     A list of dates calculated by the function FUNCTION, called with
     arguments ARGS.

   For example, suppose you want to add Bastille Day, celebrated in
France on July 14.  You can do this by adding the following line to
your init file:

     (setq other-holidays '((holiday-fixed 7 14 "Bastille Day")))

   *Note Init File::.

The holiday form `(holiday-fixed 7 14 "Bastille Day")' specifies the
fourteenth day of the seventh month (July).

   Many holidays occur on a specific day of the week, at a specific time
of month.  Here is a holiday form describing Hurricane Supplication Day,
celebrated in the Virgin Islands on the fourth Monday in August:

     (holiday-float 8 1 4 "Hurricane Supplication Day")

Here the 8 specifies August, the 1 specifies Monday (Sunday is 0,
Tuesday is 2, and so on), and the 4 specifies the fourth occurrence in
the month (1 specifies the first occurrence, 2 the second occurrence,
-1 the last occurrence, -2 the second-to-last occurrence, and so on).

   You can specify holidays that occur on fixed days of the Hebrew,
Islamic, and Julian calendars too.  For example,

     (setq other-holidays
           '((holiday-hebrew 10 2 "Last day of Hanukkah")
             (holiday-islamic 3 12 "Mohammed's Birthday")
             (holiday-julian 4 2 "Jefferson's Birthday")))

adds the last day of Hanukkah (since the Hebrew months are numbered with
1 starting from Nisan), the Islamic feast celebrating Mohammed's
birthday (since the Islamic months are numbered from 1 starting with
Muharram), and Thomas Jefferson's birthday, which is 2 April 1743 on the
Julian calendar.

   To include a holiday conditionally, use either Emacs Lisp's `if' or
the `holiday-sexp' form.  For example, American presidential elections
occur on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November of years
divisible by 4:

     (holiday-sexp (if (= 0 (% year 4))
                        (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute
                      (1+ (calendar-dayname-on-or-before
                            1 (+ 6 (calendar-absolute-from-gregorian
                                     (list 11 1 year))))))
                   "US Presidential Election"))

or

     (if (= 0 (% displayed-year 4))
         (fixed 11
                (extract-calendar-day
                  (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute
                    (1+ (calendar-dayname-on-or-before
                          1 (+ 6 (calendar-absolute-from-gregorian
                                   (list 11 1 displayed-year)))))))
                "US Presidential Election"))

   Some holidays just don't fit into any of these forms because special
calculations are involved in their determination.  In such cases you
must write a Lisp function to do the calculation.  To include eclipses,
for example, add `(eclipses)' to `other-holidays' and write an Emacs
Lisp function `eclipses' that returns a (possibly empty) list of the
relevant Gregorian dates among the range visible in the calendar
window, with descriptive strings, like this:

     (((6 27 1991) "Lunar Eclipse") ((7 11 1991) "Solar Eclipse") ... )

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Date Display Format,  Next: Time Display Format,  Prev: Holiday Customizing,  Up: Calendar Customization

Date Display Format
...................

   You can customize the manner of displaying dates in the diary, in
mode lines, and in messages by setting `calendar-date-display-form'.
This variable holds a list of expressions that can involve the variables
`month', `day', and `year', which are all numbers in string form, and
`monthname' and `dayname', which are both alphabetic strings.  In the
American style, the default value of this list is as follows:

     ((if dayname (concat dayname ", ")) monthname " " day ", " year)

while in the European style this value is the default:

     ((if dayname (concat dayname ", ")) day " " monthname " " year)

   + The ISO standard date representation is this:

     (year "-" month "-" day)

This specifies a typical American format:

     (month "/" day "/" (substring year -2))

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Time Display Format,  Next: Daylight Savings,  Prev: Date Display Format,  Up: Calendar Customization

Time Display Format
...................

   The calendar and diary by default display times of day in the
conventional American style with the hours from 1 through 12, minutes,
and either `am' or `pm'.  If you prefer the European style, also known
in the US as military, in which the hours go from 00 to 23, you can
alter the variable `calendar-time-display-form'.  This variable is a
list of expressions that can involve the variables `12-hours',
`24-hours', and `minutes', which are all numbers in string form, and
`am-pm' and `time-zone', which are both alphabetic strings.  The
default value of `calendar-time-display-form' is as follows:

     (12-hours ":" minutes am-pm
               (if time-zone " (") time-zone (if time-zone ")"))

Here is a value that provides European style times:

     (24-hours ":" minutes
               (if time-zone " (") time-zone (if time-zone ")"))

gives military-style times like `21:07 (UT)' if time zone names are
defined, and times like `21:07' if they are not.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Daylight Savings,  Next: Diary Customizing,  Prev: Time Display Format,  Up: Calendar Customization

Daylight Savings Time
.....................

   Emacs understands the difference between standard time and daylight
savings time--the times given for sunrise, sunset, solstices,
equinoxes, and the phases of the moon take that into account.  The rules
for daylight savings time vary from place to place and have also varied
historically from year to year.  To do the job properly, Emacs needs to
know which rules to use.

   Some operating systems keep track of the rules that apply to the
place where you are; on these systems, Emacs gets the information it
needs from the system automatically.  If some or all of this
information is missing, Emacs fills in the gaps with the rules
currently used in Cambridge, Massachusetts.  If the resulting rules are
not what you want, you can tell Emacs the rules to use by setting
certain variables.

   If the default choice of rules is not appropriate for your location,
you can tell Emacs the rules to use by setting the variables
`calendar-daylight-savings-starts' and
`calendar-daylight-savings-ends'.  Their values should be Lisp
expressions that refer to the variable `year', and evaluate to the
Gregorian date on which daylight savings time starts or (respectively)
ends, in the form of a list `(MONTH DAY YEAR)'.  The values should be
`nil' if your area does not use daylight savings time.

   Emacs uses these expressions to determine the starting date of
daylight savings time for the holiday list  and for correcting times of
day in the solar and lunar calculations.

   The values for Cambridge, Massachusetts are as follows:

     (calendar-nth-named-day 1 0 4 year)
     (calendar-nth-named-day -1 0 10 year)

That is, the first 0th day (Sunday) of the fourth month (April) in the
year specified by `year', and the last Sunday of the tenth month
(October) of that year.  If daylight savings time were changed to start
on October 1, you would set `calendar-daylight-savings-starts' to this:

     (list 10 1 year)

   For a more complex example, suppose daylight savings time begins on
the first of Nisan on the Hebrew calendar.  You should set
`calendar-daylight-savings-starts' to this value:

     (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute
       (calendar-absolute-from-hebrew
         (list 1 1 (+ year 3760))))

because Nisan is the first month in the Hebrew calendar and the Hebrew
year differs from the Gregorian year by 3760 at Nisan.

   If there is no daylight savings time at your location, or if you want
all times in standard time, set `calendar-daylight-savings-starts' and
`calendar-daylight-savings-ends' to `nil'.

   The variable `calendar-daylight-time-offset' specifies the
difference between daylight savings time and standard time, measured in
minutes.  The value for Cambridge, Massachusetts is 60.

   The two variables `calendar-daylight-savings-starts-time' and
`calendar-daylight-savings-ends-time' specify the number of minutes
after midnight local time when the transition to and from daylight
savings time should occur.  For Cambridge, Massachusetts both variables'
values are 120.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Diary Customizing,  Next: Hebrew/Islamic Entries,  Prev: Daylight Savings,  Up: Calendar Customization

Customizing the Diary
.....................

   Ordinarily, the mode line of the diary buffer window indicates any
holidays that fall on the date of the diary entries.  The process of
checking for holidays can take several seconds, so including holiday
information delays the display of the diary buffer noticeably.  If you'd
prefer to have a faster display of the diary buffer but without the
holiday information, set the variable `holidays-in-diary-buffer' to
`nil'.

   The variable `number-of-diary-entries' controls the number of days
of diary entries to be displayed at one time.  It affects the initial
display when `view-diary-entries-initially' is `t', as well as the
command `M-x diary'.  For example, the default value is 1, which says
to display only the current day's diary entries.  If the value is 2,
both the current day's and the next day's entries are displayed.  The
value can also be a vector of seven elements: for example, if the value
is `[0 2 2 2 2 4 1]' then no diary entries appear on Sunday, the
current date's and the next day's diary entries appear Monday through
Thursday, Friday through Monday's entries appear on Friday, while on
Saturday only that day's entries appear.

   The variable `print-diary-entries-hook' is a normal hook run after
preparation of a temporary buffer containing just the diary entries
currently visible in the diary buffer.  (The other, irrelevant diary
entries are really absent from the temporary buffer; in the diary
buffer, they are merely hidden.)  The default value of this hook does
the printing with the command `lpr-buffer'.  If you want to use a
different command to do the printing, just change the value of this
hook.  Other uses might include, for example, rearranging the lines into
order by day and time.

   You can customize the form of dates in your diary file, if neither
the standard American nor European styles suits your needs, by setting
the variable `diary-date-forms'.  This variable is a list of patterns
for recognizing a date.  Each date pattern is a list whose elements may
be regular expressions (*note Regexps::) or the symbols `month', `day',
`year', `monthname', and `dayname'.  All these elements serve as
patterns that match certain kinds of text in the diary file.  In order
for the date pattern, as a whole, to match, all of its elements must
match consecutively.

   A regular expression in a date pattern matches in its usual fashion,
using the standard syntax table altered so that `*' is a word
constituent.

   The symbols `month', `day', `year', `monthname', and `dayname' match
the month number, day number, year number, month name, and day name of
the date being considered.  The symbols that match numbers allow
leading zeros; those that match names allow three-letter abbreviations
and capitalization.  All the symbols can match `*'; since `*' in a
diary entry means "any day", "any month", and so on, it should match
regardless of the date being considered.

   The default value of `diary-date-forms' in the American style is
this:

     ((month "/" day "[^/0-9]")
      (month "/" day "/" year "[^0-9]")
      (monthname " *" day "[^,0-9]")
      (monthname " *" day ", *" year "[^0-9]")
      (dayname "\\W"))

Emacs matches of the diary entries with the date forms is done with the
standard syntax table from Fundamental mode (*note Syntax Tables:
(lispref)Syntax Tables.), but with the `*' changed so that it is a word
constituent.

   The date patterns in the list must be _mutually exclusive_ and must
not match any portion of the diary entry itself, just the date and one
character of whitespace.  If, to be mutually exclusive, the pattern
must match a portion of the diary entry text--beyond the whitespace
that ends the date--then the first element of the date pattern _must_
be `backup'.  This causes the date recognizer to back up to the
beginning of the current word of the diary entry, after finishing the
match.  Even if you use `backup', the date pattern must absolutely not
match more than a portion of the first word of the diary entry.  The
default value of `diary-date-forms' in the European style is this list:

     ((day "/" month "[^/0-9]")
      (day "/" month "/" year "[^0-9]")
      (backup day " *" monthname "\\W+\\<[^*0-9]")
      (day " *" monthname " *" year "[^0-9]")
      (dayname "\\W"))

Notice the use of `backup' in the third pattern, because it needs to
match part of a word beyond the date itself to distinguish it from the
fourth pattern.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Hebrew/Islamic Entries,  Next: Fancy Diary Display,  Prev: Diary Customizing,  Up: Calendar Customization

Hebrew- and Islamic-Date Diary Entries
......................................

   Your diary file can have entries based on Hebrew or Islamic dates, as
well as entries based on the world-standard Gregorian calendar.
However, because recognition of such entries is time-consuming and most
people don't use them, you must explicitly enable their use.  If you
want the diary to recognize Hebrew-date diary entries, for example, you
must do this:

     (add-hook 'nongregorian-diary-listing-hook 'list-hebrew-diary-entries)
     (add-hook 'nongregorian-diary-marking-hook 'mark-hebrew-diary-entries)

If you want Islamic-date entries, do this:

     (add-hook 'nongregorian-diary-listing-hook 'list-islamic-diary-entries)
     (add-hook 'nongregorian-diary-marking-hook 'mark-islamic-diary-entries)

   Hebrew- and Islamic-date diary entries have the same formats as
Gregorian-date diary entries, except that `H' precedes a Hebrew date
and `I' precedes an Islamic date.  Moreover, because the Hebrew and
Islamic month names are not uniquely specified by the first three
letters, you may not abbreviate them.  For example, a diary entry for
the Hebrew date Heshvan 25 could look like this:

     HHeshvan 25 Happy Hebrew birthday!

and would appear in the diary for any date that corresponds to Heshvan
25 on the Hebrew calendar.  And here is  Islamic-date diary entry  that
matches Dhu al-Qada 25:

     IDhu al-Qada 25 Happy Islamic birthday!

and would appear in the diary for any date that corresponds to Dhu
al-Qada 25 on the Islamic calendar.

   As with Gregorian-date diary entries, Hebrew- and Islamic-date
entries are nonmarking if they are preceded with an ampersand (`&').

   Here is a table of commands used in the calendar to create diary
entries that match the selected date and other dates that are similar
in the Hebrew or Islamic calendar:

`i h d'
     Add a diary entry for the Hebrew date corresponding to the
     selected date (`insert-hebrew-diary-entry').

`i h m'
     Add a diary entry for the day of the Hebrew month corresponding to
     the selected date (`insert-monthly-hebrew-diary-entry').  This
     diary entry matches any date that has the same Hebrew
     day-within-month as the selected date.

`i h y'
     Add a diary entry for the day of the Hebrew year corresponding to
     the selected date (`insert-yearly-hebrew-diary-entry').  This diary
     entry matches any date which has the same Hebrew month and
     day-within-month as the selected date.

`i i d'
     Add a diary entry for the Islamic date corresponding to the
     selected date (`insert-islamic-diary-entry').

`i i m'
     Add a diary entry for the day of the Islamic month corresponding
     to the selected date (`insert-monthly-islamic-diary-entry').

`i i y'
     Add a diary entry for the day of the Islamic year corresponding to
     the selected date (`insert-yearly-islamic-diary-entry').

   These commands work much like the corresponding commands for ordinary
diary entries: they apply to the date that point is on in the calendar
window, and what they do is insert just the date portion of a diary
entry at the end of your diary file.  You must then insert the rest of
the diary entry.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Fancy Diary Display,  Next: Included Diary Files,  Prev: Hebrew/Islamic Entries,  Up: Calendar Customization

Fancy Diary Display
...................

   Diary display works by preparing the diary buffer and then running
the hook `diary-display-hook'.  The default value of this hook
(`simple-diary-display') hides the irrelevant diary entries and then
displays the buffer.  However, if you specify the hook as follows,

     (add-hook 'diary-display-hook 'fancy-diary-display)

this enables fancy diary display.  It displays diary entries and
holidays by copying them into a special buffer that exists only for the
sake of display.  Copying to a separate buffer provides an opportunity
to change the displayed text to make it prettier--for example, to sort
the entries by the dates they apply to.

   As with simple diary display, you can print a hard copy of the buffer
with `print-diary-entries'.  To print a hard copy of a day-by-day diary
for a week by positioning point on Sunday of that week, type `7 d' and
then do `M-x print-diary-entries'.  As usual, the inclusion of the
holidays slows down the display slightly; you can speed things up by
setting the variable `holidays-in-diary-buffer' to `nil'.

   Ordinarily, the fancy diary buffer does not show days for which
there are no diary entries, even if that day is a holiday.  If you want
such days to be shown in the fancy diary buffer, set the variable
`diary-list-include-blanks' to `t'.

   If you use the fancy diary display, you can use the normal hook
`list-diary-entries-hook' to sort each day's diary entries by their
time of day.  Add this line to your init file:

     (add-hook 'list-diary-entries-hook 'sort-diary-entries t)

   *Note Init File::.

For each day, this sorts diary entries that begin with a recognizable
time of day according to their times.  Diary entries without times come
first within each day.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Included Diary Files,  Next: Sexp Diary Entries,  Prev: Fancy Diary Display,  Up: Calendar Customization

Included Diary Files
....................

   Fancy diary display also has the ability to process included diary
files.  This permits a group of people to share a diary file for events
that apply to all of them.  Lines in the diary file of this form:

     #include "FILENAME"

includes the diary entries from the file FILENAME in the fancy diary
buffer.  The include mechanism is recursive, so that included files can
include other files, and so on; you must be careful not to have a cycle
of inclusions, of course.  Here is how to enable the include facility:

     (add-hook 'list-diary-entries-hook 'include-other-diary-files)
     (add-hook 'mark-diary-entries-hook 'mark-included-diary-files)

   The include mechanism works only with the fancy diary display,
because ordinary diary display shows the entries directly from your
diary file.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Sexp Diary Entries,  Next: Appt Customizing,  Prev: Included Diary Files,  Up: Calendar Customization

Sexp Entries and the Fancy Diary Display
........................................

   Sexp diary entries allow you to do more than just have complicated
conditions under which a diary entry applies.  If you use the fancy
diary display, sexp entries can generate the text of the entry depending
on the date itself.  For example, an anniversary diary entry can insert
the number of years since the anniversary date into the text of the
diary entry.  Thus the `%d' in this dairy entry:

     %%(diary-anniversary 10 31 1948) Arthur's birthday (%d years old)

gets replaced by the age, so on October 31, 1990 the entry appears in
the fancy diary buffer like this:

     Arthur's birthday (42 years old)

If the diary file instead contains this entry:

     %%(diary-anniversary 10 31 1948) Arthur's %d%s birthday

the entry in the fancy diary buffer for October 31, 1990 appears like
this:

     Arthur's 42nd birthday

   Similarly, cyclic diary entries can interpolate the number of
repetitions that have occurred:

     %%(diary-cyclic 50 1 1 1990) Renew medication (%d%s time)

looks like this:

     Renew medication (5th time)

in the fancy diary display on September 8, 1990.

   The generality of sexp diary entries lets you specify any diary entry
that you can describe algorithmically.  A sexp diary entry contains an
expression that computes whether the entry applies to any given date.
If its value is non-`nil', the entry applies to that date; otherwise,
it does not.  The expression can use the variable  `date' to find the
date being considered; its value is a list (MONTH DAY YEAR) that refers
to the Gregorian calendar.

   Suppose you get paid on the 21st of the month if it is a weekday, and
on the Friday before if the 21st is on a weekend.  Here is how to write
a sexp diary entry that matches those dates:

     &%%(let ((dayname (calendar-day-of-week date))
              (day (car (cdr date))))
           (or (and (= day 21) (memq dayname '(1 2 3 4 5)))
               (and (memq day '(19 20)) (= dayname 5)))
              ) Pay check deposited

applies to just those dates.  This example illustrates how the sexp can
depend on the variable `date'; this variable is a list (MONTH DAY YEAR)
that gives the Gregorian date for which the diary entries are being
found.  If the value of the expression is `t', the entry applies to
that date.  If the expression evaluates to `nil', the entry does _not_
apply to that date.

   The following sexp diary entries take advantage of the ability (in
the fancy diary display) to concoct diary entries whose text varies
based on the date:

`%%(diary-sunrise-sunset)'
     Make a diary entry for the local times of today's sunrise and
     sunset.

`%%(diary-phases-of-moon)'
     Make a diary entry for the phases (quarters) of the moon.

`%%(diary-day-of-year)'
     Make a diary entry with today's day number in the current year and
     the number of days remaining in the current year.

`%%(diary-iso-date)'
     Make a diary entry with today's equivalent ISO commercial date.

`%%(diary-julian-date)'
     Make a diary entry with today's equivalent date on the Julian
     calendar.

`%%(diary-astro-day-number)'
     Make a diary entry with today's equivalent astronomical (Julian)
     day number.

`%%(diary-hebrew-date)'
     Make a diary entry with today's equivalent date on the Hebrew
     calendar.

`%%(diary-islamic-date)'
     Make a diary entry with today's equivalent date on the Islamic
     calendar.

`%%(diary-french-date)'
     Make a diary entry with today's equivalent date on the French
     Revolutionary calendar.

`%%(diary-mayan-date)'
     Make a diary entry with today's equivalent date on the Mayan
     calendar.

Thus including the diary entry

     &%%(diary-hebrew-date)

causes every day's diary display to contain the equivalent date on the
Hebrew calendar, if you are using the fancy diary display.  (With simple
diary display, the line `&%%(diary-hebrew-date)' appears in the diary
for any date, but does nothing particularly useful.)

   These functions can be used to construct sexp diary entries based on
the Hebrew calendar in certain standard ways:

`%%(diary-rosh-hodesh)'
     Make a diary entry that tells the occurrence and ritual
     announcement of each new Hebrew month.

`%%(diary-parasha)'
     Make a Saturday diary entry that tells the weekly synagogue
     scripture reading.

`%%(diary-sabbath-candles)'
     Make a Friday diary entry that tells the _local time_ of Sabbath
     candle lighting.

`%%(diary-omer)'
     Make a diary entry that gives the omer count, when appropriate.

`%%(diary-yahrzeit MONTH DAY YEAR) NAME'
     Make a diary entry marking the anniversary of a date of death.
     The date is the _Gregorian_ (civil) date of death.  The diary
     entry appears on the proper Hebrew calendar anniversary and on the
     day before.  (In the European style, the order of the parameters
     is changed to DAY, MONTH, YEAR.)

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Appt Customizing,  Prev: Sexp Diary Entries,  Up: Calendar Customization

Customizing Appointment Reminders
.................................

   You can specify exactly how Emacs reminds you of an appointment, and
how far in advance it begins doing so, by setting these variables:

`appt-message-warning-time'
     The time in minutes before an appointment that the reminder
     begins.  The default is 10 minutes.

`appt-audible'
     If this is `t' (the default), Emacs rings the terminal bell for
     appointment reminders.

`appt-visible'
     If this is `t' (the default), Emacs displays the appointment
     message in echo area.

`appt-display-mode-line'
     If this is `t' (the default), Emacs displays the number of minutes
     to the appointment on the mode line.

`appt-msg-window'
     If this is `t' (the default), Emacs displays the appointment
     message in another window.

`appt-display-duration'
     The number of seconds an appointment message is displayed.  The
     default is 5 seconds.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Sorting,  Next: Shell,  Prev: Calendar/Diary,  Up: Top

Sorting Text
============

   XEmacs provides several commands for sorting text in a buffer.  All
operate on the contents of the region (the text between point and the
mark).  They divide the text of the region into many "sort records",
identify a "sort key" for each record, and then reorder the records
using the order determined by the sort keys.  The records are ordered so
that their keys are in alphabetical order, or, for numerical sorting, in
numerical order.  In alphabetical sorting, all upper-case letters `A'
through `Z' come before lower-case `a', in accordance with the ASCII
character sequence.

   The sort commands differ in how they divide the text into sort
records and in which part of each record they use as the sort key.
Most of the commands make each line a separate sort record, but some
commands use paragraphs or pages as sort records.  Most of the sort
commands use each entire sort record as its own sort key, but some use
only a portion of the record as the sort key.

`M-x sort-lines'
     Divide the region into lines and sort by comparing the entire text
     of a line.  A prefix argument means sort in descending order.

`M-x sort-paragraphs'
     Divide the region into paragraphs and sort by comparing the entire
     text of a paragraph (except for leading blank lines).  A prefix
     argument means sort in descending order.

`M-x sort-pages'
     Divide the region into pages and sort by comparing the entire text
     of a page (except for leading blank lines).  A prefix argument
     means sort in descending order.

`M-x sort-fields'
     Divide the region into lines and sort by comparing the contents of
     one field in each line.  Fields are defined as separated by
     whitespace, so the first run of consecutive non-whitespace
     characters in a line constitutes field 1, the second such run
     constitutes field 2, etc.

     You specify which field to sort by with a numeric argument: 1 to
     sort by field 1, etc.  A negative argument means sort in descending
     order.  Thus, minus 2 means sort by field 2 in reverse-alphabetical
     order.

`M-x sort-numeric-fields'
     Like `M-x sort-fields', except the specified field is converted to
     a number for each line and the numbers are compared.  `10' comes
     before `2' when considered as text, but after it when considered
     as a number.

`M-x sort-columns'
     Like `M-x sort-fields', except that the text within each line used
     for comparison comes from a fixed range of columns.  An explanation
     is given below.

   For example, if the buffer contains:

     On systems where clash detection (locking of files being edited) is
     implemented, XEmacs also checks the first time you modify a buffer
     whether the file has changed on disk since it was last visited or
     saved.  If it has, you are asked to confirm that you want to change
     the buffer.

then if you apply `M-x sort-lines' to the entire buffer you get:

     On systems where clash detection (locking of files being edited) is
     implemented, XEmacs also checks the first time you modify a buffer
     saved.  If it has, you are asked to confirm that you want to change
     the buffer.
     whether the file has changed on disk since it was last visited or

where the upper case `O' comes before all lower case letters.  If you
apply instead `C-u 2 M-x sort-fields' you get:

     saved.  If it has, you are asked to confirm that you want to change
     implemented, XEmacs also checks the first time you modify a buffer
     the buffer.
     On systems where clash detection (locking of files being edited) is
     whether the file has changed on disk since it was last visited or

where the sort keys were `If', `XEmacs', `buffer', `systems', and `the'.

   `M-x sort-columns' requires more explanation.  You specify the
columns by putting point at one of the columns and the mark at the other
column.  Because this means you cannot put point or the mark at the
beginning of the first line to sort, this command uses an unusual
definition of `region': all of the line point is in is considered part
of the region, and so is all of the line the mark is in.

   For example, to sort a table by information found in columns 10 to
15, you could put the mark on column 10 in the first line of the table,
and point on column 15 in the last line of the table, and then use this
command.  Or you could put the mark on column 15 in the first line and
point on column 10 in the last line.

   This can be thought of as sorting the rectangle specified by point
and the mark, except that the text on each line to the left or right of
the rectangle moves along with the text inside the rectangle.  *Note
Rectangles::.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Shell,  Next: Narrowing,  Prev: Sorting,  Up: Top

Running Shell Commands from XEmacs
==================================

   XEmacs has commands for passing single command lines to inferior
shell processes; it can also run a shell interactively with input and
output to an XEmacs buffer `*shell*'.

`M-!'
     Run a specified shell command line and display the output
     (`shell-command').

`M-|'
     Run a specified shell command line with region contents as input;
     optionally replace the region with the output
     (`shell-command-on-region').

`M-x shell'
     Run a subshell with input and output through an XEmacs buffer.
     You can then give commands interactively.

`M-x term'
     Run a subshell with input and output through an XEmacs buffer.
     You can then give commands interactively.  Full terminal emulation
     is available.

* Menu:

* Single Shell::         How to run one shell command and return.
* Interactive Shell::    Permanent shell taking input via XEmacs.
* Shell Mode::           Special XEmacs commands used with permanent shell.
* Terminal emulator::    An XEmacs window as a terminal emulator.
* Term Mode::            Special XEmacs commands used in Term mode.
* Paging in Term::       Paging in the terminal emulator.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Single Shell,  Next: Interactive Shell,  Prev: Shell,  Up: Shell

Single Shell Commands
---------------------

   `M-!' (`shell-command') reads a line of text using the minibuffer
and creates an inferior shell to execute the line as a command.
Standard input from the command comes from the null device.  If the
shell command produces any output, the output goes to an XEmacs buffer
named `*Shell Command Output*', which is displayed in another window
but not selected.  A numeric argument, as in `M-1 M-!', directs this
command to insert any output into the current buffer.  In that case,
point is left before the output and the mark is set after the output.

   `M-|' (`shell-command-on-region') is like `M-!' but passes the
contents of the region as input to the shell command, instead of no
input.  If a numeric argument is used to direct  output to the current
buffer, then the old region is deleted first and the output replaces it
as the contents of the region.

   Both `M-!' and `M-|' use `shell-file-name' to specify the shell to
use.  This variable is initialized based on your `SHELL' environment
variable when you start XEmacs.  If the file name does not specify a
directory, the directories in the list `exec-path' are searched; this
list is initialized based on the `PATH' environment variable when you
start XEmacs.  You can override either or both of these default
initializations in your init file. *Note Init File::.

   When you use `M-!' and `M-|', XEmacs has to wait until the shell
command completes.  You can quit with `C-g'; that terminates the shell
command.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Interactive Shell,  Next: Shell Mode,  Prev: Single Shell,  Up: Shell

Interactive Inferior Shell
--------------------------

   To run a subshell interactively with its typescript in an XEmacs
buffer, use `M-x shell'.  This creates (or reuses) a buffer named
`*shell*' and runs a subshell with input coming from and output going
to that buffer.  That is to say, any "terminal output" from the subshell
will go into the buffer, advancing point, and any "terminal input" for
the subshell comes from text in the buffer.  To give input to the
subshell, go to the end of the buffer and type the input, terminated by
<RET>.

   XEmacs does not wait for the subshell to do anything.  You can switch
windows or buffers and edit them while the shell is waiting, or while
it is running a command.  Output from the subshell waits until XEmacs
has time to process it; this happens whenever XEmacs is waiting for
keyboard input or for time to elapse.

   To get multiple subshells, change the name of buffer `*shell*' to
something different by using `M-x rename-buffer'.  The next use of `M-x
shell' creates a new buffer `*shell*' with its own subshell.  By
renaming this buffer as well you can create a third one, and so on.
All the subshells run independently and in parallel.

   The file name used to load the subshell is the value of the variable
`explicit-shell-file-name', if that is non-`nil'.  Otherwise, the
environment variable `ESHELL' is used, or the environment variable
`SHELL' if there is no `ESHELL'.  If the file name specified is
relative, the directories in the list `exec-path' are searched (*note
Single Shell Commands: Single Shell.).

   As soon as the subshell is started, it is sent as input the contents
of the file `~/.emacs_SHELLNAME', if that file exists, where SHELLNAME
is the name of the file that the shell was loaded from.  For example,
if you use `csh', the file sent to it is `~/.emacs_csh'.

   `cd', `pushd', and `popd' commands given to the inferior shell are
watched by XEmacs so it can keep the `*shell*' buffer's default
directory the same as the shell's working directory.  These commands
are recognized syntactically by examining lines of input that are sent.
If you use aliases for these commands, you can tell XEmacs to
recognize them also.  For example, if the value of the variable
`shell-pushd-regexp' matches the beginning of a shell command line,
that line is regarded as a `pushd' command.  Change this variable when
you add aliases for `pushd'.  Likewise, `shell-popd-regexp' and
`shell-cd-regexp' are used to recognize commands with the meaning of
`popd' and `cd'.

   `M-x shell-resync-dirs' queries the shell and resynchronizes XEmacs'
idea of what the current directory stack is.  `M-x
shell-dirtrack-toggle' turns directory tracking on and off.

   XEmacs keeps a history of the most recent commands you have typed in
the `*shell*' buffer.  If you are at the beginning of a shell command
line and type <M-p>, the previous shell input is inserted into the
buffer before point.  Immediately typing <M-p> again deletes that input
and inserts the one before it.  By repeating <M-p> you can move
backward through your commands until you find one you want to repeat.
You may then edit the command before typing <RET> if you wish. <M-n>
moves forward through the command history, in case you moved backward
past the one you wanted while using <M-p>.  If you type the first few
characters of a previous command and then type <M-p>, the most recent
shell input starting with those characters is inserted.  This can be
very convenient when you are repeating a sequence of shell commands.
The variable `input-ring-size' controls how many commands are saved in
your input history.  The default is 30.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Shell Mode,  Next: Terminal emulator,  Prev: Interactive Shell,  Up: Shell

Shell Mode
----------

   The shell buffer uses Shell mode, which defines several special keys
attached to the `C-c' prefix.  They are chosen to resemble the usual
editing and job control characters present in shells that are not under
XEmacs, except that you must type `C-c' first.  Here is a list of the
special key bindings of Shell mode:

`<RET>'
     At end of buffer send line as input; otherwise, copy current line
     to end of buffer and send it (`send-shell-input').  When a line is
     copied, any text at the beginning of the line that matches the
     variable `shell-prompt-pattern' is left out; this variable's value
     should be a regexp string that matches the prompts that you use in
     your subshell.

`C-c C-d'
     Send end-of-file as input, probably causing the shell or its
     current subjob to finish (`shell-send-eof').

`C-d'
     If point is not at the end of the buffer, delete the next
     character just like most other modes.  If point is at the end of
     the buffer, send end-of-file as input, instead of generating an
     error as in other modes (`comint-delchar-or-maybe-eof').

`C-c C-u'
     Kill all text that has yet to be sent as input
     (`kill-shell-input').

`C-c C-w'
     Kill a word before point (`backward-kill-word').

`C-c C-c'
     Interrupt the shell or its current subjob if any
     (`interrupt-shell-subjob').

`C-c C-z'
     Stop the shell or its current subjob if any (`stop-shell-subjob').

`C-c C-\'
     Send quit signal to the shell or its current subjob if any
     (`quit-shell-subjob').

`C-c C-o'
     Delete last batch of output from shell (`kill-output-from-shell').

`C-c C-r'
     Scroll top of last batch of output to top of window
     (`show-output-from-shell').

`C-c C-y'
     Copy the previous bunch of shell input and insert it into the
     buffer before point (`copy-last-shell-input').  No final newline
     is inserted, and the input copied is not resubmitted until you type
     <RET>.

`M-p'
     Move backward through the input history.  Search for a matching
     command if you have typed the beginning of a command
     (`comint-previous-input').

`M-n'
     Move forward through the input history.  Useful when you are using
     <M-p> quickly and go past the desired command
     (`comint-next-input').

`<TAB>'
     Complete the file name preceding point (`comint-dynamic-complete').

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Terminal emulator,  Next: Term Mode,  Prev: Shell Mode,  Up: Shell

Interactive Inferior Shell with Terminal Emulator
-------------------------------------------------

   To run a subshell in a terminal emulator, putting its typescript in
an XEmacs buffer, use `M-x term'.  This creates (or reuses) a buffer
named `*term*' and runs a subshell with input coming from your keyboard
and output going to that buffer.

   All the normal keys that you type are sent without any interpretation
by XEmacs directly to the subshell, as "terminal input."  Any "echo" of
your input is the responsibility of the subshell.  (The exception is
the terminal escape character, which by default is `C-c'. *note Term
Mode::.)  Any "terminal output" from the subshell goes into the buffer,
advancing point.

   Some programs (such as XEmacs itself) need to control the appearance
on the terminal screen in detail.  They do this by sending special
control codes.  The exact control codes needed vary from terminal to
terminal, but nowadays most terminals and terminal emulators (including
xterm) understand the so-called "ANSI escape sequences" (first
popularized by the Digital's VT100 family of terminal).  The term mode
also understands these escape sequences, and for each control code does
the appropriate thing to change the buffer so that the appearance of
the window will match what it would be on a real terminal.  Thus you
can actually run XEmacs inside an XEmacs Term window!

   XEmacs does not wait for the subshell to do anything.  You can switch
windows or buffers and edit them while the shell is waiting, or while
it is running a command.  Output from the subshell waits until XEmacs
has time to process it; this happens whenever XEmacs is waiting for
keyboard input or for time to elapse.

   To make multiple terminal emulators, rename the buffer `*term*' to
something different using `M-x rename-uniquely', just as with Shell
mode.

   The file name used to load the subshell is determined the same way
as for Shell mode.

   Unlike Shell mode, Term mode does not track the current directory by
examining your input.  Instead, if you use a programmable shell, you
can have it tell Term what the current directory is.  This is done
automatically by bash for version 1.15 and later.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Term Mode,  Next: Paging in Term,  Prev: Terminal emulator,  Up: Shell

Term Mode
---------

   Term uses Term mode, which has two input modes: In line mode, Term
basically acts like Shell mode.  *Note Shell Mode::.  In Char mode,
each character is sent directly to the inferior subshell, except for
the Term escape character, normally `C-c'.

   To switch between line and char mode, use these commands:
     findex term-char-mode

`C-c C-k'
     Switch to line mode.  Do nothing if already in line mode.

`C-c C-j'
     Switch to char mode.  Do nothing if already in char mode.

   The following commands are only available in Char mode:
`C-c C-c'
     Send a literal <C-c> to the sub-shell.

`C-c C-x'
     A prefix command to conveniently access the global <C-x> commands.
     For example, `C-c C-x o' invokes the global binding of `C-x o',
     which is normally `other-window'.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Paging in Term,  Prev: Term Mode,  Up: Shell

Paging in the terminal emulator
-------------------------------

   Term mode has a pager feature.  When the pager is enabled, term mode
will pause at the end of each screenful.

`C-c C-q'
     Toggles the pager feature:  Disables the pager if it is enabled,
     and vice versa.  This works in both line and char modes.  If the
     pager enabled, the mode-line contains the word `page'.

   If the pager is enabled, and Term receives more than a screenful of
output since your last input, Term will enter More break mode.  This is
indicated by `**MORE**' in the mode-line.  Type a `Space' to display
the next screenful of output.  Type `?' to see your other options.  The
interface is similar to the Unix `more' program.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Narrowing,  Next: Hardcopy,  Prev: Shell,  Up: Top

Narrowing
=========

   "Narrowing" means focusing in on some portion of the buffer, making
the rest temporarily invisible and inaccessible.  Cancelling the
narrowing and making the entire buffer once again visible is called
"widening".  The amount of narrowing in effect in a buffer at any time
is called the buffer's "restriction".

`C-x n n'
     Narrow down to between point and mark (`narrow-to-region').

`C-x n w'
     Widen to make the entire buffer visible again (`widen').

   Narrowing sometimes makes it easier to concentrate on a single
subroutine or paragraph by eliminating clutter.  It can also be used to
restrict the range of operation of a replace command or repeating
keyboard macro.  The word `Narrow' appears in the mode line whenever
narrowing is in effect.  When you have narrowed to a part of the
buffer, that part appears to be all there is.  You can't see the rest,
can't move into it (motion commands won't go outside the visible part),
and can't change it in any way.  However, the invisible text is not
gone; if you save the file, it will be saved.

   The primary narrowing command is `C-x n n' (`narrow-to-region').  It
sets the current buffer's restrictions so that the text in the current
region remains visible but all text before the region or after the
region is invisible.  Point and mark do not change.

   Because narrowing can easily confuse users who do not understand it,
`narrow-to-region' is normally a disabled command.  Attempting to use
this command asks for confirmation and gives you the option of enabling
it; once you enable the command, confirmation will no longer be
required.  *Note Disabling::.

   To undo narrowing, use `C-x n w' (`widen').  This makes all text in
the buffer accessible again.

   Use the `C-x =' command to get information on what part of the
buffer you narrowed down.  *Note Position Info::.

\1f
File: xemacs.info,  Node: Hardcopy,  Next: Recursive Edit,  Prev: Narrowing,  Up: Top

Hardcopy Output
===============

   The XEmacs commands for making hardcopy derive their names from the
Unix commands `print' and `lpr'.

`M-x print-buffer'
     Print hardcopy of current buffer using Unix command `print'
     (`lpr -p').  This command adds page headings containing the file
     name and page number.

`M-x lpr-buffer'
     Print hardcopy of current buffer using Unix command `lpr'.  This
     command does not add page headings.

`M-x print-region'
     Like `print-buffer', but prints only the current region.

`M-x lpr-region'
     Like `lpr-buffer', but prints only the current region.

   All the hardcopy commands pass extra switches to the `lpr' program
based on the value of the variable `lpr-switches'.  Its value should be
a list of strings, each string a switch starting with `-'.  For
example, the value could be `("-Pfoo")' to print on printer `foo'.