1 This is ../info/xemacs.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.0 from
4 INFO-DIR-SECTION XEmacs Editor
6 * XEmacs: (xemacs). XEmacs Editor.
9 This file documents the XEmacs editor.
11 Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1988 Richard M. Stallman. Copyright (C)
12 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 Lucid, Inc. Copyright (C) 1993, 1994 Sun
13 Microsystems, Inc. Copyright (C) 1995 Amdahl Corporation.
15 Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
16 manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
17 preserved on all copies.
19 Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of
20 this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also
21 that the sections entitled "The GNU Manifesto", "Distribution" and "GNU
22 General Public License" are included exactly as in the original, and
23 provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the
24 terms of a permission notice identical to this one.
26 Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
27 manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified
28 versions, except that the sections entitled "The GNU Manifesto",
29 "Distribution" and "GNU General Public License" may be included in a
30 translation approved by the author instead of in the original English.
33 File: xemacs.info, Node: Top, Next: License, Up: (dir)
38 XEmacs is the extensible, customizable, self-documenting real-time
39 display editor. This Info file describes how to edit with Emacs and
40 some of how to customize it, but not how to extend it. It corresponds
41 to XEmacs version 21.0.
43 This manual is intended as a detailed reference to XEmacs. If you
44 are looking for an introductory manual, see the New User's Guide.
48 * License:: The GNU General Public License gives you permission
49 to redistribute XEmacs on certain terms; and also
50 explains that there is no warranty.
51 * Distrib:: How to get XEmacs.
52 * Intro:: An introduction to XEmacs concepts.
53 * Glossary:: The glossary.
54 * Manifesto:: What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix!
56 Indices, nodes containing large menus
57 * Key Index:: An item for each standard XEmacs key sequence.
58 * Command Index:: An item for each command name.
59 * Variable Index:: An item for each documented variable.
60 * Concept Index:: An item for each concept.
62 Important General Concepts
63 * Frame:: How to interpret what you see on the screen.
64 * Keystrokes:: Keyboard gestures XEmacs recognizes.
66 The XEmacs Pull-down Menus available under X.
68 Starting Emacs from the shell.
69 * Exiting:: Stopping or killing XEmacs.
71 Hairy startup options.
73 How XEmacs finds Directories and Files
75 Fundamental Editing Commands
76 * Basic:: The most basic editing commands.
77 * Undo:: Undoing recently made changes in the text.
78 * Minibuffer:: Entering arguments that are prompted for.
79 * M-x:: Invoking commands by their names.
80 * Help:: Commands for asking XEmacs about its commands.
82 Important Text-Changing Commands
83 * Mark:: The mark: how to delimit a ``region'' of text.
85 Selecting text with the mouse.
86 * Additional Mouse Operations::
87 Other operations available from the mouse.
88 * Killing:: Killing text.
89 * Yanking:: Recovering killed text. Moving text.
90 * Using X Selections::
91 Using primary selection, cut buffers, and highlighted regions.
93 Other ways of copying text.
94 * Rectangles:: Operating on the text inside a rectangle on the screen.
95 * Registers:: Saving a text string or a location in the buffer.
96 * Display:: Controlling what text is displayed.
97 * Search:: Finding or replacing occurrences of a string.
98 * Fixit:: Commands especially useful for fixing typos.
101 * Files:: All about handling files.
102 * Buffers:: Multiple buffers; editing several files at once.
103 * Windows:: Viewing two pieces of text at once.
104 * Mule:: Using world scripts.
107 * Major Modes:: Text mode vs. Lisp mode vs. C mode ...
108 * Indentation:: Editing the white space at the beginnings of lines.
109 * Text:: Commands and modes for editing English.
110 * Programs:: Commands and modes for editing programs.
111 * Running:: Compiling, running and debugging programs.
112 * Packages:: How to add new packages to XEmacs.
113 * Abbrevs:: How to define text abbreviations to reduce
114 the number of characters you must type.
115 * Picture:: Editing pictures made up of characters
116 using the quarter-plane screen model.
117 * Sending Mail:: Sending mail in XEmacs.
118 * Reading Mail:: Reading mail in XEmacs.
119 * Calendar/Diary:: A Calendar and diary facility in XEmacs.
120 * Sorting:: Sorting lines, paragraphs or pages within XEmacs.
121 * Shell:: Executing shell commands from XEmacs.
122 * Narrowing:: Restricting display and editing to a portion
124 * Hardcopy:: Printing buffers or regions.
126 A command can allow you to do editing
127 "within the command". This is called a
128 `recursive editing level'.
129 * Dissociated Press:: Dissociating text for fun.
130 * CONX:: A different kind of dissociation.
131 * Amusements:: Various games and hacks.
132 * Emulation:: Emulating some other editors with XEmacs.
133 * Customization:: Modifying the behavior of XEmacs.
135 Recovery from Problems.
136 * Quitting:: Quitting and aborting.
137 * Lossage:: What to do if XEmacs is hung or malfunctioning.
138 * Bugs:: How and when to report a bug.
140 Here are some other nodes which are really inferiors of the ones
141 already listed, mentioned here so you can get to them in one step:
143 --- The Detailed Node Listing ---
145 The Organization of the Frame
147 * Point:: The place in the text where editing commands operate.
148 * Echo Area:: Short messages appear at the bottom of the frame.
149 * Mode Line:: Interpreting the mode line.
150 * XEmacs under X:: Some information on using XEmacs under the X
155 * Intro to Keystrokes:: Keystrokes as building blocks of key sequences.
156 * Representing Keystrokes:: Using lists of modifiers and keysyms to
157 represent keystrokes.
158 * Key Sequences:: Combine key strokes into key sequences you can
160 * String Key Sequences:: Available for upward compatibility.
161 * Meta Key:: Using <ESC> to represent <Meta>
162 * Super and Hyper Keys:: Adding modifier keys on certain keyboards.
163 * Character Representation:: How characters appear in XEmacs buffers.
164 * Commands:: How commands are bound to key sequences.
168 * File Menu:: Items on the File menu.
169 * Edit Menu:: Items on the Edit menu.
170 * Apps Menu:: Items on the Apps menu.
171 * Options Menu:: Items on the Options menu.
172 * Buffers Menu:: Information about the Buffers menu.
173 * Tools Menu:: Items on the Tools menu.
174 * Help Menu:: Items on the Help menu.
175 * Menu Customization:: Adding and removing menu items and related
178 Basic Editing Commands
180 * Blank Lines:: Commands to make or delete blank lines.
181 * Continuation Lines:: Lines too wide for the frame.
182 * Position Info:: What page, line, row, or column is point on?
183 * Arguments:: Numeric arguments for repeating a command.
187 * File: Minibuffer File. Entering file names with the minibuffer.
188 * Edit: Minibuffer Edit. How to edit in the minibuffer.
189 * Completion:: An abbreviation facility for minibuffer input.
190 * Repetition:: Re-executing commands that used the minibuffer.
192 The Mark and the Region
194 * Setting Mark:: Commands to set the mark.
195 * Using Region:: Summary of ways to operate on contents of the region.
196 * Marking Objects:: Commands to put region around textual units.
197 * Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions saved so you can go back there.
201 * Kill Ring:: Where killed text is stored. Basic yanking.
202 * Appending Kills:: Several kills in a row all yank together.
203 * Earlier Kills:: Yanking something killed some time ago.
207 * X Clipboard Selection:: Pasting to the X clipboard.
208 * X Selection Commands:: Other operations on the selection.
209 * X Cut Buffers:: X cut buffers are available for compatibility.
210 * Active Regions:: Using zmacs-style highlighting of the
215 * RegPos:: Saving positions in registers.
216 * RegText:: Saving text in registers.
217 * RegRect:: Saving rectangles in registers.
219 Controlling the Display
221 * Scrolling:: Moving text up and down in a window.
222 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving text left and right in a window.
223 * Selective Display:: Hiding lines with lots of indentation.
224 * Display Vars:: Information on variables for customizing display.
226 Searching and Replacement
228 * Incremental Search:: Search happens as you type the string.
229 * Non-Incremental Search:: Specify entire string and then search.
230 * Word Search:: Search for sequence of words.
231 * Regexp Search:: Search for match for a regexp.
232 * Regexps:: Syntax of regular expressions.
233 * Search Case:: To ignore case while searching, or not.
234 * Replace:: Search, and replace some or all matches.
235 * Other Repeating Search:: Operating on all matches for some regexp.
239 * Unconditional Replace:: Replacing all matches for a string.
240 * Regexp Replace:: Replacing all matches for a regexp.
241 * Replacement and Case:: How replacements preserve case of letters.
242 * Query Replace:: How to use querying.
244 Commands for Fixing Typos
246 * Kill Errors:: Commands to kill a batch of recently entered text.
247 * Transpose:: Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists...
248 * Fixing Case:: Correcting case of last word entered.
249 * Spelling:: Apply spelling checker to a word, or a whole file.
253 * File Names:: How to type and edit file name arguments.
254 * Visiting:: Visiting a file prepares XEmacs to edit the file.
255 * Saving:: Saving makes your changes permanent.
256 * Reverting:: Reverting cancels all the changes not saved.
257 * Auto Save:: Auto Save periodically protects against loss of data.
258 * Version Control:: Version control systems (RCS and SCCS).
259 * ListDir:: Listing the contents of a file directory.
260 * Comparing Files:: Finding where two files differ.
261 * Dired:: ``Editing'' a directory to delete, rename, etc.
263 * Misc File Ops:: Other things you can do on files.
267 * Backup:: How XEmacs saves the old version of your file.
268 * Interlocking:: How XEmacs protects against simultaneous editing
269 of one file by two users.
273 * Names: Backup Names. How backup files are named;
274 Choosing single or numbered backup files.
275 * Deletion: Backup Deletion. XEmacs deletes excess numbered backups.
276 * Copying: Backup Copying. Backups can be made by copying or renaming.
278 Auto-Saving: Protection Against Disasters
280 * Files: Auto Save Files.
281 * Control: Auto Save Control.
282 * Recover:: Recovering text from auto-save files.
286 * Concepts of VC:: Basic version control information;
287 checking files in and out.
288 * Editing with VC:: Commands for editing a file maintained
289 with version control.
290 * Variables for Check-in/out:: Variables that affect the commands used
291 to check files in or out.
292 * Log Entries:: Logging your changes.
293 * Change Logs and VC:: Generating a change log file from log
295 * Old Versions:: Examining and comparing old versions.
296 * VC Status:: Commands to view the VC status of files and
298 * Renaming and VC:: A command to rename both the source and
299 master file correctly.
300 * Snapshots:: How to make and use snapshots, a set of
301 file versions that can be treated as a unit.
302 * Version Headers:: Inserting version control headers into
307 * Making Snapshots:: The snapshot facilities.
308 * Snapshot Caveats:: Things to be careful of when using snapshots.
310 Dired, the Directory Editor
312 * Enter: Dired Enter. How to invoke Dired.
313 * Edit: Dired Edit. Editing the Dired buffer.
314 * Deletion: Dired Deletion. Deleting files with Dired.
315 * Immed: Dired Immed. Other file operations through Dired.
317 Using Multiple Buffers
319 * Select Buffer:: Creating a new buffer or reselecting an old one.
320 * List Buffers:: Getting a list of buffers that exist.
321 * Misc Buffer:: Renaming; changing read-onliness; copying text.
322 * Kill Buffer:: Killing buffers you no longer need.
323 * Several Buffers:: How to go through the list of all buffers
324 and operate variously on several of them.
328 * Basic Window:: Introduction to XEmacs windows.
329 * Split Window:: New windows are made by splitting existing windows.
330 * Other Window:: Moving to another window or doing something to it.
331 * Pop Up Window:: Finding a file or buffer in another window.
332 * Change Window:: Deleting windows and changing their sizes.
336 * Choosing Modes:: How major modes are specified or chosen.
340 * Indentation Commands:: Various commands and techniques for indentation.
341 * Tab Stops:: You can set arbitrary "tab stops" and then
342 indent to the next tab stop when you want to.
343 * Just Spaces:: You can request indentation using just spaces.
345 Commands for Human Languages
347 * Text Mode:: The major modes for editing text files.
348 * Nroff Mode:: The major mode for editing input to the formatter nroff.
349 * TeX Mode:: The major modes for editing input to the formatter TeX.
350 * Outline Mode:: The major mode for editing outlines.
351 * Words:: Moving over and killing words.
352 * Sentences:: Moving over and killing sentences.
353 * Paragraphs:: Moving over paragraphs.
354 * Pages:: Moving over pages.
355 * Filling:: Filling or justifying text
356 * Case:: Changing the case of text
360 * Editing: TeX Editing. Special commands for editing in TeX mode.
361 * Printing: TeX Print. Commands for printing part of a file with TeX.
365 * Format: Outline Format. What the text of an outline looks like.
366 * Motion: Outline Motion. Special commands for moving through outlines.
367 * Visibility: Outline Visibility. Commands to control what is visible.
371 * Auto Fill:: Auto Fill mode breaks long lines automatically.
372 * Fill Commands:: Commands to refill paragraphs and center lines.
373 * Fill Prefix:: Filling when every line is indented or in a comment, etc.
377 * Program Modes:: Major modes for editing programs.
378 * Lists:: Expressions with balanced parentheses.
379 There are editing commands to operate on them.
380 * Defuns:: Each program is made up of separate functions.
381 There are editing commands to operate on them.
382 * Grinding:: Adjusting indentation to show the nesting.
383 * Matching:: Insertion of a close-delimiter flashes matching open.
384 * Comments:: Inserting, filling and aligning comments.
385 * Balanced Editing:: Inserting two matching parentheses at once, etc.
386 * Lisp Completion:: Completion on symbol names in Lisp code.
387 * Documentation:: Getting documentation of functions you plan to call.
388 * Change Log:: Maintaining a change history for your program.
389 * Tags:: Go directly to any function in your program in one
390 command. Tags remembers which file it is in.
391 * Fortran:: Fortran mode and its special features.
392 * Asm Mode:: Asm mode and its special features.
394 Indentation for Programs
397 * Multi-line Indent:: Commands to reindent many lines at once.
398 * Lisp Indent:: Specifying how each Lisp function should be indented.
399 * C Indent:: Choosing an indentation style for C code.
403 * Tag Syntax:: Tag syntax for various types of code and text files.
404 * Create Tags Table:: Creating a tags table with `etags'.
405 * Select Tags Table:: How to visit a tags table.
406 * Find Tag:: Commands to find the definition of a specific tag.
407 * Tags Search:: Using a tags table for searching and replacing.
408 * List Tags:: Listing and finding tags defined in a file.
412 * Motion: Fortran Motion. Moving point by statements or subprograms.
413 * Indent: Fortran Indent. Indentation commands for Fortran.
414 * Comments: Fortran Comments. Inserting and aligning comments.
415 * Columns: Fortran Columns. Measuring columns for valid Fortran.
416 * Abbrev: Fortran Abbrev. Built-in abbrevs for Fortran keywords.
420 * Commands: ForIndent Commands. Commands for indenting Fortran.
421 * Numbers: ForIndent Num. How line numbers auto-indent.
422 * Conv: ForIndent Conv. Conventions you must obey to avoid trouble.
423 * Vars: ForIndent Vars. Variables controlling Fortran indent style.
425 Compiling and Testing Programs
427 * Compilation:: Compiling programs in languages other than Lisp
429 * Modes: Lisp Modes. Various modes for editing Lisp programs, with
430 different facilities for running the Lisp programs.
431 * Libraries: Lisp Libraries. Creating Lisp programs to run in XEmacs.
432 * Eval: Lisp Eval. Executing a single Lisp expression in XEmacs.
433 * Debug: Lisp Debug. Debugging Lisp programs running in XEmacs.
434 * Interaction: Lisp Interaction. Executing Lisp in an XEmacs buffer.
435 * External Lisp:: Communicating through XEmacs with a separate Lisp.
439 * Loading:: Loading libraries of Lisp code into XEmacs for use.
440 * Compiling Libraries:: Compiling a library makes it load and run faster.
441 * Mocklisp:: Converting Mocklisp to Lisp so XEmacs can run it.
445 * Packages:: Introduction to XEmacs Packages.
446 * Package Terminology:: Understanding different kinds of packages.
447 * Using Packages:: How to install and use packages.
448 * Building Packages:: Building packages from sources.
452 * Defining Abbrevs:: Defining an abbrev, so it will expand when typed.
453 * Expanding Abbrevs:: Controlling expansion: prefixes, canceling expansion.
454 * Editing Abbrevs:: Viewing or editing the entire list of defined abbrevs.
455 * Saving Abbrevs:: Saving the entire list of abbrevs for another session.
456 * Dynamic Abbrevs:: Abbreviations for words already in the buffer.
460 * Basic Picture:: Basic concepts and simple commands of Picture Mode.
461 * Insert in Picture:: Controlling direction of cursor motion
462 after "self-inserting" characters.
463 * Tabs in Picture:: Various features for tab stops and indentation.
464 * Rectangles in Picture:: Clearing and superimposing rectangles.
468 * Format: Mail Format. Format of the mail being composed.
469 * Headers: Mail Headers. Details of allowed mail header fields.
470 * Mode: Mail Mode. Special commands for editing mail being composed.
472 Running Shell Commands from XEmacs
474 * Single Shell:: How to run one shell command and return.
475 * Interactive Shell:: Permanent shell taking input via XEmacs.
476 * Shell Mode:: Special XEmacs commands used with permanent shell.
480 * Minor Modes:: Each minor mode is one feature you can turn on
481 independently of any others.
482 * Variables:: Many XEmacs commands examine XEmacs variables
483 to decide what to do; by setting variables,
484 you can control their functioning.
485 * Keyboard Macros:: A keyboard macro records a sequence of keystrokes
486 to be replayed with a single command.
487 * Key Bindings:: The keymaps say what command each key runs.
488 By changing them, you can "redefine keys".
489 * Syntax:: The syntax table controls how words and expressions
491 * Init File:: How to write common customizations in the `.emacs'
493 * Audible Bell:: Changing how XEmacs sounds the bell.
494 * Faces:: Changing the fonts and colors of a region of text.
495 * X Resources:: X resources controlling various aspects of the
500 * Examining:: Examining or setting one variable's value.
501 * Easy Customization:: Convenient and easy customization of variables.
502 * Edit Options:: Examining or editing list of all variables' values.
503 * Locals:: Per-buffer values of variables.
504 * File Variables:: How files can specify variable values.
508 * Basic Kbd Macro:: Defining and running keyboard macros.
509 * Save Kbd Macro:: Giving keyboard macros names; saving them in files.
510 * Kbd Macro Query:: Keyboard macros that do different things each use.
512 Customizing Key Bindings
514 * Keymaps:: Definition of the keymap data structure.
515 Names of XEmacs's standard keymaps.
516 * Rebinding:: How to redefine one key's meaning conveniently.
517 * Disabling:: Disabling a command means confirmation is required
518 before it can be executed. This is done to protect
519 beginners from surprises.
523 * Entry: Syntax Entry. What the syntax table records for each character.
524 * Change: Syntax Change. How to change the information.
526 The Init File, `~/.emacs'
528 * Init Syntax:: Syntax of constants in Emacs Lisp.
529 * Init Examples:: How to do some things with an init file.
530 * Terminal Init:: Each terminal type can have an init file.
532 Dealing with XEmacs Trouble
534 * Stuck Recursive:: `[...]' in mode line around the parentheses.
535 * Screen Garbled:: Garbage on the screen.
536 * Text Garbled:: Garbage in the text.
537 * Unasked-for Search:: Spontaneous entry to incremental search.
538 * Emergency Escape:: Emergency escape---
539 What to do if XEmacs stops responding.
540 * Total Frustration:: When you are at your wits' end.
543 File: xemacs.info, Node: License, Next: Distrib, Prev: Top, Up: Top
545 GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
546 **************************
548 Version 1, February 1989
550 Copyright (C) 1989 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
551 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
553 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
554 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
559 The license agreements of most software companies try to keep users
560 at the mercy of those companies. By contrast, our General Public
561 License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
562 software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. The
563 General Public License applies to the Free Software Foundation's
564 software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it.
565 You can use it for your programs, too.
567 When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
568 price. Specifically, the General Public License is designed to make
569 sure that you have the freedom to give away or sell copies of free
570 software, that you receive source code or can get it if you want it,
571 that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free
572 programs; and that you know you can do these things.
574 To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
575 anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
576 These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
577 distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
579 For example, if you distribute copies of a such a program, whether
580 gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that
581 you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the
582 source code. And you must tell them their rights.
584 We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software,
585 and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
586 distribute and/or modify the software.
588 Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
589 that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
590 software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we
591 want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so
592 that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original
593 authors' reputations.
595 The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
600 1. This License Agreement applies to any program or other work which
601 contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be
602 distributed under the terms of this General Public License. The
603 "Program", below, refers to any such program or work, and a "work
604 based on the Program" means either the Program or any work
605 containing the Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with
606 modifications. Each licensee is addressed as "you".
608 2. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source
609 code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you
610 conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an
611 appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep
612 intact all the notices that refer to this General Public License
613 and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other recipients
614 of the Program a copy of this General Public License along with
615 the Program. You may charge a fee for the physical act of
618 3. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of
619 it, and copy and distribute such modifications under the terms of
620 Paragraph 1 above, provided that you also do the following:
622 * cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating
623 that you changed the files and the date of any change; and
625 * cause the whole of any work that you distribute or publish,
626 that in whole or in part contains the Program or any part
627 thereof, either with or without modifications, to be licensed
628 at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this
629 General Public License (except that you may choose to grant
630 warranty protection to some or all third parties, at your
633 * If the modified program normally reads commands interactively
634 when run, you must cause it, when started running for such
635 interactive use in the simplest and most usual way, to print
636 or display an announcement including an appropriate copyright
637 notice and a notice that there is no warranty (or else,
638 saying that you provide a warranty) and that users may
639 redistribute the program under these conditions, and telling
640 the user how to view a copy of this General Public License.
642 * You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a
643 copy, and you may at your option offer warranty protection in
646 Mere aggregation of another independent work with the Program (or
647 its derivative) on a volume of a storage or distribution medium
648 does not bring the other work under the scope of these terms.
650 4. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a portion or
651 derivative of it, under Paragraph 2) in object code or executable
652 form under the terms of Paragraphs 1 and 2 above provided that you
653 also do one of the following:
655 * accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable
656 source code, which must be distributed under the terms of
657 Paragraphs 1 and 2 above; or,
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660 years, to give any third party free (except for a nominal
661 charge for the cost of distribution) a complete
662 machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be
663 distributed under the terms of Paragraphs 1 and 2 above; or,
665 * accompany it with the information you received as to where the
666 corresponding source code may be obtained. (This alternative
667 is allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you
668 received the program in object code or executable form alone.)
670 Source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
671 making modifications to it. For an executable file, complete
672 source code means all the source code for all modules it contains;
673 but, as a special exception, it need not include source code for
674 modules which are standard libraries that accompany the operating
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676 files or definitions files that accompany that operating system.
678 5. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, distribute or transfer the
679 Program except as expressly provided under this General Public
680 License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense,
681 distribute or transfer the Program is void, and will automatically
682 terminate your rights to use the Program under this License.
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692 7. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
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696 further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights
699 8. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new
700 versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such
701 new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but
702 may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.
704 Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the
705 Program specifies a version number of the license which applies to
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707 terms and conditions either of that version or of any later
708 version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program
709 does not specify a version number of the license, you may choose
710 any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.
712 9. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
713 programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the
714 author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted
715 by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software
716 Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision
717 will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of
718 all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing
719 and reuse of software generally.
723 10. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO
724 WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE
725 LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT
726 HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT
727 WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT
728 NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND
729 FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE
730 QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE
731 PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY
732 SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
734 11. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN
735 WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY
736 MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE
737 LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL,
738 INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR
739 INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF
740 DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU
741 OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY
742 OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN
743 ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
745 END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
747 Appendix: How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
748 =======================================================
750 If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
751 possible use to humanity, the best way to achieve this is to make it
752 free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these
755 To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
756 to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
757 convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the
758 "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
760 ONE LINE TO GIVE THE PROGRAM'S NAME AND A BRIEF IDEA OF WHAT IT DOES.
761 Copyright (C) 19YY NAME OF AUTHOR
763 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
764 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
765 the Free Software Foundation; either version 1, or (at your option)
768 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
769 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
770 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
771 GNU General Public License for more details.
773 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
774 along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
775 Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
777 Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper
780 If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like
781 this when it starts in an interactive mode:
783 Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19YY NAME OF AUTHOR
784 Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
785 This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
786 under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
788 The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the
789 appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the
790 commands you use may be called something other than `show w' and `show
791 c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your
794 You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or
795 your school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program,
796 if necessary. Here a sample; alter the names:
798 Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the
799 program `Gnomovision' (a program to direct compilers to make passes
800 at assemblers) written by James Hacker.
802 SIGNATURE OF TY COON, 1 April 1989
803 Ty Coon, President of Vice
805 That's all there is to it!
808 File: xemacs.info, Node: Distrib, Next: Intro, Prev: License, Up: Top
813 XEmacs is "free"; this means that everyone is free to use it and
814 free to redistribute it on a free basis. XEmacs is not in the public
815 domain; it is copyrighted and there are restrictions on its
816 distribution, but these restrictions are designed to permit everything
817 that a good cooperating citizen would want to do. What is not allowed
818 is to try to prevent others from further sharing any version of XEmacs
819 that they might get from you. The precise conditions are found in the
820 GNU General Public License that comes with XEmacs and also appears
821 following this section.
823 The easiest way to get a copy of XEmacs is from someone else who has
824 it. You need not ask for permission to do so, or tell any one else;
827 If you have access to the Internet, you can get the latest version of
828 XEmacs from the anonymous FTP server `ftp.xemacs.org' in the directory
829 `/pub/xemacs'. It can also be found at numerous other archive sites
830 around the world; check the file `etc/DISTRIB' in an XEmacs
831 distribution for the latest known list.
833 Getting Other Versions of Emacs
834 ===============================
836 The Free Software Foundation's version of Emacs (called "FSF Emacs"
837 in this manual and often referred to as "GNU Emacs") is available by
838 anonymous FTP from `prep.ai.mit.edu'.
840 Win-Emacs, an older version of XEmacs that runs on Microsoft Windows
841 and Windows NT, is available by anonymous FTP from `ftp.netcom.com' in
842 the directory `/pub/pe/pearl', or from `ftp.cica.indiana.edu' as the
843 files `wemdemo*.zip' in the directory `/pub/pc/win3/demo'.
846 File: xemacs.info, Node: Intro, Next: Glossary, Prev: Distrib, Up: Top
851 You are reading about XEmacs, an incarnation of the advanced,
852 self-documenting, customizable, extensible real-time display editor
853 Emacs. XEmacs provides many powerful display and user-interface
854 capabilities not found in other Emacsen and is mostly upwardly
855 compatible with GNU Emacs from the Free Software Foundation (referred
856 to as "FSF Emacs" in this manual). XEmacs also comes standard with a
857 great number of useful packages.
859 We say that XEmacs is a "display" editor because normally the text
860 being edited is visible on the screen and is updated automatically as
861 you type. *Note Display: Frame.
863 We call XEmacs a "real-time" editor because the display is updated
864 very frequently, usually after each character or pair of characters you
865 type. This minimizes the amount of information you must keep in your
866 head as you edit. *Note Real-time: Basic.
868 We call XEmacs advanced because it provides facilities that go beyond
869 simple insertion and deletion: filling of text; automatic indentation of
870 programs; viewing two or more files at once; and dealing in terms of
871 characters, words, lines, sentences, paragraphs, and pages, as well as
872 expressions and comments in several different programming languages.
873 It is much easier to type one command meaning "go to the end of the
874 paragraph" than to find that spot with simple cursor keys.
876 "Self-documenting" means that at any time you can type a special
877 character, `Control-h', to find out what your options are. You can
878 also use `C-h' to find out what a command does, or to find all the
879 commands relevant to a topic. *Note Help::.
881 "Customizable" means you can change the definitions of XEmacs
882 commands. For example, if you use a programming language in which
883 comments start with `<**' and end with `**>', you can tell the XEmacs
884 comment manipulation commands to use those strings (*note Comments::).
885 Another sort of customization is rearrangement of the command set. For
886 example, you can set up the four basic cursor motion commands (up,
887 down, left and right) on keys in a diamond pattern on the keyboard if
888 you prefer. *Note Customization::.
890 "Extensible" means you can go beyond simple customization and write
891 entirely new commands, programs in the Lisp language to be run by
892 XEmacs's own Lisp interpreter. XEmacs is an "on-line extensible"
893 system: it is divided into many functions that call each other. You can
894 redefine any function in the middle of an editing session and replace
895 any part of XEmacs without making a separate copy of all of XEmacs.
896 Most of the editing commands of XEmacs are written in Lisp; the few
897 exceptions could have been written in Lisp but are written in C for
898 efficiency. Only a programmer can write an extension to XEmacs, but
899 anybody can use it afterward.
902 File: xemacs.info, Node: Frame, Next: Keystrokes, Prev: Concept Index, Up: Top
908 In many environments, such as a tty terminal, an XEmacs frame
909 literally takes up the whole screen. If you are running XEmacs in
910 a multi-window system like the X Window System, the XEmacs frame
911 takes up one X window. *Note XEmacs under X::, for more
915 No matter what environment you are running in, XEmacs allows you
916 to look at several buffers at the same time by having several
917 windows be part of the frame. Often, the whole frame is taken up
918 by just one window, but you can split the frame into two or more
919 subwindows. If you are running XEmacs under the X window system,
920 that means you can have several "XEmacs windows" inside the X
921 window that contains the XEmacs frame. You can even have multiple
922 frames in different X windows, each with their own set of
925 Each XEmacs frame displays a variety of information:
926 * The biggest area usually displays the text you are editing. It may
927 consist of one window or of two or more windows if you need to
928 look at two buffers a the same time.
930 * Below each text window's last line is a "mode line" (*note Mode
931 Line::), which describes what is going on in that window. The
932 mode line is in inverse video if the terminal supports that. If
933 there are several XEmacs windows in one frame, each window has its
936 * At the bottom of each XEmacs frame is the "echo area" or
937 "minibuffer window"(*note Echo Area::). It is used by XEmacs to
938 exchange information with the user. There is only one echo area
941 * If you are running XEmacs under the X Window System, a menu bar at
942 the top of the frame makes shortcuts to several of the commands
943 available (*note Pull-down Menus::).
945 You can subdivide the XEmacs frame into multiple text windows, and
946 use each window for a different file (*note Windows::). Multiple XEmacs
947 windows are tiled vertically on the XEmacs frame. The upper XEmacs
948 window is separated from the lower window by its mode line.
950 When there are multiple, tiled XEmacs windows on a single XEmacs
951 frame, the XEmacs window receiving input from the keyboard has the
952 "keyboard focus" and is called the "selected window". The selected
953 window contains the cursor, which indicates the insertion point. If
954 you are working in an environment that permits multiple XEmacs frames,
955 and you move the focus from one XEmacs frame into another, the selected
956 window is the one that was last selected in that frame.
958 The same text can be displayed simultaneously in several XEmacs
959 windows, which can be in different XEmacs frames. If you alter the text
960 in an XEmacs buffer by editing it in one XEmacs window, the changes are
961 visible in all XEmacs windows containing that buffer.
965 * Point:: The place in the text where editing commands operate.
966 * Echo Area:: Short messages appear at the bottom of the frame.
967 * Mode Line:: Interpreting the mode line.
968 * XEmacs under X:: Some information on using XEmacs under the X
972 File: xemacs.info, Node: Point, Next: Echo Area, Prev: Frame, Up: Frame
977 When XEmacs is running, the cursor shows the location at which
978 editing commands will take effect. This location is called "point".
979 You can use keystrokes or the mouse cursor to move point through the
980 text and edit the text at different places.
982 While the cursor appears to point AT a character, you should think
983 of point as BETWEEN two characters: it points BEFORE the character on
984 which the cursor appears. The exception is at the end of the line,
985 where the cursor appears after the last character of the line. Where
986 the display is capable, the cursor at the end of the line will appear
987 differently from a cursor over whitespace at the end of the line. (In
988 an X Windows frame, the end-of-line cursor is half the width of a
989 within-line cursor.) Sometimes people speak of "the cursor" when they
990 mean "point," or speak of commands that move point as "cursor motion"
993 Each XEmacs frame has only one cursor. When output is in progress,
994 the cursor must appear where the typing is being done. This does not
995 mean that point is moving. It is only that XEmacs has no way to show
996 you the location of point except when the terminal is idle.
998 If you are editing several files in XEmacs, each file has its own
999 point location. A file that is not being displayed remembers where
1000 point is. Point becomes visible at the correct location when you look
1003 When there are multiple text windows, each window has its own point
1004 location. The cursor shows the location of point in the selected
1005 window. The visible cursor also shows you which window is selected. If
1006 the same buffer appears in more than one window, point can be moved in
1007 each window independently.
1009 The term `point' comes from the character `.', which was the command
1010 in TECO (the language in which the original Emacs was written) for
1011 accessing the value now called `point'.
1014 File: xemacs.info, Node: Echo Area, Next: Mode Line, Prev: Point, Up: Frame
1019 The line at the bottom of the frame (below the mode line) is the
1020 "echo area". XEmacs uses this area to communicate with the user:
1022 * "Echoing" means printing out the characters that the user types.
1023 XEmacs never echoes single-character commands. Multi-character
1024 commands are echoed only if you pause while typing them: As soon
1025 as you pause for more than one second in the middle of a command,
1026 all the characters of the command so far are echoed. This is
1027 intended to "prompt" you for the rest of the command. Once
1028 echoing has started, the rest of the command is echoed immediately
1029 as you type it. This behavior is designed to give confident users
1030 fast response, while giving hesitant users maximum feedback. You
1031 can change this behavior by setting a variable (*note Display
1034 * If you issue a command that cannot be executed, XEmacs may print
1035 an "error message" in the echo area. Error messages are
1036 accompanied by a beep or by flashing the frame. Any input you
1037 have typed ahead is thrown away when an error happens.
1039 * Some commands print informative messages in the echo area. These
1040 messages look similar to error messages, but are not announced
1041 with a beep and do not throw away input. Sometimes a message
1042 tells you what the command has done, when this is not obvious from
1043 looking at the text being edited. Sometimes the sole purpose of a
1044 command is to print a message giving you specific information.
1045 For example, the command `C-x =' is used to print a message
1046 describing the character position of point in the text and its
1047 current column in the window. Commands that take a long time
1048 often display messages ending in `...' while they are working, and
1049 add `done' at the end when they are finished.
1051 * The echo area is also used to display the "minibuffer", a window
1052 that is used for reading arguments to commands, such as the name
1053 of a file to be edited. When the minibuffer is in use, the echo
1054 area displays with a prompt string that usually ends with a colon.
1055 The cursor appears after the prompt. You can always get out of
1056 the minibuffer by typing `C-g'. *Note Minibuffer::.
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